Chemical and Radiological Toxicity of Depleted Uranium

Military Medicine

Volumn 169, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 212-216

  Sztajnkrycer, Matthew D ^a,b   Otten, Edward J ^b,c  

^a MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^b Cincinnati Drug and Poison Information Center   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMERICIUM 241; RADIUM 226; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; URANIUM; URANIUM 234; URANIUM 235; URANIUM 236;

ALPHA RADIATION; ANIMAL MODEL; BETA RADIATION; CANCER RISK; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COHORT ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT; FIBROSARCOMA; GAMMA RADIATION; GENOTOXICITY; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; IONIZING RADIATION; LEUKEMIA; MALIGNANT FIBROUS HISTIOCYTOMA; MINING; NEPHROTOXICITY; NONHUMAN; OSTEOSARCOMA; PERSIAN GULF SYNDROME; RADIATION DOSE; RADIATION EXPOSURE; RADIOBIOLOGY; RAT; REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY; REVIEW; URINARY EXCRETION;

EID: 1542723559     PISSN: 00264075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.7205/MILMED.169.3.212     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. Pastel RH, Mulvaney J: Fear of radiation in U.S. military medical personnel. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl 2): 80-2.
2. Revel JP: Meeting psychological needs after chemobyl: the Red Cross experience. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl 2): 19-20.
3. Pastel RH: Radiophobia: long-term psychological consequences of chemobyl. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl 2): 134-6.
4. Collins DL: Human responses to the threat of or exposure to ionizing radiation at Three Mile Island. Pennsylvania and Goiania, Brazil. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl: 2): 137-8.
5. Landauer MR, Young RW, Hawley AL: Physiological and psychological impact of low-level radiation: an overview. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl 2): 141-2.
6. Jarrett DG: Medical Management of Radiologic Casualties Handbook. First Edition. Bethesda, MD. Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute. December 1999.
7. U.N. Press Release, HR/CN/755: Subcommission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities Concludes Forty-Eighth Session. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland, 34th Meeting, September 4, 1996.
8. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry: Toxicological Profile for Uranium. Atlanta, GA. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service, 1999.
9. Harley NH, Foulkes EC, Hilborne LH, Hudson A, Anthony CR: A review of the scientific literature as it pertains to Gulf War illnesses. In Depleted Uranium. Vol 7. RAND Corporation. National Research Institute. Santa Monica, CA. 1999.
10. European Commission: Opinion of the Group of Experts Established According to Article 31 of the Euratom Treaty: Depleted Uranium. Brussels, Begium. March 6, 2001.
11. World Health Organization: Depleted Uranium: Sources, Exposure, and Health Effects. Geneva. Department of Protection of the Human Environment. World Health Organization. April 2001.
12. Royal Society Working Group: The Health Hazards of Depleted Uranium Munitions. Part 1. Science Advice Section. London. U.K. The Royal Society. May 2001.
13. Mayor S: Report suggests small link between depleted uranium and cancer. Br Med J 2001; 322: 1508.
14. Priest ND: Toxicity of depleted uranium. Lancet 2001; 357: 244-6.
15. Kalinich JF, Ramakrishnan N, McClain DE: A procedure for the rapid detection of depleted uranium in metal shrapnel fragments. Milit Med 2000; 165: 626-9.
16. NATO Information Series: U.S. Information Paper on Depleted Uranium. AD HOC Committee on Depleted Uranium (AHCDU). Brussels. Belgium, NATO. January 23, 2001.
17. Hodge SJ, Ejnik J, Squibb KS, et al: Detection of depleted uranium in biological samples of Gulf War veterans. Milit Med 2001; 166(Suppl 2): 69-70.
18. Department of Defense: Information Paper: Depleted Uranium Environmental and Medical Surveillance in the Balkans. Office of the Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illness. Department of Defense. Washington, DC. October 25, 2001.
19. Durante M, Pugliese M: Estimates of radiological risk from depleted uranium weapons in war scenarios. Health Phys 2002; 82: 14-20.
20. Mould RF: Depleted uranium and radiation-induced lung cancer and leukaemia. Br J Radiol 2001; 74: 677-83.
21. Uijt de Haag PA, Smetsers RC, Witlox HW, Kraus HW, Eisenga AH: Evaluating the risk from depleted uranium after the Boeing 747-258F crash in Amsterdam. 1992. J Hazard Mater 2000; 76: 39-58.
22. Wrenn M, Durbin PW, Howard B, Lipsztein J, Rundo J, Still ET: Metabolism of Ingested U and Ra. Health Phys 1985; 48: 601-33.
23. Department of Defense: Environmental Exposure Report: Depleted Uranium in the Gulf (11). Washington, DC. Office of Special Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of Defense for Gulf War Illness. Department of Defense. December 13, 2000.
24. Pellmar TC, Hogan JB, Benson KA, Landauer MR: Toxicological Evaluation of Depleted Uranium in Rats: Six-Month Evaluation Point. AFFRI Special Publication 98-1. Bethesda, MD. February 1998.
25. McClain DE: Depleted uranium: a radiochemical toxicant. Milit Med 2002; 167(Suppl 1): 125-6.
26. McDiarmid MA: Depleted uranium and public health. Br Med J 2001; 322: 123-4.
27. McClean DE, Benson KA, Dalton TK, et al: Health effects of embedded depleted uranium. Milit Med 2002; 167(Suppl 1): 117-9.
28. Domingo JL: Reproductive and developmental toxicity of natural and depleted uranium: a review. Reprod Toxicol 2001; 15: 603-9.
29. Zamora ML, Tracy BL, Zielinski JM, Meyerhof DP, Moss MA: Chronic ingestion of uranium in drinking water: a study of kidney bioeflects in humans. Toxicol Sci 1998; 43: 68-77.
30. McDiarmid MA, Keogh JP, Hooper FJ, et al: Health effects of depleted uranium on exposed GulfWar veterans. Environ Res 2000; 82: 168-80.
31. McDiarmid MA, Hooper FJ, Squibb K, et al: Health effects and biological monitoring results of Gulf War veterans exposed to depleted uranium. Milit Med 2002; 167(Suppl 1): 123-4.
32. McDiarmid MA, Engelhardt SM, Oliver M: Urinary uranium concentrations in an enlarged Gulf War veteran cohort. Health Phys 2001; 80: 270-3.
33. McDiarmid MA, Squibb K, Engelhardt S, et al: Surveillance of depleted uranium exposed Gulf War veterans: health effects observed in an enlarged "friendly fire" cohort. J Occup Environ Med 2001; 43: 991-1000.
34. Miller AC, Blakely WF, Livengood D, et al: Transformation of human osteoblast cells to the tumorigenic phenotype by depleted uranium-uranyl chloride. Environ Health Perspect 1998; 106: 465-71.
35. Miller AC, Xu J, Stewart M, Prasanna PGS, Page N: Potential late health effects of depleted uranium and tungsten used in armor-piercing munitions: comparison of neoplastic transformation and genotoxicity with the known carcinogen nickel. Milit Med 2002; 167(Suppl 1): 120-2.
36. Hahn FF, Guilmette RA, Hoover MD: Implanted depleted uranium fragments cause soft tissue sarcomas in the muscles of rats. Environ Health Perspect 2002; 110: 51-9.
37. Furst A: Bioassay of metals for carcinogenesis: whole animals. Environ Health Perspect 1981; 40: 83-91.
38. Greaves P, Martin J-M, Rabernampianina Y: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma in rats at sites of implanted milllipore filters. Am J Pathol 1985; 120: 207-14.
39. Autian J, Singh AR, Turner JE, Hung GWC, Nunez LJ, Lawrence WH: Carcinogenesis from polyurethans. Cancer Res 1975; 35: 1591-6.
40. Oppenheimer BS, Oppenheimer ET, Danishefsky I, Stout AP: Carcinogenic effects of metals in rodents. Cancer Res 1956; 16: 439-41.
41. Brand KG, Johnson KH, Buoen LC: Foreign body tumorigenesis. CRC Crit Rev Toxicol 1976; 4: 353-94.
42. NRC: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR): IV. Health Risks of Radon and Other Internally Deposited α-Emitters. NRC Committtee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1988.
43. NRC: Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation (BEIR): VI. Health Effects of Exposure to Radon. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 1999.
44. Fulco CE, Liverman CT, Sox HC: GulfWar and Health. Vol 1. Depleted Uranium. Pyridostigmine Bromide, Sarin, and Vaccines. Washington, DC, National Academy Press, 2000.
45. Donoghue JK, Dyson ED, Hislop JS, Leach AM, Spoor NL: Human exposure to natural uranium. Br J Ind Med 1972; 29: 81-9.
46. NATO Information Series: COMEDS Meeting on Health Concerns Related to the Balkan Deployments. Brussels, Belgium. NATO, January 15, 2001.
47. Lin RH, Fu WM, Lin Shiau SY: Presynaptic action of uranyl nitrate on the phrenic nerve-diaphragm preparation of the mouse. Neuropharmacology 1988; 27: 857-63.
48. Kathren RL, Moore RH: Acute accidental inhalation of U: a 38-year follow-up. Health Phys 1986; 51: 609-19.
49. Sikov MR, Mahlum DD: Cross-placental transfer of selected actinides in the rat. Health Phys 1968; 14: 205-8.
50. Bosque MA, Domingo JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J: Embryotoxicity and teratogenicity of uranium in mice following subcutaneous administration of uranyl acetate. Biol Trace Elem Res 1993; 36: 109-18.
51. Domingo JL, Paternain JL, Llobet JM, Corbella J: The developmental toxicity of uranium in mice. Toxicology 1989; 55: 143-52.
52. Llobet JM, Sirvent JJ, Ortega A, Domingo JL: Influence of chronic exposure to uranium on male reproduction in mice. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1991; 16: 821-9.
53. Meddings DR, Haldimann M: Depleted uranium in Kosovo: an assessment of potential exposure for aid workers. Health Phys 2002; 82: 467-72.
54. United Nations: Environment Program: Depleted Uranium in Kosovo: Post-Conflict Environmental Assessment. Geneva, Switzerland. United Nations. March 13, 2001.