Airplane trailing vortices

Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics

Volumn 30, Issue , 1998, Pages 107-138

  Spalart, Philippe R ^a  

^a BOEING COMPANY   (United States)

Author keywords

Airliner; Safety; Stability; Transportation; Turbulence

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542786662     PISSN: 00664189     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.fluid.30.1.107     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. Abramson S, Burnham DC. 1996. Ground-based anemometer measurements of wake vortices from landing aircraft at airports. AGARD, 1996, Pap. 13, pp. 1-7
2. AGARD. 1996. The Characterisation and Modification of Wakes from Lifting Vehicles in Fluids, AGARD-CP-584. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway
3. Batchelor GK. 1964. Axial flow in trailing line vortices. J. Fluid Mech. 20(2):645-58
4. Bisgood PL, Maltby RL, Dee FW. 1971. Some work at the Royal Aircraft Establishment on the behaviour of vortex wakes. In Aircraft Wake Turbulence and Its Detection. New York: Plenum
5. Brown CE. 1973. Aerodynamics of wake vortices. AIAA J. 11(4):531-36
6. Brune GW. 1994. Quantitative low-speed wake surveys. J. Aircr. 31(2):249-55
7. Charney JG, Drazin PG. 1961. Propagation of planetary-scale disturbances from the lower into the upper atmosphere. J. Geophys. Res. 66:83-109
8. Chevalier H. 1973. Right test studies of the formation and dissipation of trailing vortices. J. Aircr. 10(1):14-18
9. Chow JS, Zilliac GG, Bradshaw P. 1997. Mean and turbulence measurements in the near-field of a wingtip vortex. AIAA J. 35: In press
10. Corjon A, Poinsot T. 1997. Behavior of wake vortices near ground. AIAA J. 35(5):849-55
11. Corjon A, Risso F, Stoessel A, Poinsot T. 1996. Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of wake vortices: atmospheric turbulence effects and rebound with cross-wind. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 28:1-21
12. Crouch JD. 1996. Stability of multiple trailing-vortex pairs. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 17:1-8
13. Crow SC. 1970. Stability theory for a pair of trailing vortices. AIAA J. 8:2172-79
14. Crow SC, Bate ER. 1976. Lifespan of trailing vortices in a turbulent atmosphere. J. Aircr. 13(7):476-82
15. Dacles-Mariani J, Zilliac G, Chow J, Bradshaw P. 1995. A numerical/experimental study of a wingtip vortex in the near field. AIAA J. 33(9):1561-68
16. de Bruin AC, Hegen SH, Rohne PB, Spalart PR. 1996. Flow field survey in trailing vortex system behind a civil aircraft model at high lift. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 25:1-12
17. Delisi DP, Greene GC, Robins RE, Singh R. 1996. Recent laboratory and numerical trailing vortex studies. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 34:1-10
18. Devenport WJ, Rife MC, Liapis SI, Follin GJ. 1996. The structure and development of a wing-tip vortex. J. Fluid Mech. 312:67-106
19. Donaldson CP, Bilanin AJ. 1975. Vortex wakes of conventional aircraft. AGARDograph 204
20. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). 1991. Aircr. Wake Vort. Conf. Rept. DOT/FAA/ SD/92-1
21. Garodz LJ, Clawson KL. 1993. Vortex wake characteristics of B757-200 and B767-200 aircraft using the tower fly-by technique. NOAA Tech. Mem. ERL ARL - 199 Silver Spring, MD: Air Resources Lab.
22. Gerz T, Ehret T. 1996. Wake dynamics and exhaust distribution behind cruising aircraft. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 35:1-12
23. Govindaraju SP, Saffman PG. 1971. Flow in a turbulent trailing vortex. Phys. Fluids 14(10):2074-80
24. Green SI, ed. 1995. Fluid Vortices. Dordrecht: Kluwer
25. Greene GC. 1986. An approximate model of vortex decay in the atmosphere. J. Aircr. 23(7):566-73
26. Greenwood J. 1996. General discussion. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, GD-6.
27. Hallock JN, Burnham DC. 1997. Decay characteristics of wake vortices from jet transport aircraft. AIAA Pap. 97-0060
28. Harvey JK, Perry FJ. 1971. Flowfield produced by trailing vortices in the vicinity of the ground. AIAA J. 9(8):1659-60.
29. Heinrichs RM, Dasey TJ. 1997. Analysis of circulation data from a wake vortex lidar. AIAA Paper 97-0059
30. Hinton DA. 1996. An Aircraft Vortex Spacing System (AVOSS) for dynamical wake vortex spacing criteria. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 23:1-12
31. Hoffmann ER, Joubert PN. 1963. Turbulent line vortices. J. Fluid Mech. 16:395-411
32. Iversen JD. 1976. Correlation of turbulent trailing vortex decay data. J. Aircr. 13(5):338-42
33. Jacquin L, Garnier F. 1996. On the dynamics of engine jets behind a transport aircraft. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 37:1-8
34. Köpp F. 1994. Doppler Lidar investigation of wake vortes transport between closely spaced runways. AIAA 32(4):805-10
35. Krasny R. 1987. Computation of vortex sheet roll-up in the Trefftz plane. J. Fluid Mech. 184:123-55
36. Lee GH. 1975. Trailing vortex wakes. Aeronaut. J. 79:377-88
37. Leonard A. 1994. Nonlocal theory of area-varying waves on axisymmetric vortex tubes. Phys. Fluids 6(2):765-77
38. Lessen MR, Paillet F. 1974. The stability of a trailing line vortex. Viscous theory. J. Fluid Mech. 65:769-79
39. Lewellen DC, Lewellen WS. 1996. Large-eddy simulations of the vortex-pair breakup in air-craft wakes. AIAA J. 34(11):2337-45
40. Liu H-T. 1992. Effects of ambient turbulence on the decay of a trailing vortex. J. Aircr. 29(2):255-63
41. McCormick BW, Tangler JL, Sherrieb HE. 1968. Structure of trailing vortices. J. Aircr. 5(3):260-67
42. Milne-Thomson LM. 1966. Theoretical Aerodynamics. New York: Dover. 4th ed.
43. Moore DW, Saffman PG. 1973. Axial flow in laminar trailing vortices. Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 333:491-508
44. Orlandi P. 1990. Vortex dipole rebound from a wall. Phys. Fluids A 7(8):1429-36
45. Phillips WRC, Graham JAH. 1984. Reynolds stress measurements in a turbulent trailing vortex. J. Fluid Mech. 147:353-71
46. Ragab S, Sreedhar M. 1995. Numerical simulation of vortices with axial velocity deficits. Phys. Fluids 7(3):549-58
47. Robins RE, Delisi DP. 1993. Potential hazard of aircraft wake vortices in ground effect with crosswind. J Aircr. 30:201-6
48. Robins RE, Delisi DP. 1996. 3-D Calculations showing the effects of stratification on the evolution of trailing vortices. Notes Num. Fluid Mech., ed. M Deville, S Gavrilakis, IL Rhyming, Vol. 53, pp. 264-70. Braunschweig: Vieweg
49. Rossow VJ. 1991. Prospects for alleviation of hazard posed by lift-generated wakes. Aircr. Wake Vort. Conf. Rept. 22:1-40
50. Rossow VJ. 1996. Wake-vortex separation distances when flight-path corridors are constrained. J. Aircr. 33(3):539-46
51. Rudis RP, Burnham DC, Janota P. 1996. Wake vortex decay near the ground under conditions of strong stratification and wind shear: Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 11:1-10
52. Saffman PG. 1974. The structure and decay of trailing vortices. Arch. Mech. 26(3):423-39
53. Saffman PG. 1992. Vortex Dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press
54. Sarpkaya T. 1983. Trailing vortices in homogeneous and density-stratified media. J. Fluid Mech. 136:85-109
55. Sarpkaya T, Daly JJ. 1987. Effect of ambient turbulence on trailing vortices. J. Aircr. 24(6):399-404
56. Schilling V. 1992. Motion and decay of trailing vortices within the atmospheric surface layer. Beitr. Phys. Atmos. 65(2):157-69
57. Schowalter DG, DeCroix DD, Switzer GF, Lin Y-L, Ayra SP. 1997. Toward three-dimensional modeling of a wake vortex pair in the turbulent planetary boundary layer. AIAA Paper 97-0058
58. Scorer RS. 1958. Natural Aerodynamics. New York: Pergamon
59. Scorer RS, Davenport LJ. 1970. Contrails and aircraft downwash. J. Fluid Mech. 43(3):451-64
60. Singh PI, Uberoi MS. 1976. Experiments on vortex stability. Phys. Fluids 19(12):1858-63
61. Spalart PR. 1996. On the motion of laminar wing wakes in a stratified fluid. J. Fluid Mech. 327:139-60
62. Spalart PR, Wray AA. 1996. Initiation of the Crow instability by atmospheric turbulence. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 18:1-8
63. Spreiter JR, Sacks AH. 1951. The rolling up of the trailing vortex sheet and its effect on the downwash behind wings. J. Aeronaut. Sci. 18(1):21-32
64. Squire HB. 1965. The growth of a vortex in turbulent flow. Aeronaut. Q. 16:302-6
65. Tombach I. 1972. Observations of atmospheric effects on wake vortex behavior. J. Aircr. 10(11):641-47
66. Uberoi MS. 1979. Mechanisms of decay of laminar and turbulent vortices. J. Fluid Mech. 20(2):241-55
67. Van Dyke M. 1982. An Album of Fluid Motion. Stanford, CA: Parabolic. 176 pp.
68. Vaughan JM, Brown DW, Constant G, Eacock JR, Foord R. 1996. Structure, trajectory and strength of B747 aircraft wake vortices measured by laser. Presented at Advis. Group Aerosp. Res. Dev. (AGARD) Symp., Trondheim, Norway, 10:1-10
69. Vicroy D, Brandon J, Greene G, Rivers R, Shah G, et al. 1997, Characterizing the hazard of a wake vortex encounter. AIAA Paper 97-0055
70. Vogel CM, Devenport WJ, Zsoldos JS. 1995. Turbulence structure of a pair of merging tip vortices. 10th Symp. Turb. Shear Flows, Penn. State Univ., University Park, PA, August 14-16, 1995
71. Widnall SE. 1975. The structure and dynamics of vortex filaments. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 7:141-65
72. Zeman O. 1995. The persistence of trailing vortices: a modeling study. Phys. Fluids A 7:135-43
73. Zheng ZC, Ash RL. 1996. Study of aircraft wake vortex behavior near the ground. AIAA J. 34(3):580-89