Petroleum geology of the State of Washington

US Geological Survey Professional Paper

Volumn , Issue 1582, 1998, Pages

  Johnson, Samuel Y ^a   Tennyson, Marilyn E ^a   Lingley Jr , William S ^b   Law, Ben E ^a  

^a DENVER FEDERAL CENTER   (United States)

^b Washington Department of Natural Resources   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

HYDROCARBON POTENTIAL; HYDROCARBON RESOURCES;

USA, WASHINGTON;

EID: 15444343360     PISSN: 10449612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (138)

1. Armentrout, J.M., and Suek, E.H., 1985, Hydrocarbon exploration in western Oregon and Washington: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, p. 627-643.
2. Attanasi, E.D., Schmoker, J.W., and Quinn, J.C., 1995, Economics and continuous-type oil and gas accumulations in the 1995 National Assessment of U.S. Oil and Gas Resources: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 95-75F.
3. Babcock, R.S., Burmester, R.F., Engebretson, E.C., and Warnock, A., 1992, A rifted origin for the Crescent basalts and related rocks in the northern Coast Range volcanic province, Washington and British Columbia: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 97, p. 6799-6821.
4. Barnett, D.B., 1985, A paleoenvironmental reconstruction of the Upper Roslyn Formation, central Washington, with implications for coal exploration: Cheney, Eastern Washington University, M.S. thesis, 167 p.
5. Beikman, H.M., Gower, H.D., and Dana, T.A.M., 1961, Coal reserves of Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 47, 115 p.
6. Bigelow, P.K., 1987, The petrology, stratigraphy, and basin history of the Montesano Formation, southwestern Washington and southern Olympic Peninsula: Bellingham, Western Washington University, M.S. thesis, 263 p.
7. Blackwell, D.D., Steele, J.L., and Kelley, S.A., 1985, Heat flow and geothermal studies in the State of Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 85-6, 68 p., 2 appendixes.
8. Brandon, M.T., and Calderwood, A.R., 1990, High-pressure metamorphism and uplift of the Olympic subduction complex: Geology, v. 18, p. 1252-1255.
9. Brandon, M.T., Cowan, D.S., and Vance, J.A., 1988, The Late Cretaceous San Juan thrust system, San Juan Islands, Washington: Geological Society of America Special Paper 221, 81 p.
10. Brown, R.D., Jr., Gower, H.D., and Snavely, P.D., Jr., 1960, Geology of the Port Angeles-Lake Crescent area, Clallam County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Oil and Gas Investigations Map OM-203, scale 1:62,500.
11. Brownfield, M.E., Affolter, R.H., Johnson, S.Y., and Flores, R.F., 1994, Tertiary coals of western Washington, in Swanson, D.A., and Haugerud, R.A., eds., Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest: Seattle, University of Washington [published for 1994 national meeting of the Geological Society of America], p. I1-I18.
12. Bruer, W.G., 1980, Mist gas field, Columbia County, Oregon: Technical Program reprint, Pacific Section, American Association of Petroleum Geologists-Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 55th Annual Meeting, Bakersfield, California, 10 p.
13. Bruer, W.G., Alger, M.P., Deacon, R.J., Meyer, H.J., Portwood, B.B., and Seeling, A.F., 1984, Correlation section 24 - Northwest Oregon: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Pacific Section.
14. Buckovic, W.A., 1978, The Eocene deltaic system of west-central Washington, in Armentrout, J.M., Cole, M.R., and TerBest, H. Jr., eds., Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, p. 147-164.
15. Bustin, R.M., 1990, Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and petroleum source rock potential of the Georgia basin, southwest British Columbia and northwest Washington State, in Current Research, part F: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-1F, p. 103-108.
16. Bustin, R.M., and England, T.D.J., 1990, Petroleum source rock potential of the Nanaimo Group, western margin of the Georgia basin, southwestern British Columbia, in Current Research, part A: Geological Survey of Canada, Paper 90-1A, p. 143-145.
17. Campbell, N.P., 1989, Structural and stratigraphic interpretation of rocks under the Yakima fold belt, Columbia basin, based on recent surface mapping and well data, in Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 209-222.
18. Campbell, N.P., and Banning, D.L., 1985, Stratigraphy and hydrocarbon potential of the northwestern Columbia basin based on recent drilling activities: Rockwell Hanford Operations BW-1P Supporting Document #SD-BWI-TI-265, 55 p.
19. Campbell, N.P., and Reidel, S.P., 1994, Further exploration for gas warranted in Columbia basin: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 92, no. 18 (May 2, 1994), p. 127-132.
20. Catchings, R.D., and Mooney, W.D., 1988, Crustal structure of the Columbia Plateau: Evidence for continental rifting: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93, p. 459-474.
21. Choate, R., Johnson, C.A., and McCord, J.P., 1984, Geologic overview, coal, and coal-bed methane resources of the western Washington coal region, in Rightmire, C.T., Eddy, G.E., and Kirr, J.N., eds., Coal-Bed Methane Resources of the United States: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology Series 17, p. 353-372.
22. Clowes, R.M., Brandon, M.T., Green, A.G., Yorath, C.J., Sutherland Brown, A., Kanasewich, E.R., and Spencer, C., 1987, LITHOPROBE - Southern Vancouver Island: Cenozoic subduction complex imaged by deep seismic reflections: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 24, p. 31-51.
23. Core Laboratories, 1987a, Geochemical study of Shell Bissa No. 1-29, Kittitas County, Washington: Core Laboratories, Inc. [under contract to Amoco Production Company], 79 p. [available through Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources].
24. _ 1987b, Geochemical study of Shell Yakima Minerals No. 1-33, Kittitas County, Washington: Core Laboratories, Inc. [under contract to Amoco Production Company], 57 p. [available through Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources].
25. Crovelli, R.A., and Balay, R.H., 1995, Probabilistic methodology and computer programs for assessment of unconventional oil and gas resources, in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L. eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results. Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
26. Daly, A.R., and Edman, J.D., 1987, Loss of organic carbon from source rocks during thermal maturation [abs]: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 71, p. 546.
27. Dolton, G.L., Bird, K.J., and Crovelli, R.A., 1987, Assessment of the in-place oil and gas resources, in Bird, K.J., and Magoon, Leslie, eds., Petroleum Geology of the Northern Part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Northeastern Alaska: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1778, p. 277-298.
28. Donnelly, A.T., Donnelly, M.F., and Wetz, A.C., 1995, Economic analysis of gas production and storage potential, State acreage, Yakima Firing Range, Kittitas County, Washington: Barakat and Chamberlain, Inc., 196 p. [prepared for and available through Washington Department of Natural Resources].
29. England, T.D.J., and Calon, T.J., 1991, The Cowichan fold and thrust system, Vancouver Island, southwestern British Columbia: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 103, p. 336-362.
30. Esposito, K.J., and Whitney, G., 1995, Thermal effects of thin igneous intrusions on diagenetic reactions in a Tertiary basin of southwestern Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2085-C, p. C1-C40.
31. Evans, J.E., 1988, Depositional environments, basin evolution, and tectonic significance of the Eocene Chumstick Formation, Cascade Range, Washington: Seattle, University of Washington, Ph.D. thesis, 325 p.
32. _ 1991, Facies relationships, alluvial architecture, and paleohydrology of a Paleogene, humid-tropical alluvial fan system: Chumstick Formation, Washington State, U.S.A.: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 61, p. 732-755.
33. _ 1994, Depositional history of the Eocene Chumstick Formation: Implications of tectonic partitioning for the history of the Leavenworth and Entiat-Eagle Creek fault systems, Washington: Tectonics, v. 13, p. 1425-1444.
34. Evans, J.E., and Johnson, S.Y., 1989. A field guide to the Paleogene strike-slip basins of central Washington: Swauk Formation and Chumstick Formation, in Joseph, N.L., and others, eds., Geologic Guidebook for Washington and Adjacent Areas: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Information Circular 86, p. 213-237.
35. Flores, R.F., and Johnson, S.Y., 1995, Sedimentology and lithofacies of the Eocene Skookumchuck Formation in the Centralia coal mine, southwest Washington, in Fritsche, E., ed., Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States - II: SEPM [Society for Sedimentary Geology] Pacific Section, p. 274-290.
36. Frizzell, V.A., Jr., 1978, Petrology of Paleogene nonmarine sandstone units in Washington, in Armentrout, J.M., Cole, M.R., and TerBest, H., Jr., eds., Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Pacific Section, p. 113-118.
37. Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Armentrout, J.M., and Easterbrook, D.J., 1983, Seattle Area, in Armentrout, J.M., Hull, D.A., Beaulieu, J.D., and Rau, W.W., eds., Correlation of Cenozoic Stratigraphic Units of Western Oregon and Washington: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigation 7, p. 79-82.
38. Frizzell, V.A., Jr., and Easterbrook, D.J., 1983, Carbon River Area, in Armentrout, J.M., Hull, D.A., Beaulieu, J.D., and Rau, W.W., eds., Correlation of Cenozoic Stratigraphic Units of Western Oregon and Washington: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigation 7, p. 83-86.
39. Frizzell, V.A., Tabor, R.W., Booth, D.B., Ort, K.M., and Waitt, R.B., Jr., 1984, Preliminary geologic map of the Snoqualmie Pass 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 84-693, 42 p.
40. Galloway, W.E., 1974, Deposition and diagenetic alteration of sandstone in northeast Pacific arc-related basins - Implications for graywacke genesis: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 85, p. 379-390.
41. Gard, L.M., Jr., 1968, Bedrock geology of the Lake Tapps quadrangle, Pierce County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 388-B, p. B1-B33.
42. Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National assessment of United States oil and gas resources - Results, methodology, and supporting data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
43. Gresens, R.L., 1982, Cenozoic geology of central Washington State, II, Implications for plate tectonics and alternatives for the origin of the Chiwaukum graben: Northwest Science, v. 56, p. 259-264.
44. _ 1983, Geology of the Wenatchee and Monitor quadrangles, Chelan and Douglas Counties, Washington: Washington Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geology and Earth Sciences Bulletin 75, 75 p.
45. Gresens, R.L., Naeser, C.W., and Whetten, J.T., 1981, Stratigraphy and age of the Chumstick and Wenatchee Formations - Tertiary fluvial and lacustrine rocks, Chiwaukum graben, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 92, p. 233-236, 841-876.
46. Hammer, A.A., 1934, Rattlesnake Hills gas field, Benton County, Washington: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 18, p. 847-859.
47. Harms, T.A., and Price, R.A., 1992, The Newport fault: Eocene listric normal faulting, mylonitization, and crustal extension in northeast Washington and northwest Idaho: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 745-761.
48. Hauptman, J.L., 1983, The sedimentology of the Wenatchee Formation - Late Paleogene fluvial and lacustrine strata of the east-central Cascade Range, Washington: Seattle, University of Washington, M.S. thesis, Seattle, 164 p.
49. Henriksen, D.A., 1956, Eocene stratigraphy of the lower Cowlitz River-eastern Willapa Hills area, southwestern Washington: Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 43, 122 p.
50. Hurst, P.D., 1991, Petroleum geology of the Bellingham basin, Washington, and evaluation of the AHEL and Partners Birch Bay No. 1 well: Washington Geology, v. 19, p. 16-18.
51. Ise, F.T., 1985, Washington and Oregon - Are there other rocks to explore?: Oil and Gas Journal, v. 83, p. 112-115.
52. Jarchow, C.M., Catchings, R.D., and Lutter, W.J., 1994, Large-explosive source, wide-recording-aperture seismic profiling on the Columbia Plateau, Washington: Geophysics, v., 59, p. 259-271.
53. Johnson, S.Y., 1982, Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and tectonic setting of the Eocene Chuckanut Formation, northwest Washington: Seattle, University of Washington, Ph.D. thesis, 221 p.
54. _ 1984a, Stratigraphy, age, and paleogeography of the Eocene Chuckanut Formation, northwest Washington: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 21, p. 92-106.
55. _ 1984b. Evidence for a margin-truncating transcurrent fault (pre-late Eocene) in western Washington: Geology, v. 12, p. 538-541.
56. _ 1984c, Cyclic fluvial sedimentation in a rapidly subsiding basin: Sedimentary Geology, v. 38, p. 361-392.
57. _ 1985, Eocene strike-slip faulting and nonmarine basin formation in Washington, in Biddle, K.T., and Christie-Blick, Nicholas, eds., Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation, and Sedimentation: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 37, p. 283-302.
58. Johnson, S.Y., and O'Connor, J.T., 1994, Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and provenance of the Raging River Formation (early? and middle Eocene), King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 2085-A, p. A1-A33.
59. Johnson, S.Y., Potter, C.J., and Armentrout, J.M., 1994, Origin and evolution of the Seattle basin and Seattle fault: Geology, v. 24, p. 71-74, with oversized insert.
60. Johnson, S.Y., Potter, C.J., Armentrout, J.M., Miller, J.J., Finn, C., and Weaver, C.S., 1996, The southern Whidbey Island fault, western Washington - An active structure in the Puget Lowland, Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 108, p. 334-354, and oversized insert.
61. Johnson, S.Y., and Rice, D.D., 1995, Western Washington (part of province 004), in Johnson, S.Y., and Tennyson, M.E., 1995, Western Washington-Oregon Province (004), in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
62. Johnson, S.Y., and Stanley, W.D., 1995, Eocene paleogeography of the Morton anticline area, southwestern Washington, in Fritsche, A.E., ed., Cenozoic Paleogeography of the Western United States - II: SEPM [Society for Sedimentary Geology] Pacific Section, p. 291-309.
63. Johnson, S.Y., and Tennyson, M.E., 1995, Western Washington-Oregon province (004), in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
64. Johnson, S.Y., and Yount, J.C., 1992, Toward a better understanding of the Paleogene paleogeography of the Puget Lowland, western Washington [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 24, p. 36.
65. Johnson, V.G., Graham, D.L., and Reidel, S.P., 1993, Methane in Columbia River Basalt aquifers: Isotopic and geohydrologic evidence for a deep coal-bed gas source in the Columbia basin, Washington: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 77, p. 1192-1207.
66. Krehbiel, S.C., 1993, Seismic, maturity data point to S.W. Washington potential: Oil and Gas Journal, 3/22/93, p. 107-112.
67. Law, B.E., 1995a, Willamette-Puget Sound Basin-Centered Gas play 0412, in Johnson, S.Y., and Tennyson, M.E., 1995, Western Oregon-Washington Province (004), in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: United States Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 30, 1 CD-ROM.
68. _ 1995b, Columbia Basin - Basin-Centered Gas play 0503, in Tennyson, M.E., Eastern Oregon-Washington Province (004) in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., 1995 National assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: United States Geological Survey Digital Data Series DDS 30, 1 CD-ROM.
69. Law, B.E., Anders, D.E., Fouch, T.D., Pawlewicz, M., Lickus, M.R., and Molenaar, C.M., 1984, Petroleum source rock evaluations of outcrop samples from Oregon and northern California: Oregon Geology, v. 46, no. 7, p. 77-81.
70. Law, B.E., and Rice, D.D., eds., 1993, Hydrocarbons from coal: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Studies in Geology 38, 400 p.
71. Lingley, W.S., Jr., 1986, Twin River Oil and Gas, Inc., drilling near Port Angeles: Washington Geology, v. 14, no. 3, p. 24-26.
72. _ 1995, Preliminary observations on marine stratigraphic sequences, central and western Olympic Peninsula, Washington: Washington Geology, v. 23, p. 9-20.
73. Lingley, W.S., Jr., and von der Dick, H., 1991, Petroleum geochemistry of Washington - A summary: Washington Geology, v. 19, p. 23-27.
74. Lingley, W.S., Jr., and Walsh, T. J., 1986, Issues relating to petroleum drilling near the proposed high-level nuclear waste repository at Hanford: Washington Geologic Newsletter, v. 14, no. 3, p. 10-19.
75. Lutter, W.J., Catchings, R.D., and Jarchow, C.M., 1994, An image of the Columbia Plateau from inversion of high-resolution seismic data: Geophysics, v. 59, p. 1278-1289.
76. McFarland, C.R., 1979, History of oil and gas exploration in the State of Washington: Washington Geologic Newsletter, v. 7, no. 3, p. 1-6.
77. _ 1983, Oil and gas exploration in Washington, 1900-1982: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Information Circular 75, 119 p.
78. Moen, W.S., 1969, Mines and mineral deposits of Whatcom County, Washington: Washington Division of Mines and Geology Bulletin 57, 134 p.
79. Moothart, S.R., 1992, Geology of the middle and upper Eocene McIntosh Formation and adjacent volcanic and sedimentary rock units, Willapa Hills, Pacific County, southwest Washington: Corvallis, Oregon State University, M.S. thesis, 265 p.
80. Mustard, P.S., 1994, The Upper Cretaceous Nanaimo Group, Georgia basin, in Monger, J.W.H., ed., Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 481, p. 27-96.
81. Mustard, P.S., and Rouse, G.E., 1994, Stratigraphy and evolution of the Tertiary Georgia basin and subjacent Upper Cretaceous sedimentary rocks, southwestern British Columbia and northwestern Washington State, in Monger, J.W.H., ed., Geology and Geological Hazards of the Vancouver Region, Southwestern British Columbia: Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 481, p. 97-170.
82. National Petroleum Council, 1992, The potential for natural gas in the United States: Washington D.C., v. II, 330 p.
83. Niem, A.R., MacLeod, N.S., Snavely, P.D., Jr., Huggins, D., Fortier, J.D., Meyer, H.J., Seeling, A., and Niem, W.A., 1992, Onshore-offshore geologic cross section, northern Oregon Coast Range to continental slope: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Special Paper 26, 10 p., and oversize plate.
84. Niem, A.R., McKnight, B.K., and Meyer, H.J., 1994, Sedimentary, volcanic, and tectonic framework of forearc basins and the Mist gas field, northwest Oregon, in Swanson, D.A, and Haugerud, R.A., eds., Geologic Field Trips in the Pacific Northwest [prepared for 1994 National meeting of the Geological Society of America]: Seattle, University of Washington, p. 1F-1-42.
85. Niem, A.R., and Snavely, P.D., Jr., 1991, Geology and preliminary hydrocarbon evaluation of the Tertiary Juan de Fuca basin, Olympic Peninsula, northwest Washington: Washington Geology, v. 19, no. 4, p. 27-34.
86. Orange, A., and Berkman, E., 1985, Interpretation of magnetotelluric data, Pasco basin, south-central Washington: Richland, Washington, Rockwell Hanford Operations Report, SD-BWI-TI-233, 285 p.
87. Palmer, S.P., and Lingley, W.S., Jr., 1989, As assessment of the oil and gas potential of the Washington outer continental shelf: Seattle, Washington Sea Grant Program, 83 p., 12 plates.
88. Pappajohn, S.P., and Mitchell, T.E., 1991, Delineation of prospective coal-bed methane trends in western and central Washington State, in Schwochow, S.D., Murray, D.K., and Fahy, M.S., eds., Coal-Bed Methane: Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, p. 163-178.
89. Peters, K.E., 1986, Guidelines for evaluating petroleum source rock using programmed pyrolysis: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 70, p. 318-329.
90. Rau, W.W., 1973, Geology of the Washington coast between Point Grenville and the Hoh River: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 66, 58 p.
91. _ 1986, Geologic map of the Humptulips quadrangle and adjacent areas, Grays Harbor County, Washington: Washington Department of Natural Resources Geologic Map GM-33, scale 1:62,500.
92. Rau, W.W., and Armentrout, J.M., 1983, Grays Harbor basin, in Armentrout, J.M., Hull, D.A., Beaulieu, J.D., and Rau, W.W., eds., Correlation of Cenozoic Stratigraphic Units of Western Oregon and Washington: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigation 7, p. 56-59.
93. Rau, W.W., Armentrout, J.M., and Easterbrook, D.J., 1983, Centralia-Chehalis area, in Armentrout, J.M., Hull, D.A., Beaulieu, J.D., and Rau, W.W., eds., Correlation of Cenozoic Stratigraphic Units of Western Oregon and Washington: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigation 7, p. 60-63.
94. Reidel, S.P., Campbell, N.P., Fecht, K.R., and Lindsey, K.A., 1994, Late Cenozoic structure and stratigraphy of south-central Washington, in Schuster, J.E., ed., Selected Papers on the Geology of Washington, Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 77, p. 159-180.
95. Reidel, S.P., Fecht, K.R., Hagood, M.C., and Tolan, T.L., 1989, The geologic evolution of the central Columbia Plateau, in Reidel, S.P., and Hooper, P.R., eds., Volcanism and Tectonism in the Columbia River Flood-Basalt Province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 247-264.
96. Rice, D.D., Young, G.B.C., and Paul, G.W., 1995, Methodology for assessment of potential additions to reserves of coal-bed gas, in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
97. Saltus, R.W., 1993, Upper crustal structure beneath the Columbia River Basalt Group, Washington: Gravity interpretation controlled by borehole and seismic studies: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 105, p. 1247-1259.
98. Schmoker, J.W., 1995, Method for assessing continuous-type (unconventional) hydrocarbon accumulations, in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L, eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
99. Schuster, J.E. (compiler), 1992, Geologic map of Washington: Washington State Division of Geology and Earth Resources, scale 1:2,294,000.
100. Sidle, W.C., and Richers, D.M., 1985, Geochemical reconnaissance of Cretaceous inliers in north-central Oregon: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 69, p. 412-421.
101. Snavely, P.D., Jr., 1983, Peripheral rocks - Tertiary geology of the northwestern part of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington, in Muller, J.E., Snavely, P.D., and Tabor, R.W., eds., The Tertiary Olympic Terrane, Southwest Vancouver Island and Northwest Washington: Geological Association of Canada Fieldtrip Guidebook 12, p. 6-31.
102. _ 1984, Sixty million years of growth along the Oregon continental margin: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 938, p. 9-18.
103. _ 1987, Tertiary geologic framework, neotectonics, and petroleum potential of the Oregon-Washington continental margin, in Scholl, E.W., Grantz, A., and Vedder, J.G., eds., Geology and Resource Potential of the Continental Margin of Western North America and Adjacent Ocean Basins, Beaufort Sea to Baja California: Circum-Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources, Earth Science Series, v. 6, p. 305-335.
104. Snavely, P.D., Jr., Brown, R.D., Jr., Roberts, A.E., and Rau, W.W., 1958, Geology and coal resources of the Centralia-Chehalis district, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1053, 159 p.
105. Snavely, P.D., Jr., and Kvenvolden, K.A., 1989, Preliminary evaluation of the petroleum potential of the Tertiary accretionary terrane, west side of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1892, p. 1-17.
106. Snavely, P.D., Jr., and Lander, D.L., 1983, Northwest Olympic Peninsula, in Armentrout, J.M., Hull, D.A., Beaulieu, J.D., and Rau, W.W., eds., Correlation of Cenozoic Stratigraphic Units of Western Oregon and Washington: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigation 7, p. 66-70.
107. Snavely, P.D., Jr., MacLeod, N.S., and Niem, A.R., 1993, Geologic map of the Cape Flattery, Clallam Bay, Ozette Lake, and Lake Pleasant quadrangles, northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Investigations Series Map I-1946, scale 1:48,000.
108. Snavely, P.D., Jr., Niem, A.R., MacLeod, N.S., Pearl, J.E., and Rau, W.W., 1980, Makah Formation - A deep marginal-basin sedimentary sequence of late Eocene and Oligocene age in the northwestern Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1162-B, 28 p.
109. Stanley, W.D., 1984, Tectonic study of Cascade Range and Columbia Plateau in Washington State based on magnetotelluric soundings: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 89, p. 4447-4460.
110. Stanley, W.D., Gwilliam, W.J., Latham, G., and Westhusing, K., 1992, The southern Washington Cascades conductor - A previously unrecognized thick sedimentary sequence?: American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, v. 76, p. 1569-1585.
111. Stanley, W.D., Johnson, S.Y., and Nuccio, V.F., 1994, Analysis of deep seismic reflection and other data from the southern Washington Cascades: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 94-159, 60 p.
112. Stanley, W.D., Johnson, S.Y., Qamar, A.I., Weaver, C.S., and Williams, J.M., 1996, Tectonics and seismicity of the southern Washington Cascade range: Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, v. 86, p. 1-18.
113. Stevens, T.O., and Mckinley, J.P., 1995, Lithoautotrophic microbial ecosystems in deep basalt aquifers: Science, v. 270, p. 450-454.
114. Stoffel, K.L., Joseph, N.L., Waggoner, S.Z., Gulick, C.W., Korosec, M.A., and Bunning, B.B., 1991, Geologic map of Washington - Northeast quadrant: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geologic Map GM-39, scale 1:250,000.
115. Stormberg, G.J., 1992, The Mist gas field, N.W. Oregon: Source rock characterization and stable isotope (C, H, N) geochemistry: Corvallis, Oregon State University, M.S. thesis, 164 p.
116. Tabor, R.W., 1994, Late Mesozoic and possible early Tertiary accretion in western Washington State - The Helena-Haystack melange and the Darrington-Devils Mountain fault zone: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 106, p. 217-232.
117. Tabor, R.W., and Cady, W.M., 1978, Geologic Map of the Olympic Peninsula, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Map I-994, scale 1:125,000.
118. Tabor, R.W., Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Vance, J.A., and Naeser, C.W., 1984, Ages and stratigraphy of lower and middle Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Central Cascades, Washington: Application to the tectonic history of the Straight Creek fault: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, p. 26-44.
119. Tabor, R.W., Waitt, R.B., Jr., Frizzell, V.A., Jr., Swanson, D.A., Byerly, G.R., and Bentley, R.D., 1982, Geologic map of the Wenatchee 1:100,000 quadrangle, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Map I-1311, 26 p., scale 1:100,000.
120. Taylor, S.B., Johnson, S.Y., Fraser, G.T., and Roberts, J.W., 1988, Sedimentation and tectonics of the lower and middle Eocene Swauk Formation in eastern Swauk basin, central Cascades, central Washington: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 25, p. 1020-1036.
121. Tennyson, M.E., 1995, Eastern Washington-Oregon province (004), in Gautier, D.L., Dolton, G.L., Takahashi, K.I., and Varnes, K.L., eds., 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources - Results, Methodology, and Supporting Data: U.S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 30, 1 CD-ROM.
122. Tennyson, M.E., and Parrish, J.T., 1987, Review of geologic framework and hydrocarbon potential of eastern Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 87-450-O, 41 p.
123. U.S. Geological Survey National Oil and Gas Resource Assessment Team, 1995, 1995 National Assessment of United States Oil and Gas Resources: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1118, 20 p.
124. Vance, J.A., Clayton, G.A., Mattinson, J.M., and Naeser, C.W., 1987, Early and middle Cenozoic stratigraphy of the Mount Rainier-Tieton River area, southern Washington Cascades, in Schuster, J.E., ed., Selected Papers on the Geology of Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 77, p. 269-290.
125. Vine, J.D., 1969. Geology and coal resources of the Cumberland, Hobart, and Maple Valley quadrangles, King County, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 624, 67 p.
126. Vonheeder, E.R., 1977, Whatcom County coal reserves: Washington Department of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 77-3, 3 sheets.
127. Wagner, H.C., 1966, Petroleum and natural gas, in Mineral and Water Resources of Washington: U.S. Geological Survey, Washington Department of Conservation Division of Mines and Geology, and U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, [report prepared for United States Senate Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs], p. 287-308.
128. Walker, C.W., 1980, Geology and energy resources of the Roslyn-Cle Elum area, Kittitas County, Washington: Washington State Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 80-1, 59 p.
129. Walker, G.W., and MacLeod, N.S., 1991, Geologic map of Oregon: U.S. Geological Survey Map, scale 1:500,000.
130. Walsh, T.J., Korosec, M.A., Phillips, W.M., Logan, F.J., and Schasse, H.W., 1987, Geologic map of Washington-Southwest quadrant: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources, Geologic Map GM-34, scale 1:250,000.
131. Walsh, T.J., and Lingley, W.S., Jr., 1991, Coal maturation and the natural gas potential of western and central Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open-File Report 91-2, 26 p.
132. Washington Public Power Supply System [WPPSS], 1981, Regional geologic map, in WPPSS Nuclear Project No. 2 - Final Safety Analysis Report, Amendment 18: WPPSS Docket no. 50-397, v. 2, scale 1:1,000,000.
133. Wells, R.E., 1981, Geologic map of the eastern Willapa Hills, Cowlitz, Lewis, Pacific, and Wahkiakum Counties, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 81-674, scale 1:62,500.
134. Wells, R.E., and Coe, R.S., 1985, Paleomagnetism and geology of Eocene volcanic rocks of southwest Washington - Implications for mechanisms of rotation: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 1925-1947.
135. Wells, R.E., Engebretson, D.C., Snavely, P.D., Jr., and Coe, R.S., 1984, Cenozoic plate motions and the volcano-tectonic evolution of western Oregon and Washington: Tectonics, v. 3, p. 274-294.
136. Whetten, J.T., Carroll, P.I., Gower, H.D., Brown, E.H., and Pessl, F., Jr., 1988, Bedrock geologic map of the Port Townsend 30-by 60-minute quadrangle, Puget Sound region, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Map I-1198-G, scale 1:100,000.
137. Wurden, F.H., and Ford, D.M., 1976, Jackson Prairie gas storage project, Chehalis, Washington, in Newton, V.C., Jr., and Van Atta, R.O., eds., Prospects for Natural Gas Production and Underground Storage of Pipeline Gas in the Upper Nehalem River Basin, Columbia-Clatsop Counties, Oregon: Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries Oil and Gas Investigations No. 5, p. 37-41.
138. Zihlman, F.N., 1993, Deep seismic reflection studies in the Pacific Northwest U.S.: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-714, 1 CD-ROM.