Scalar dialectics in green: Urban private property and the contradictions of the neoliberalization of nature

Capitalism, Nature, Socialism

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 99-113

  Heynen, Nik ^a   Perkins, Harold A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; NEOLIBERALISM;

MILWAUKEE; MILWAUKEE COUNTY; NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WISCONSIN; WORLD;

EID: 15544366587     PISSN: 10455752     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/1045575052000335393     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. This research has been informed by interviews with Milwaukee's mayor, eleven Common Council members, the director of Milwaukee's environmental operations, the forestry operations manager, three district managers, two forestry crew leaders, six urban forestry specialists in Milwaukee's forestry department, and one Milwaukee County Prison Farm guard in charge of security at the tree nursery.
2. John Gurda, The Making of Milwaukee (Brookfield, Wisc.: Milwaukee County Historical Society, 1999).
3. Interview with Milwaukee's environmental operations director, 7-14-03.
4. Nik Heynen, "Environmental Equity Within Milwaukee's Urban Forest," Engineering Green: Proceedings of the 2003 National Urban Forestry Conference, San Antonio TX, Sept 18-20, 2003, American Forests, Washington.
5. Interview with Milwaukee's forestry operations manager, 7-16-03
6. Sara Ebenreck, Robert Skiera and David DeVoto, "Trees and a Sense of Place," American Forests: The Magazine of Trees and Forests, July/ August 1988, pp. 38;
7. See Elmer Axel Beck, The Sewer Socialists: A History of the Socialist Party of Wisconsin 1897-1940, Two Volumes, (Fennimore, WI: Westburg Associates, 1982).
8. City of Milwaukee Department of Public Works Forestry Division, Comprehensive Boulevard Study (Milwaukee: City of Milwaukee, 1996);
9. See: http://www.mmac.org/.
10. The Deep Tunnel was constructed to minimize overflows of raw sewage into basements and ultimately Lake Michigan when large influxes of stormwater enter the sanitary system through illegally connected downspouts and cracked or poorly sealed pipes within the sanitary system.
11. See http://www.mmsd.com/news/news_detail.cfm?id=49.
12. Urban trees are well-documented in their capacity to intercept stormwater that would normally run into these sewer systems;
13. American Forests, "Urban Ecological Analysis for Milwaukee, Wisconsin" (Washington, D.C.: 1996).
14. See Sampson's discussion about "estimated 100 million 'tree spaces' within American communities" in "Needed: A New Vision for our Communities," in G. Moll and S. Ebenreck (eds.), Shading our Cities: A Resource Guide for Urban and Community Forests (Washington, DC: Island Press, 1989), p.7.
15. David J. Nowak, "Atmospheric Carbon Reduction by Urban Trees," Journal of Environmental Management, 37, 1993, pp. 207-217.
16. American Forests, op. cit
17. C.W. Johnson, "Planning for Avian Wildlife in Urbanizing Areas in American Desert/Mountain Valley Environments," Landscape and Urban Planning, 16, 1988, pp. 245-252.
18. See Bertell Ollman, Dance of the Dialectic: Steps in Marx's Method (Urbana/Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2003).
19. Neil Smith, "Geography, Difference and the Politics of Scale," in J. Doherty, E. Graham and M. Malek (eds.), Postmodernism and the Social Sciences (London: Macmillan, 1992) pp. 57-79
20. and Erik Swyngedouw, "Modernity and Hybridity: Nature, Regeneracionisom, and the Production of the Spanish Waterscape, 1890-1930," Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 89, 1999, pp. 443-465.
21. Erik Swyngedouw, "Neither Global or Local: 'Glocalization' and the Politics of Scale," in K,R. Cox (ed.), Spaces of Globalization (New York: Guildford, 1997), pp. 137-166.
22. Saskia Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001).
23. Timothy W. Luke, "Global Cities vs. 'global cities:' Rethinking Contemporary Urbanism and Public Ecology," Studies in Political Economy, Spring 2003, pp. 11-33.
24. See Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore, "Cities and the Geographies of' Actually Existing Neoliberalism'" in N. Brenner and N. Theodore (eds.), Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2002) p. 23.
25. See Frederick Engels, Anti-Dühring: Herr Eugen Dühring's Revolution in Science (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1969);
26. Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, Hegel's Science of Logic (London: Allen & Unwin, 1969);
27. Letter from Karl Marx to Frederick Engels, June 22, 1867. http:// www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1867/letters/67_06_22.htm#n5
28. and Ollman, op. cit.
29. Ollman, op. cit. p.16.
30. See David J. Nowak and John Dwyer, "Understanding the Benefits and Costs of Urban Forest Ecosystems," in J. Kuser (ed.), Urban and Community Forestry in the Northeast (New York: Kluwer, 2001).
31. See Nik Heynen, "The Scalar Production of Injustice within the Urban Forest," Antipode: A Journal of Radical Geography, 35, 5, 2004, p. 980-998.
32. David Harvey, The Urban Experience, (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, 1989), p. 36.
33. See James McCarthy and Scott Prudham, "Neoliberal Nature and the Nature of Neoliberalism," Geoforum, 35, 3, 2004;
34. and Nick Blomely, Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property (London and New York: Routledge, 2004).
35. Harvey, op. cit., p. 80.
36. David Harvey, Limits to Capital (London: Verso, 1999), p. 65;
37. David Harvey, op. cit. p. 21.
38. See Neil Smith, op. cit.
39. Forestry operations manager and Greening Milwaukee, op. cit.
40. Daniel W. Hoan, City Government: The Record of the Milwaukee Experience (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1936).
41. See American Forests, op. cit.
42. See http://www.tvtome.com/HappyDays/index.html.
43. Milwaukee's forestry operations manager, op. cit.
44. Neil Brenner and Nik Theodore, op. cit.
45. Milwaukee's forestry operations manager, op. cit.
46. Heynen and Robbins introduction, this issue.
47. Harvey, Limits to Capital (London: Verso, 1999), p.80.
48. James O'Connor, "The Second Contradiction of Capitalism" in T. Benton (ed.), The Greening of Marxism (New York: The Guilford Press, 1996);
49. and O'Connor, Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism (New York: Guilford, 1998).
50. City of Milwaukee, Use of Public Ways and Places, regulations (City of Milwaukee, n.d., p. 116-151.
51. See Harvey's notion of the 'standard view' of environmental management in: Justice, Nature and the Geography of Difference (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers, 1996).
52. Heynen, Antipode, op. cit.
53. Heynen, Proceedings of the 2003 National Urban Forestry Conference, op, cit.
54. See http://greeningmilwaukee.org/
55. American Forests, op. cit.
56. Research conducted by Nik Heynen (see Proceedings of the 2003 National Urban Forestry Conference, op, cit.) on Milwaukee's land cover/land use differs substantially from the data presented by American Forests, however, both help bring insight to this issue.
57. U.S. Census, 2000, http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html.
58. Harold A. Perkins, Nik Heynen, and Joe Wilson, "Inequitable Access to Urban Reforestation: The Impact of Urban Political Economy on Housing Tenure and Urban Forests," Cities, 21, 4, 2004, pp. 291-299.
59. Interview with Milwaukee County Prison Farm guard in charge of security at the tree nursery, 6-15-04.