The biology of Canadian weeds. 126. Amaranthus albus L., A. blitoides S. Watson and A. blitum L.

Canadian Journal of Plant Science

Volumn 83, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 1039-1066

  Costea, M ^a   Tardif, F J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GUELPH   (Canada)

Author keywords

Amaranthus albus; Amaranthus blitoides; Amaranthus blitum; Ecology; Herbicide resistance; Taxonomy; Weed biology

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGY; PESTICIDE RESISTANCE; RANGE EXPANSION; WEED;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA;

AMARANTHUS; AMARANTHUS ALBUS; AMARANTHUS BLITOIDES; AMARANTHUS BLITUM; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); FUNGI; HEXAPODA; INSECTA; NEMATODA;

EID: 1542548243     PISSN: 00084220     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4141/p02-056     Document Type: Review

References (264)

1. Abbott, J. A. and Campbell, T. A. 1982. Sensory evaluation of vegetable amaranth (Amaranthus spp.). HortScience 17: 409-410.
2. Alex, J. F. 1964. Weeds of tomato and corn fields in two regions of Ontario. Weed Res. 4: 308-318.
3. Alex, J. F. 1966. Survey of weeds of cultivated land in the Prairie Provinces. Agriculture Canada, Experimental farm, Research Branch, Regina, SK. 68 pp.
4. Alex, J. F. 1992. Ontario weeds. Descriptions, illustrations and keys to their identification. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food. Publication 505, Queen's Printer for Ontario, ON. 304 pp.
5. Amin, N. and Budai, C. S. 1994. Some weed host plants of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne species in South-Eastern Hungary. Pak. J. Nem. 12: 59-65.
6. Anderson, R. L. 1994. Characterizing weed community seedling emergence for a semiarid site in Colorado. Weed Technol. 8: 245-249.
7. Anderson, R. L. 2000. A cultural system approach can eliminate herbicide need in semiarid proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.). Weed Technol. 14: 602-607.
8. Anonymous. 1970. Amaranthus. Pages 11-12 in Index of plant diseases in the United States. USDA Agric. Handb.
9. Anonymous. 1998. The Canadian system of soil classification. 3rd ed. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON. 188 pp.
10. Anonymous. 2001a. Growth analysis and changes in nutritive value in Amaranthus spp. Asian Research and Development Center. [Online] Available: http://www.avrdc.org.tw/.
11. Anonymous. 2001b. Systematic botany and mycology laboratory USDA. Host and fungal databases. [Online] Available: grin.gov/ fungaldatabases/fungushost/ FungusHostFrame.cfm
12. Anonymous. 2001c. Pest management - weeds - declaration of noxious weeds in Manitoba. [Online] Available: http://www.gov. mb.ca/agriculture/crops/weeds.
13. Anonymous. 2001d. Invaders database system. Agricultural Research Service U.S.D.A. [Online] Available: http://invader. dbs.umt.edu.
14. Anonymous. 2002. Guide to Weed Control 2002. Publication 75. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food, Toronto, ON. 331 pp.
15. Anwar, S. A., Rauf, C. A. and Gorsi, S. D. 1992. Weeds as alternate hosts of phytonematodes. Afro-Asia J. Nematol. 2: 41-47.
16. Arnold, R. N., Murray, M. W., Gregory, E. J. and Smeal, D. 1993. Weed control in pinto beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) with imazethapyr combinations. Weed Technol. 7: 361-364.
17. Arriola, L., Niemira, B. A. and Safir, G. R. 1997. Border cells and arbuscular mycorrhizae in four Amaranthaceae species. Phytopathology 87: 1240-1242.
18. Bachmann, G. and Kinzel, K. 1992. Physiological and ecological aspects of the interactions between plant roots and rhizosphere soil. Soil. Biol. Biochem. 24: 543-552.
19. Bagchi, C. D., Jain, D. C. and Kumar, S. 1998. The phytotoxic effects of arthemisin related compounds of Artemisia annua. J. Med. Arom. Pl. Sci. 20: 5-11.
20. Bàrberi, P., Cozzani, A., Macchia, M. and Bonari, E. 1998. Size and composition of the seed bank under different management systems for continuous maize cropping. Weed Res. 38: 319-334.
21. Barnes, H. F. 1948. Gall midges of economic importance. Vol. 4. Crosby Lockwood, London, UK. 165 pp.
22. Barralis, G. 1983. Groupe de travail. Biologie, écologie et repartition des principales mauvaises herbes de France. Comité Français de lutte contre les mauvaises herbes. Columa, 47 pp.
23. Bendixen, L. E., Kim, K. U., Kozak. C. M., Horn, D. J. 1981. An annotated bibliography of weeds as reservoirs for organisms affecting crops. Ia. Arthropods. Research bulletin 1125, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH. 117 pp.
24. Bhattacharjee, S. 1997-1998. Membrane lipid peroxidation, free radical scavengers and ethylene evolution in Amaranthus as affected by lead and cadmium. Biol. Plant. (Prague) 40: 131-135.
25. Bhattacharjee, S. and Mukherjee, A. K. 1995a. Divalent calcium in heat and cold stress induced accumulation of proline in Amaranthus lividus L. Geobios 22: 203-207.
26. Bhattacharjee, S. and Mukherjee, A. K. 1995b. Chilling-induced physiological and biochemical responses in a tropical leaf crop, Amaranthus lividus L. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 33: 529-532.
27. Bhattacharjee, S. and Mukherjee, A. K. 1996. Ethylene evolution and membrane lipid peroxidation as indicators of salt injury in leaf tissues of Amaranthus lividus seedlings. Ind. J. Exp. Biol. 34: 2791-281.
28. Bhattacharjee, S. and Mukherjee, A. K. 1998. The deleterious effect of high temperature during early germination on membrane integrity and subsequent germination of Amaranthus lividus. Seed Sci Technol. 26: 1-8.
29. Blickenstaff, C. C., Peckenpaugh, R. E. and Mahrt, C. G. 1977. Rating sugarbeets for damage by the sugarbeet root maggot. J. Am. Soc. Sugar Beet Technol. 19: 188-191.
30. Brandenburger, W. 1985. Parasitische Pilze an Gefäspflanzen in Europa. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, New York, 1248 pp.
31. Brenckle, J. F. 1917. North Dakota fungi - I. Mycologia 9: 275-293.
32. Britton, N. L. and Brown, A. 1896. An illustrated flora of the Northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. Vol. II, Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, NY. 454 pp.
33. Brunt, A. A., Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, M. J., Gibbs, A. J., Watson, L. and Zurcher, E. J. (eds.) 2002. Plant viruses online. [Online] Available: http://biology.anu.edu.au/Groups/MES/vide/
34. Bubar, C., McColl, S. J. and Hall, L. M. 2000. Weeds of the Prairies. Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Edmonton, AB. 226 pp.
35. Burnside, O. C., Wilson, R. G., Weisberg, S. and Hubbard, K. G. 1996. Seed longevity of 41 weed species buried 17 years in Eastern and Western Nebraska. Weed Sci. 44: 74-86.
36. Cai, Y. Z. and Corke, H. 2000. Production and properties of spray-dried Amaranthus betacyanin pigments. J. Food. Sci. 65: 1248-1252.
37. Cai, Y., Sun, M., Wu, H. Huang, R. and Corke, H. 1998a. Characterization and quantification of betacyanin pigments from diverse Amaranthus species. J. Agric. Food Chem. 46: 2063-2070.
38. Cai, Y. Z., Sun, M. and Clark, H. 1998b. Colorant properties and stability of Amaranthus betacyanin pigments. J. Agric. Food. Chem. 46: 4491-4495.
39. Campbell, L. G., Anderson, A. W., Dregseth, R. and Smith, L. J. 1998. Association between sugarbeet root yield and sugarbeet root maggot (Diptera: Otitidae) damage. J. Econ. Entomol. 91: 522-527.
40. Carretero, J. L. 1995. Summer agrestal vegetation in dryland crops in Spain. Candollea 50: 195-216.
41. Cavers, P. B. and Steel, M. G. 1984. Patterns of change in seed weight over time on individual plants. Am. Nat. 124: 324-335.
42. Chadoeuf-Hannel, R. and Taylorson, R. B. 1985a. Enhanced phytochrome sensitivity and its reversal in Amaranthus albus seeds. Plant Physiol. 78: 228-231.
43. Chadoeuf-Hannel, R. and Taylorson, R. B. 1985b. Anaesthetic stimulation of Amaranthus albus seeds germination: interaction with phytochrome. Physiol. Plant (Copenhagen) 65: 451-454.
44. Chadoeuf-Hannel, R. and Taylorson, R. B. 1987. Changes in lipi d fatty acids associated with dormancy breaking in Amaranthus albus seeds. J. Seed Technol. 11: 15-23.
45. Chandler, J. M., Hamill, A. S. and Thomas, A. G. 1984. Crop losses due to weeds in Canada and the United States. Weed Sci. Soc. Am. Champaign, IL, 22 pp.
46. Cheplick, G. P. 2001. Quantitative genetics of mass allocation and the allometry of reproduction in Amaranthus albus: relation to soil nutrients. Int. J. Plant Sci. 162: 807-816.
47. Cheplick, G. P. 2002. Size and architectural traits as ontogenetic determinants of fitness in a phenotypically plastic annual weed (Amaranthus albus). Plant Species Biol. 17: 71-84.
48. Cho, H. J., Lee, S. J., Kim, S. and Klim, B. D. 2000. Isolation and characterization of cDNA encoding ribosome inactivating protein from Dianthus sinensis L. Molecules and Cells 10: 135-141.
49. Choi, Y. C., Bae, Y. S. and Park, Y. S. 1992. Studies isolation, purification and identification of a herbicidal compound produced by Streptomyces spp. Res. Rep. Rur. Dev. Admin. (Suweon, South Korea) 34: 28-34.
50. Ciocarlan, V. 1978. Observations on some weed species from Southern Dobrodgea, Romania. Delectus Seminum IANB, pp: 41-42.
51. Clark, G. H. and Fletcher, J. 1906. Farm weeds of Canada. Dominion of Canada, Ministry of Agriculture, Ottawa, ON. 99 pp.
52. Coimbra, S. and Salema, R. 1999. Ultrastructure of the developing fertilized embryo sac of Amaranthus hypochondriacus L. Ann. Bot. 84: 781-789.
53. Cole, H. E. and Holch, A. E. 1941. The root habits of certain weeds of southeastern Nebraska. Ecology 22: 141-147.
54. Coons, M. P. 1981. Hybridization between Amaranthus viridis L and A. blitum L. Experientiae (Vicosa) 27: 179-194.
55. Constantinescu, O. 1991. An annotated list of Peronospora names. Thunbergia 15: 1-110.
56. Costea, M. 1998. Monograph of the genus Amaranthus L. in Romania. Ph.D. diss., University of Bucharest, College of Biology, Bucharest, Romania. 210 pp.
57. Costea, M. and Halmajan, H. 1996. Some classical and less known potential forage species of the genus Amaranthus L. from Central Europe - a key for their identification and their most common synonymy. Zbornik Radova 26: 121-127.
58. Costea, M. and DeMason, D. A. 2001. Stem morphology and anatomy in Amaranthus L. (Amaranthaceae) - taxonomic significance. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128: 254-281.
59. Costea, M. and Tardif, J. T. 2003a. Conspectus and notes on the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) in Canada. Rhodora 105: 63-84.
60. Costea, M. and Tardif, F. 2003b. The bracteoles in Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae): their morphology, structure, function and taxonomic significance Sida 20: 969-985.
61. Costea, M., Waines, G. and Sanders, A. 2001a. Notes on some little known Amaranthus taxa (Amaranthaceae) in the United States. Sida 19: 975-992.
62. Costea, M., Sanders, A. and Waines, G. 2001b. Structure of the pericarp in some Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae) species - taxonomic significance. Aliso 20: 51-60.
63. Cousens, R. and Mortimer, M. 1995. Dynamics of weed populations. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 332 pp.
64. Dale, M. R. T. and Thomas, A. G. 1987. The structure of weed communities in Saskatchewan fields. Weed Sci. 35: 348-355.
65. Darbyshire, S. J., Favreau, M. and Murray, M. 2000. Common and scientific names of weeds in Canada. Research Branch, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. Publication 1397/B, 132 pp.
66. De Prado, R., Dominguez, C. and Tena, M. 1993. Triazine resistance in biotypes of Solanum nigrum and four Amaranthus species found in Spain. Weed Res. 33: 17-24.
67. Dechkov, Z. 1985. A study on potential weed infestation in Tolboukhin district (Bulgaria) Pochvoznaie Agrokimiya Rastitelna Zashtita 20: 93-98. [In Bulgarian, English abstract].
68. Der Marderosian, A. D., Beutler, J., Pfendner, W., Chambers, J., Yoder, R., Weinsteiger, E. and Senft, J. 1980. Nitrate and oxalate content of vegetable amaranth. Proc. Second Amaranth Conference, Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 31 pp.
69. Derksen, D. A., Lafond, G. P., Thomas, A. G., Loeppky, H. A. and Swanton, C. J. 1993. Impact of agronomic practices on weed communities: tillage systems. Weed Sci. 41: 409-417.
70. Derksen, D. A., Thomas, A. G., Lafond, G. P., Loeppky, H. A. and Swanton, C. J. 1995. Impact of post-emergence herbicides on weed community diversity within conservation-tillage systems. Weed Res. 35: 311-320.
71. Dorado, J., Del Monte, J. P. and López-Fando, C. 1999. Weed seedbank response to crop rotation and tillage in semiarid agroecosystems. Weed Sci. 47: 67-73.
72. Douglas, D. W. and Thomas, A. G. 1986. Weed survey of Saskatchewan mustard, lentil and dry pea crops. 1985. Weed Survey Series Publ. 86-2, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 50 pp.
73. Doyon, D., Bouchard, C. J. and Néron, R. 1986. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures du Québec. Vol. 1. Principales données des relevés floristiques et agronomiques de la région agricole de Québec (1980-1984) (02). Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, QC. 41 pp.
74. Doyon, D., Bouchard, C. J. and Néron, R. 1987a. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures du Québec (1980-1984). Vol. 2. Principales données des relevés floristiques et agronomiques de la région agricole des Cantons-de-l'Est (05). Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, QC. 49 pp.
75. Doyon, D., Bouchard, C. J. and Néron, R. 1987b. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures du Québec (1980-1984). Vol. 3. Principales données des relevés floristiques et agronomiques de la région agricole de Richeliu (06). Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, QC. 93 pp.
76. Doyon, D., Bouchard, C. J. and Néron, R. 1987c. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures du Québec (1980-1984). Vol. 4. Principales données des relevés floristiques et agronomiques de la région agricole de Richeliu (07). Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, QC. 101 pp.
77. Doyon, D., Bouchard, C. J. and Néron, R. 1987d. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes dans les cultures du Québec (1980-1984). Vol. 5. Principales données des relevés floristiques et agronomiques de la région agricole de Richelieu (10). Gouvernement du Québec, Ministère de l'Agriculture des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation, QC. 93 pp.
78. Dusky, J. A. and Stall, W. M. 1996. Evaluation of imazethapyr for weed control in leafy vegetable crops. Weed Technol. 10: 253-257.
79. Edwards, D. J. and Wehunt, E. J. 1973. Hosts of Pratylenchus cofeae with additions from Central American banana-producing areas. Plant Dis. Rep. 17: 47-51.
80. El Aydam, M. and Bürki, H.-M. 1997. Biological control of noxious pigweeds in Europe: a literature review of the insect species associated with Amaranthus species worldwide. Biocontrol news and Information 18: 11N-20N.
81. Eom, S. H., Kim, M. J., Choi, Y. H., Rim. Y. S., Yu, C. Y. and Kim, E. H. 1999. Allelochemicals from buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Korean J. Weed Sci. 19: 83-89.
82. Farr, D. F., Bills, G. F., Chamuris, G. P. and Rossman, A. Y. 1989. Fungi on plants and plant products in the United States. APS Press. The American Phythopatological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1152 pp.
83. Faulkner, L. R. and McElroy, F. D. 1964. Host range of northern root knot nematode on irrigated crop plants and weeds in Washington. Plant Dis. Rep. 48: 190-193.
84. Fernald, M. L. 1950. Gray's manual of botany. 8th ed. American Book Company, New York, NY. 1632 pp.
85. Ferreira, J. L. M., Riet Correa, F., Schild, A. L. and Mendez, M. D. C. 1991. Poizoning of cattle by Amaranthus spp. (Amaranthaceae) in Rio Grande de Sul, southern Brasil. Pesq. Vet. Brasileira 11: 49-54.
86. Fomina, I. R., Bil, K. Y. and Magomedov, I. M. 1981. Localization of aspartate aminotransferase in mesophyll and bundle sheath cells of leaves of 4-carbon pathway plant Amaranthus lividus. Tsitologya 23: 1411-1416.
87. Franssen, A. S., Skinner, D. Z., Al-Khatib, K. and Horak, M. J. 2001. Pollen morphological differences in Amaranthus species and interspecific hybrids. Weed Sci. 49: 732-737.
88. Frick, B. and Thomas, A. G. 1992. Weed surveys in different tillage systems in southwestern Ontario field crops. Can. J. Plant Sci. 72: 1337-1347.
89. Frick, B., Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1990. Weeds of corn, soybean, and winter wheat fields under conventional, conservation and no-till management systems in southwestern Ontario 1988 and 1989. Weed Survey Series Publication 90-1, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 239 pp.
90. Fritz, D. 2002. Amaranthus albus project. [Online] Available: http://www.unl.edu/fritz/images/amaranthus/
91. Fuchs, L. (1542). 1999. The great herbal of Leonhart Fuchs. De historia stirpium commentarii insignes. G. Meyer, E. E. Trueblood, and J. L. Heller, eds. Vol. 2. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA. 895 pp.
92. Gallagher, R. S. and Cardina, J. 1998. Phytochrome mediated Amaranthus germination I: effect of seed burial and germination temperature. Weed Sci. 46: 48-52.
93. Garg, I. D., Hegde V., Khurana S. and Singh, M. P. 1999. Ultrastructural studies on different host-tospovirus combinations. Indian Phytopathology 52: 215-220.
94. Gaskin, T. A. 1958. Weed hosts for Meloidogyne incognita in Indiana. Plant Dis. Rep. 42: 802-803.
95. Gaspar, G. M. Szocs, Z. and Mathe, P. 2001. Phenological studies on cultivated Amaranthus species. Novenytermeles 50: 261-268.
96. Gavalas, N. A. and Manetas, Y. 1980. Calcium inhibition of pyrophosphatase in crude plant extracts: Implication of soluble calcium in 4-carbon pathway photosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 65: 860-863.
97. Geisel, P. M. and Unruh, C. L. 2001. Compost in a hurry. Publication nr. 8034. University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources. [Online] Available: http:/ anrcatalog.ucdavis.edu.
98. Giannopolitis, C. N. 1981. Amaranthus weed species in Greece: dormancy, germination and response to emergence herbicides. An. Inst. Phytopatol. Benaki 13: 80-91.
99. Gimenez-Espinoza, R. and De Prado, R. 1998. Penetration, translocation and metabolism of pyridate in chickpea. Pages 137-143 in R. De Prado, J. Jorrín, and L. García-Torres, eds. Weed and crop resistance to herbicides. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
100. Ginns, J. H. 1986. Compendium of plant disease and decay fungi in Canada 1960-1980. Agriculture Canada Publication 1813. Canadian Government Publishing Centre, Ottawa, ON. 416 pp.
101. Gleason, H. A. and Cronquist, A. 1991. Manual of vascular plants of northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd ed. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 910 pp.
102. Goumans, D. E. and Chatzaki, A. K. 1998. Characterization and host range evaluation of Pseudomonas viridiflava from melon, blite, tomato, chrysanthemum and egg plant. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 104: 181-188.
103. Greene, H. C. 1955. Notes on Wisconsin parasitic fungi. XXI. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. 44: 29-43.
104. Grieve, M. 1978. A modern herbal: The medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs. Vol. 1. Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. 427 pp.
105. Groh, H. and Frankton, C. 1949. The 1948-1949 Canadian weed survey. Can. Dept. Agric. Reports 5th-7th, Ottawa, ON. 144 pp.
106. Gunther, R. T. 1959. The Greek herbal of Dioscorides. Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY. 701 pp.
107. Habib, S. A. and Abdul, R. A. A. 1988. Evaluation of some weed extracts against field dodder on alfalfa (Medicago sativa). J. Chem. Ecol. 14: 443-452.
108. Hafez, S. H. and Seyedbagheri, M.-M. 1999. Sugarbeet cyst nematode: impact on sugarbeet production in Idaho and eastern Oregon. Resources for Idaho. [Online] Available: http://info.ag. uidaho.edu/Resources/PDFs/BUL0792.pdf.
109. Hanf, M. 1983. The arable weeds of Europe with their seedlings and seeds. BASF United Kingdom Limited, Suffolk, UK. 494 pp.
110. Haro de, A., Pujadas, A., Polonio, A., Fron, R., Velez, D., Montoro, R. and del Rio, M. 2000. Phytoremediation of polluted soils after the toxic spill of the Aznalcollar mine using wild species collected in situ. Fresenius Env. Bull. 9: 275-280.
111. Harrigan, S. 2001. The tumble weed. Texas monthly. [Online] Available: http://www.texasmonthly.com/ranch/readme/tumbleweed.php#begin.
112. Heap, I. 2002. International survey of herbicide resistant weeds. [Online] Available: www.weedscience.com
113. Heiser, C. B. and Whitaker, T. W. 1948. Chromosome number, polyploidy and growth habit in California weeds. Am. J. Bot 35: 179-186.
114. Hendricks, S. B. and Taylorson, R. B. 1975. Breaking of seed doimancy by catalase inhibition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 72: 306-309.
115. Holmgren, P. K., Holmgren, N. H. and Barnett, L. 2003. Index herbariorum Part 1: The herbaria of the world. [Online] Available: http://www.nybg.org/bsci/ ih/searchih.html.
116. Horak, M. J. and Loughin, T. M. 2000. Growth analysis of four Amaranthus species. Weed Sci. 48: 347-355.
117. Horváth, J. 1991. Amaranthus species (Family: Amaranthaceae) as hosts of plant viruses: a review. Acta Phytopatol. Entomol. Hungarica 26: 385-422.
118. Howitt, J. E. and MacLeod, J. D. 1940. The weeds of Ontario. Bulletin 409, Ontario Department of Agriculture, Guelph, ON. 127 pp.
119. Hügin, G. 1986. Die Verbreitung von Amaranthus - Arten in der südlichen und mittleren oberrheinebene sowie eingen angrenzenden gebieten. Phytocoenologia 14: 289-379.
120. Hügin, G. 1987. Einige Bemerkungen zu wenig bekannten Amaranthus-sippen (Amaranthaceae) Mitteleuropas. Willdenowia 16: 453-478.
121. Hurtt, W. and Taylorson, R. B. 1980. Further studies on azide-stimulated weed emergence. Amaranthus retroflexus and A. albus. Proc. Ann. Meet Northeast Weed Sci. Soc. Beltsville, MD. 34: 112.
122. Hurtt, W. and Hodgson, R. H. 1987. Effects of nonionic surfactants, temperature, and light on germination of weed seeds. Weed Sci. 35: 52-57.
123. Igbokwe, P. E., Tiwari, S. C., Collins, J. B. Tartt, J. B. and Russell, L. C. 1988. Amaranth - a potential crop for southwestern Mississippi. Res. Report 10. Mississippi Agric. & Forestry Exp. Sta., Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. 86 pp.
124. Ishii, T., Matsumoto, L. Shresha, Y. H., Wamocho, L. S. and Kadoya, K. 1998. Observation of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal formation in the roots of some seasonal weeds proliferated in Citrus orchards. J. Jpn. Hortic. Sci. 67: 556-558.
125. Itoh, K., Azmi, M. and Ahmad, A. 1992. Paraquat resistance in Solanum nigrum, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Amaranthus lividus and Conyza sumatrensis in Malaysia. Proc. 1st International Weed Control Congress, Melbourne, Australia 2: 224-228 (Abstr.).
126. Jeon, I. S., Chung, I. M., Hur, J. H. and Kim, E. H. 1995. The allalopathic effect of alfalfa on crops and weeds. Korean J. Weed Sci. 15: 131-140.
127. Jorda, C., Ortega, A. and Juarez, M. 1995. New hosts of tomato spotted wilt virus. Plant Dis. 79: 538 (Abstr.).
128. Jordan, D. L., York, A. C., Griffin, J. L., Clay, P. A., Vidrine, P. R. and Reynolds, D. B. 1997. Influence of application variables on efficacy of glyphosate. Weed Technol. 11: 354-362.
129. Jordan, N. R., Zhang, J. and Huerd, S. 2000. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi: potential roles in weed management. Weed Res. 40: 397-410.
130. Kadman-Zahavi, A. 1955. Effects of light and temperature on the germination of Amaranthus blitoides seeds. Bull. Res. Counc. Isr. 4: 370-374.
131. Kaiser, W. J. and Hannan R. M. 1983. Additional hosts of alfalfa mosaic virus and its seed transmission in Amaranthus albus and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plant Dis. 67: 1354-1357.
132. Khader, V. and Rama, S. 1998. Selected mineral content of common leafy vegetables consumed in India at different stages of maturity. Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 53: 71-81.
133. Klimova, A. P. 1979. Thielaviopsis basicola on weed plants of cotton fields in the Turkmen SSR, USSR. Biologiskie Nauka 5: 53-58. [in Russian, English abstract].
134. Klopfer, K. and Robel, J. 1989. Beitrge zur systematik, morphologie und anatomie der gattung Amaranthus L. 2. Samenmorphologie undanatomie ausgewählter vertreter. Gleditschia 17: 171-182.
135. Kolaib, M. O., Younes, M. W. E. and Darwish, E. T. E. 1986. Hypolixus nubilosus as a factor in biological control of Amaranthus weeds in Egypt. Ann. Agric. Sci. (Cairo) 31: 767-776.
136. Koval, T. 1954. Cechy morfologiczne I anatomiczne nasion rodzaje Amaranthus L. oraz klucze do ich oznaczania. Monogr. Bot. (Warszawa). pp: 170-191. [in Polish].
137. Krausz, R. F., Kapusta, G. and Matthews, J. L. 1996. Control of annual weeds with glyphosate. Weed Technol. 10: 957-962.
138. Larkom, J. 1991. Oriental vegetables. The complete guide for garden and kitchen. Kondansha International, Tokyo, Japan. 256 pp.
139. Lemieux, C., Larouche, A., Légère, A., Deschênes, J.-M. and Rioux, R. 1988a. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes au Québec; Cultures céréalières. Bulletin d'extension 2. Station de Recherches Sainte-Foy, Agriculture Canada, QC. 84 pp.
140. Lemieux, C., Larouche, A., Légère, A., Deschênes, J.-M. and Rioux, R. 1988b. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes au Québec; Culture de maïs, de pommes de terre et de fraises. Bulletin d'extension 3. Station de Recherches Sainte-Foy, Agriculture Canada, QC. 45 pp.
141. Lemieux, C., Larouche, A., Légère, A., Deschênes, J.-M. and Rioux, R. 1988c. Inventaire des mauvaises herbes au Québec; Prairies et pâturages. Bulletin d'extension 4. Station de Recherches Sainte-Foy, Agriculture Canada, QC. 64 pp.
142. Lieb, C. S. 2001. Checklist of the Chihuahuan desert butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the El Paso/Ciudad Juarez region. [Online] Available: http://nasa.utep.edu/chih/chklist/butterfly/butterfly.htm.
143. Liebman, M., Monler, C. L. and Staver, C. P. 2001. Ecological management of agricultural weeds. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 532 pp.
144. Lonchamp, J.-P. 2000. Hyper media for plant protection. Weeds. [Online] Available: http://www.dijon.inra.fr/malherbo/hyppa /hyppa-a/hyppa_a.htm.
145. Macoun, J. 1886. Catalogue of Canadian plants. Part III -Apetalae. Geological and Natural History Survey of Canada. Dowson Brothers, Montreal, QC. 623 pp.
146. Mahyar, M. and Khlif, H. 1999. Black rot of crucifers in Jordan: sources of inoculum. Disarat Agric. Sci. 26: 329-337.
147. Makus, D. J. 1990. Composition and nutritive value of vegetable amaranth as affected by stage of growth, environment and method of preparation. Proc. Fourth Amaranth Symp. Minnesota Ext. Serv., Minnesota Agric., Univ. Minnesota, St Paul, MN. 14 pp.
148. Makus, D. J. and Davis, D. R. 1984. A mid-summer crop for fresh greens or canning: vegetable amaranth. Ark. Farm Res. 33: 10.
149. Manabe, K. and Itoh, M. 1990. Germination pattern of annual weeds in orchards. Kagawa Daigaku Nogakubu Gakujutsu Hokoku 42: 213-220.
150. Manley, B. S., Wilson, H. P. and Hines, T. E. 1996. Smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridus) and livid amaranth (A. lividus) response to several imidazolinone and sulfonylurea herbicides. Weed Technol. 10: 835-841.
151. Martin, J. 1943. Germination studies of the seeds of some common weeds. Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc. 50: 221-228.
152. McCully, K. V., Sampson, M. G. and Watson, A. K. 1991. Weed survey of Nova Scotia lowbrush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) fields. Weed Sci. 39: 180-185.
153. McIntyre, B. D., Bouldin D. R., Urey, G. H. and Kizito, F. 2001. Modeling cropping strategies to improve human nutrition in Uganda. Agric. Syst. 67: 105-120.
154. Mintz, A. S., Heiny, D. K. and Weidemann, G. J. 1992. Factors influencing the biocontrol of Amaranthus albus with Aposphaeria amaranthi. Plant Dis. 76: 267-269.
155. 3 Tropicos. 2003. Index to plant chromosome numbers - IPCN. [Online] Available: http://mobot. mobot.org/W3T/Search/vast.html
156. Miyahara, Y. 1993. Immigration of the Hawaiian beet webworm moth, Hymenia recurvalis, during the Bai-u season. 2. The arrival of the moths in early June 1992. Proc. Assoc. Pl. Prot. Kyushu, pp: 137-141.
157. ème symposium méditerranéen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 1998, 13-15 May, pp. 333-334.
158. Morariu, I. 1952. Genus Amaranthus L. Pages 587-607 in T. Savulescu, ed. Flora R. P. R., Vol 1, Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania [in Romanian].
159. Mulligan, G. A. 1984. Chromosome numbers of some plants native and naturalized in Canada. Naturaliste Canad. 111: 447-449.
160. Mulligan, G. A. and Munro, D. B. 1990. Poisonous plants of Canada. Biosystematics Research Centre, Research Branch Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, ON. Publication 1842/E, 96 pp.
161. Murray, M. J. 1940. The genetics of sex determination in the family Amaranthaceae. Genetics 25: 409-431.
162. Murray, M. W., Arnold, R. N., Gregory, E. J. and Smeal, D. 1994. Early broadleaf weed control in potato (Solanum tuberosum) with herbicides. Weed Technol. 8: 165-167.
163. Muzik, T. J. 1970. Weed biology and control. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, NY. 273 pp.
164. Nagaich, B. B. and Upreti, G. C. 1965. Amaranthus and Chenopodium spp. as test plants for potato viruses X and Y. Indian Potato J. 7: 90-94.
165. Nielsen, D. C. and Anderson, R. L. 1994. Photosynthesis and transpiration response of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus). Weed Technol. 8: 265-269.
166. Oberholser, H. C. 1925. The relations of vegetation to bird life in Texas. Am. Mid. Nat. 9: 564-594.
167. Pliny the Elder (ca. 23-79 A.D.). 1951. Natural History, Vol. V and VI translated by Jones, W. H. S. and Litt, D. The Loeb Classical Library, Cambridge, Massachusetts and Harvard University Press, London, UK.
168. Pohl, D., Uygur, F. N. and Sauerborn, J. 1998. Effects of some environmental factors on weed species in cotton fields in Cukurova, Turkey. Tükiye Herboloi Dergisi 1: 24-32. [in Turkish, English abstract].
169. Ponce, G. and Salas, R. 1993. Absorción de nutrientes por diversos cultivos de verano y malas hierbas asociadas. Proc. Spanish Weed Sci. Soc. 1993, pp. 285-290.
170. Prather, T. S. and Kearney, U. C. 1995. Predicting phenological development of five weed species using degree days. Plant Protection Quarterly 3, University of California, Cooperative Extension. [Online] Available: http://www.uckac.edu/ppq/PDF/95july.pdf.
171. Preston, D. A. and Dosdall, L. 1955. Minnesota plant diseases. USDA, Pl. Dis. Epid. & Ident. Sect Spec. Publ. 8: 184.
172. Priszter, S. 1953. Revisio critica specierum generis amaranthi in Hungaria. Agrartud Egyet. Kert-Szologazdasgtud.Karanak Evk. 2: 121-262. [in Hungarian].
173. Priszter, S. 1958. Uber die bisher bekannten bastarde der gatung Amaranthus. Bauhinia 1: 126-135. [in German, French abstract].
174. Purwanto, Y. and Poerba, Y. 1990. Effects of drying, temperature and storage times of Amaranthus spinosus, A. blitum and A. gracilis. Biotrop 38: 85-93.
175. Qasem, J. R. 1992. Pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) interference in transplanted tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). J. Hortic. Sci. 67: 421-427.
176. Qasem, J. R. 1994. Allelopathic effects of pigweed (Amaranthus spp.) on barley (Hordeum vulgare). Dirasat Ser. B, Pure App. Sci. 21: 101-120.
177. Qasem, J. R. 1995. The allelopathic effect of three Amaranthus spp. (pigweeds) on wheat (Triticum durum). Weed Res. 35: 41-49.
178. Raid, R. N. and Pennypacker, S. P. 1987. Weeds as hosts for Colletotrichum coccodes. Plant Dis. 17: 643-646.
179. Richards, R. A. 1979. Survey of weeds in three counties in southern Ontario. M.Sc. Thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON. 300 pp.
180. Riegel, D. A. 1942. Some observations on the food coactions of rabbits in western Kansas during periods of stress. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 45: 369-375.
181. Rosskopf, E. N., Charudattan, R., Shabana, Y. M. and Benny, G. L. 2000a. Phomopsis amaranthicola, a new species from Amaranthus spp. Mycologia 92: 114-122.
182. Roskopf, E. N., Charudattan, R., DeValerio, J. T. and Stall, J. T. 2000b. Field evaluation of Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biological control agent of Amaranthus spp. Plant Dis. 84: 1225-1230.
183. Roughan, P. G. 1986. Acyl lipid synthesis by chloroplasts isolated from chilling-sensitive plant Amaranthus lividus. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 78: 371-379.
184. Roughan, P. G. 1995. Acetate concentrations in leaves are sufficient to drive in vivo fatty acid synthesis at maximum rates. Plant Sci. 107: 49-55.
185. Roughan, P. G. and Matsuo, T. 1992. The influence of endogenous acyl-acyl carrier protein concentrations in chloroplasts glycerolipids. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 297: 92-100.
186. Roughan, P. G. and Ohlrogge, J. B. 1996. Evidence that isolated chloroplasts contain an integrated lipid-synthesizing assembly that channels acetate into long-chain fatty acids. Plant Physiol 110: 1239-1247.
187. Rousseau, C. 1968. Histoire, habitat et distribution de 220 plantes introduites au Québec. Naturaliste Can. 95: 49-169.
188. Royer, F. and Dickinson, R. 1999. Weeds of the Northern U. S. and Canada. Lone Pine Publishing and University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, AB. 434 pp.
189. Rubin, B. 1997. Herbicide resistance outside North America and Europe: causes and significance. Pages 39-50 in R. De Prado, L. Torrin, and L. Garcia-Torres, eds. Weed and crop resistance to herbicides. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
190. Rushing, D. W., Murray, D. S. and Verhalen, L. M. 1985. Weed interference with cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). II. Tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus). Weed Sci. 33: 815-818.
191. Saavedra, M. and Pastor, M. 1996. Weed populations in olive groves under non-tillage and conditions of rapid degradation of simazine. Weed Res. 36: 1-14.
192. Sakhare, R. K. and Thite, A. N. 1986. Physiological changes in Amaranthus leaves infected with white rust. Geobios 13: 100-103.
193. Salakhova, G. B., Ivanova, O. G. and Chernov, I. A. 1995. Embryology of Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 80: 31-38.
194. Sampath, S. and Mishra, R. K. 1971. Occurrence of symbiosis in species of Amaranthus. Curr. Sci. 5: 111-112.
195. Santelmann, P. W. and Evetts, L. 1971. Germination and herbicide susceptibility of six pigweed species. Weed Sci. 19: 51-54.
196. Saunders, C. L. 1934. Edible and useful wild plants of the United States and Canada. Dover Publications Inc., New York, NY. 320 pp.
197. Schonbeck, M. W. and Egley, G. H. 1981. Phase sequence of red-root pigweed seed germination relative to ethylene and other stimuli. Plant Physiol. 68: 175-179.
198. Scoggan, H. J. 1978. Amaranthus L. Pages 658-661 in Flora of Canada, Vol. 3, National Museums of Canada. Publications in Botany 7 (3).
199. Seoane, J., Hervas, I. and Suarez, F. 1998. Endozoochorous dispersal of Amaranthus albus by sheep: digestion effects on seed losses and germination patterns. Compte-rendus 6-ème symposium mediterraneen EWRS, Montpellier, France, 13-15 May 1988, pp. 53-54 (Abstr.).
200. Seung, S. H., Deog, H. O., Jeong, K. H. and Jae, H. L. 1997. Antimutagenic effects of juices from edible Korean wild herbs. J. Food Sci. Nutr. 2: 155-161.
201. Sharma, A. K. and Banik, M. 1965. Cytological investigation of different genera of Amaranthaceae with a view to trace their interrelationships. Bull Bot. Soc. Bengal. 19: 40-50.
202. Shaw, C. G. 1973. Host fungus index for the Pacific Northwest - I. Hosts. Washington State Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. 765: 1-121.
203. Sleugh, B. B., Moore, K. J., Brummer, E. C., Knapp, A. D., Russell, J. and Gibson, L. 2001. Forage nutritive value of various amaranth species at different harvest dates. Crop Sci. 41: 466-472.
204. Sibony, M., Lior, E., Fisher, A. and Rubin, B. 1995. Resistance of Amaranthus spp., horseweed (Conyza canadensis) and field dodder (Cuscuta campestris) to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors, WSSA Abstracts 35: 87 (Abstr.).
205. Sibony, M. and Rubin, B. 1996. Multiple resistance to ALS inhibitors and triazine herbicides in Amaranthus species. Pages 112-114 in R. De Prado, J, Jorrin, L. Garcia-Torres, and G. Marschall, eds. Proc. International Symposium on weed and crop resistance to herbicides, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
206. Sibony, M. and Rubin, M. 2001. Molecular basis for cross-and multiple-resistance to Acetolactate Synthase (ALS) inhibiting herbicides and Atrazine in Amaranthus blitoides. Japan-Israel Plant Protection Workshop Sept. 2-6, 2001. Tokyo University of Agriculture (Abstr.).
207. Smith, J. D. 1917. Weeds of Alberta. Department of Agriculture, Seed and Weed Branch Bulletin No. 2, 107 pp.
208. Stafford, W. L., Mugerwa, J. S. and Bwabye, R. 1976. Effects of methods of cooking, application of nitrogen fertilizer, and maturity on certain nutrients in the leaves of Amaranthus hybridus subsp. hybridus (Green Head). Plant Foods for Man 2: 7-13.
209. Stallknecht, G. F. and Schulz-Schaeffer, J. R. 1993. Amaranth rediscovered. Pages 211-218 in J. Janick and J. E. Simon, eds. New crops. Wiley, New York, NY.
210. Steinmaus, S. J., Prather, T. S. and Holt, J. S. 2000. Estimation of base temperatures for nine weed species. J. Exp. Bot. 51: 275-286.
211. Stevens, O. A. 1924. Some effects of the first fall freeze. Am. Mid. Nat. 9: 14-17.
212. Stevens, O. A. 1932. The number and weight of seeds produced by the weeds. Am. J. Bot. 19: 784-794.
213. Stoller, E. W. and Myers, R. A. 1989. Response of soybeans (Glycine max) and four broadleaf weeds to reduced irradiance. Weed Sci. 37: 570-574.
214. Sumstine, D. R. 1949. The Albert Commons collection of fungi in the herbarium of the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia. Mycologia 41: 11-23.
215. Suzuki, M. 1999. Germination of main upland weed seeds buried in paddy fields. Jpn. Weed Sci. Technol. 44: 80-83.
216. Sweat, J. K., Horak, M. J., Peterson, D. E., Lloyd, R. W. and Boyer, J. E. 1998. Herbicide efficacy on four Amaranthus species in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol.12: 315-321.
217. Taylorson, R. B. 1970. Changes in dormancy and viability of weed seeds in soils. Weed Sci. 18: 265-269.
218. Teitz, A. Y., Gorski, S. F. and McDonald, M. B. 1990. The dormancy of livid amaranth Amaranthus lividus L.) seeds. Seed Sci. Technol. 18: 781-989.
219. Teutonico, R. A. and Knorr, D. 1985. Amaranth: composition, properties and applications of a rediscovered food crop. Food Tech. 39: 49-60.
220. Thellung, A. 1914. Amaranthus, Pages 225-356 in P. Ascherson and P. Graebner, eds. Synopsis der Mitteleuropaischen flora Vol 5, Leipzig, Germany.
221. Theophrastus. (ca. 371-ca. 287 B.C.). 1916. Enquiry into plants and minor works on odors and weather signs. Vol. I, II. With an English translation by Hort, A. The Loeb Classical Library, Heinemann, London, UK.
222. Thomas, A. G. 1977. Weed survey of cultivated land in Saskatchewan. Agriculture Canada Research Station, Regina, SK. 103 pp.
223. Thomas, A. G. 1978a. Weed survey of cultivated land in Saskatchewan. Agriculture Canada Research Station, Regina, SK. 113 pp.
224. Thomas, A. G. 1978b. Weed survey of cultivated land in Manitoba. Agriculture Canada Research Station, Regina, SK. 103 pp.
225. Thomas, A. G. 1979. Weed survey of cultivated land in Saskatchewan. Agriculture Canada Research Station, Regina, SK. 141 pp.
226. Thomas, A. G. 1991. Floristic composition and relative abundance of weeds in annual crops of Manitoba. Can. J. Plant Sci. 71: 831-839.
227. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1983a. Peace River region of British Columbia weed survey of cereal and oil seed crops - 1978, 1979 and 1980. Weed Survey Series Publ. 83-4, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 171 pp.
228. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1983b. Peace River region of British Columbia weed survey of forage crops - 1978, 1979 and 1980. Weed Survey Series Publ. 83-5, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 155 pp.
229. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1983c. Weed survey of Saskatchewan cereal and oilseed crops from 1976 to 1979. Weed Survey Series Publ. 83-6, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 260 pp.
230. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1985. Dew's Alberta weed survey (1973-1977). Weed Survey Series Publ. 85-3, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 134 pp.
231. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1986a. Weed survey of Saskatchewan sunflower fields 1985. Weed Survey Series Publ. 86-1, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 50 pp.
232. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1986b. Weed survey of Saskatchewan winter wheat fields 1985. Weed Survey Series Publ. 86-3, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 85 pp.
233. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1987. Weed survey of Saskatchewan cereal and oilseed crops 1986. Weed Survey Series Publ. 87-1, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 251 pp.
234. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1988. Weed survey of Manitoba cereal and oilseed crops 1986. Weed Survey Series Publ. 88-1, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 251 pp.
235. Thomas, A. G. and Wise, R. F. 1989. Weed survey of Saskatchewan winter wheat fields Weed Survey Series Publ. 89-1, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 201 pp.
236. Thomas, A. G. and Ivany, J. A. 1990. The weed flora of Prince Edward Island cereal fields. Weed Sci. 38: 119-124.
237. Thomas, A. G., Wise, R. F. and Clayton, G. 1986. Port Vermilion area of Alberta weed survey in cereal and oilseed fields. Weed Survey Series Publ. 86-4, Agriculture Canada, Regina, SK. 98 pp.
238. Thomas, A. G., Doohan, D. J. and McCully, K. V. 1994. Weed survey of spring cereals in New Brunswick. Phytoprotection 75: 113-124.
239. Thomas, A. G., Wise, R. F., Frick, B. and Juras, L. T. 1996. Saskatchewan weed survey. Weed Survey Series Publ. 96-1, Agriculture Canada, Saskatoon, SK. 419 pp.
240. Thomas, A. G., Frick, B. and Hall, L. M. 1998. Alberta weed survey. Weed Survey Series Publ. 98-2, Agriculture Canada, Saskatoon, SK. 241 pp.
241. Thomas, A. G., Frick, B., Van Acker, R. C., Knezevic, S. Z. and Joosse, D. 1998. Manitoba weed survey. Weed Survey Series Publ. 98-1, Agriculture Canada, Saskatoon, SK. 192 pp.
242. Thornberry, H. H. 1966. Index of plant virus diseases. Agric. Handbook No. 307. U. S. Department of Agriculture Washington DC, 446 pp.
243. Tikhomirov, V. N. and Fedorova, T. A. 1997. The comparative anatomy of the seed coat in the genus Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae). Bot. Zhurn. 82: 16-24.
244. Toma, C., Rugina, M. and Nita, M. 1994. Données d'ordre anatomo-écologique et histo-taxonomique concernant quelques mauvaises herbes (Amaranthus blitoides S. Wats. et Atriplex hastata L.). Ann. St. Univ. Iasi, Ser II (Biol.) 40: 7-15.
245. Tominaga, T. and Watanabe, O. 1997. Weed growth suppression by cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) leaves. Weed Res. Japan 42: 289-293.
246. Uline, E. B. and Bray, W. 1894. A preliminary synopsis of the North American species of Amaranthus, Bot. Gaz. 19: 313-320.
247. Umeda, K. 1996. Whitefly weed hosts. University of Arizona, College of Agriculture. Vegetable report vol. 3, issue 4. [Online] Available: http://ag.arizona.edu/hypermail/vegnews/0008.html.
248. Uva, R., Neal, J. C. and DiTomaso, J. M. 1997. Weeds of the Northeast. Comstock Publishing Associates, Ithaca and London, 397 pp.
249. 14C-clomazone in soybean (Glycine max) and three Amaranthus weed species. J. Plant Growth Regul. 9: 127-132.
250. Vizantinopoulos, S. and Katranis, N. 1994. Integrated weed control management in soybeans (Glycine max) in Greece. Weed Technol. 8: 541-546.
251. Vizantinopoulos, S. and Katrants, N. 1998. Weed management of Amaranthus spp. in corn (Zea mays). Weed Technol. 12: 145-150.
252. Vyas, N. R., Singh, O. P., Dhamdhere, S. V. and Mishra, U. S. 1984. An unusual outbreak of the rice grasshopper, Hieroglyphus banian Fabricius and its host preference. J. Entomol. Res. 7: 194-195.
253. Walters, R. D., Coffey, D. L. and Sams, C. E. 1988. Fiber, nitrate, and protein content of Amaranthus accessions as affected by soil nitrogen application and harvest date. HortScience 23: 338-341.
254. Wesche-Ebeling, P., Maiti, R., Garcia-Diaz, G., Gonzales, D. I. and Sosa-Alvarez, F. 1995. Contributions to the botany and nutritional value of some wild Amaranthus species (Amaranthaceae) of Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Econ. Bot. 49: 423-430.
255. Weaver, S. E. and McWilliams, E. L. 1980. The biology of Canadian weeds. 44. Amaranthus retroflexus L., A. powellii S. Wats, and A. hybridus L. Can. J. Plant Sci. 60: 1215-1234.
256. Wetzel, D. K., Horak, M. J. and Skinner, D. Z. 1999. Use of PCR-based molecular markers to identify weedy Amaranthus species. Weed Sci. 47: 518-523.
257. Wilson, G. W. 1908. Studies in North American Peronosporales -IV. Host Index. Bull. Torr. Bot Club 35: 543-554.
258. Wilson, R. S., Jr. 1980. Dissemination of weed seeds by surface irrigation water in western Nebraska. Weed Sci. 28: 87-92.
259. Wyss, G. S. and Charudattan, R. 1999. Infection process of Phomopsis amaranthicola on Amaranthus spp. and implications for biological control. Phytopatology 89 (Suppl.): S 86.
260. Wyss, G. S. and Charudattan, R. 2000. Interactions of pesticides with Phomopsis amaranthicola, a biocontrol agent of Amaranthus species. WSSA Abstracts 40: 29-30 (Abstr.).
261. Yacoby, T., Tal, A., Alon, Y., Kadar, Y. and Rubin, B. 1996. Synergy between flumioxazin and other herbicides for improved weed control. Proc. Int. Weed Control Congress, Denmark, 25-28 June 1996, pp: 1291-1296.
262. Zheleznov, A. V., Solonenko, L. P. and Zheleznova, N. B. 1997. Seed proteins of the wild and the cultivated Amaranthus species. Euphytica 97: 177-182.
263. Ziska, L. H. and Bunce, J. A. 1999. Effect of elevated carbon dioxide concentration at night on the growth and gas exchange of selected C4 species. Austr. J. Plant Physiol. 26: 71-77.
264. Zitter, A. T. 2002. A checklist of major weeds and crops as natural hosts for plant viruses in the Northeast. Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. [Online] Available: http://vegetablemdonline. ppatn.cornell.edu/Tables/WeedHostTabl e.html#Key.