International trade, law, and public health advocacy

Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics

Volumn 31, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 546-556

  Sapsin, Jason W ^b,c,d   Thompson, Theresa M ^b,g,h   Stone, Lesley ^c,d,e,f   DeLand, Katherine E ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS BLOOMBERG SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^c GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY LAW CENTER   (United States)

^f HARVARD LAW SCHOOL   (United States)

^g DUKE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^h UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CONFERENCE PAPER; ECONOMICS; FOOD SAFETY; HEALTH SERVICE; LAW; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; SANITATION; FOOD CONTAMINATION; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; LEGAL ASPECT; ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT; REVIEW;

FOOD CONTAMINATION; HEALTH POLICY; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; PUBLIC HEALTH; RISK ASSESSMENT; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 1542505689     PISSN: 10731105     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-720X.2003.tb00122.x     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (116)

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18. E. Prasad, K. Rogoff, Shang-Jin Wei and M. Kose, Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence, International Monetary Fund, March 17, 2003; B. Milanovic, Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution?, WORLD BANK POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2876, April 2002; P. Buss, "Globalization and Disease: in an Unequal World, Unequal Health!", Cad. Saude Publica, 18, no. 6 (2002): 1783-1788; M. Weisbrot, D. Baker, E. Kraev and J. Chen, "The Scorecard on Globalization 1980-2000: Its Consequences for Economic and Social Well-Being," International Journal of Health Services, 32, no. 2 (2002): 229-253; Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalization, and the Fight against Poverty, OXFAM (2002), available at 〈http://www.maketradefair.com/assets/english/ Report_ English.pdf〉.
19. E. Prasad, K. Rogoff, Shang-Jin Wei and M. Kose, Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence, International Monetary Fund, March 17, 2003; B. Milanovic, Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution?, WORLD BANK POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2876, April 2002; P. Buss, "Globalization and Disease: in an Unequal World, Unequal Health!", Cad. Saude Publica, 18, no. 6 (2002): 1783-1788; M. Weisbrot, D. Baker, E. Kraev and J. Chen, "The Scorecard on Globalization 1980-2000: Its Consequences for Economic and Social Well-Being," International Journal of Health Services, 32, no. 2 (2002): 229-253; Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalization, and the Fight against Poverty, OXFAM (2002), available at 〈http://www.maketradefair.com/assets/english/ Report_ English.pdf〉.
20. E. Prasad, K. Rogoff, Shang-Jin Wei and M. Kose, Effects of Financial Globalization on Developing Countries: Some Empirical Evidence, International Monetary Fund, March 17, 2003; B. Milanovic, Can We Discern the Effect of Globalization on Income Distribution?, WORLD BANK POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 2876, April 2002; P. Buss, "Globalization and Disease: in an Unequal World, Unequal Health!", Cad. Saude Publica, 18, no. 6 (2002): 1783-1788; M. Weisbrot, D. Baker, E. Kraev and J. Chen, "The Scorecard on Globalization 1980-2000: Its Consequences for Economic and Social Well-Being," International Journal of Health Services, 32, no. 2 (2002): 229-253; Rigged Rules and Double Standards: Trade, Globalization, and the Fight against Poverty, OXFAM (2002), available at 〈http://www.maketradefair.com/assets/english/ Report_ English.pdf〉.
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32. Id. at 24 (Table 1.3).
33. World Trade Organization, General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Geneva: World Trade Organization) at Art. XX, XX(b) available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/06-gatt.pdf〉.
34. See WTO Agreements and Public Health supra, note 15 at 36.
35. French Civil Code, Decree No. 96-1133 (décret no. 90-1133 relatif à l'interdiction de l'amiante, pris en application du code de travail et du code de la consommation) passed: 24 December 1996; entry into force: 1 January 1997.
36. World Trade Organization "European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products: Report of the Panel" (hereinafter "Asbestos Panel Report") Doc. No. WT/DS135/R (18 September 2000), at 6, para 3.8.
37. I b i d.
38. B.L. Castleman, "WTO Confidential: The Case of Asbestos," International Journal of Health Services 32, no. 3 (2002): 489-501, at 489.
39. Asbestos Panel Report, supra note 31, at 6, para 3.8.
40. World Trade Organization "European Communities - Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products: Report of the Appellate Body" (hereinafter "Asbestos Appellate Report") Doc. No. WT/DS135/AB/R (12 March 2001), at 47, para 122.
41. Id. at 50, para 132.
42. Asbestos Panel Report, supra note 31, at 436-446. The Panel was unwilling to wait "until scientific certainly, which is often difficult to achieve, had been established over the whole of a particular field before public health measures could be implemented." Asbestos Panel Report, at 446, para 8.221.
43. Asbestos Panel Report, supra note 31, at 436-446. The Panel was unwilling to wait "until scientific certainly, which is often difficult to achieve, had been established over the whole of a particular field before public health measures could be implemented." Asbestos Panel Report, at 446, para 8.221.
44. Asbestos Appellate Report, supra note 35, at 61-63.
45. Id. at 64, para 178.
46. Id. at 69-70, para 190.
47. D.G. Victor, "The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization: An Assessment after Five Years," New York University Journal of International Law and Politics, 32 (2000): 865-937.
48. World Trade Organization, Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures, LT/UR/A-1A/12 (adopted January 1, 1995): Article 2.1, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/15-sps.pdf〉 [hereinafter SPS Agreement].
49. WTO Appellate Body Report on Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (October 20, 1998): at 199 [hereinafter Australian Salmon Report]; WTO Appellate Body Report on Japan - Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS76/AB/R (February 22, 1999): at 79 [hereinafter Japanese Agricultural Products Report].
50. WTO Appellate Body Report on Australia - Measures Affecting Importation of Salmon, WT/DS18/AB/R (October 20, 1998): at 199 [hereinafter Australian Salmon Report]; WTO Appellate Body Report on Japan - Measures Affecting Agricultural Products, WT/DS76/AB/R (February 22, 1999): at 79 [hereinafter Japanese Agricultural Products Report].
51. Japanese Agricultural Products Report, Id. at 84.
52. SPS Agreement, supra note 42, at Articles 2.2, 2.3.
53. Id. at Article 5.7.
54. See, e.g., Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994); compare V.R. Walker, "The Myth of Science as a 'Neutral Arbiter' for Triggering Precautions," Boston College International & Comparative Law Review 26 (2003): 197-212.
55. See, e.g., Committee on Risk Assessment of Hazardous Air Pollutants, Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment, Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1994); compare V.R. Walker, "The Myth of Science as a 'Neutral Arbiter' for Triggering Precautions," Boston College International & Comparative Law Review 26 (2003): 197-212.
56. SPS Agreement, supra note 42, at Article 3.2.
57. Food and Agriculture Organization/World Health Organization, Codex Alimentarius, at 〈http://www.codexalimentarius.net〉 (last visited November 17, 2003).
58. Victor, supra note 41, at 885.
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60. SPS Agreement, supra note 42, at Article 5.1.
61. Id. at Article 5.2.
62. Id. at Article 5.5.
63. Id. at Article 5.6.
64. WTO Appellate Body Report on European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R (February 13, 1998) [hereinafter Beef Hormones Report].
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67. Victor, supra note 41, at 901-902.
68. Australian Salmon Report, supra note 43; Japanese Agricultural Products Report, supra note 43.
69. Australian Salmon Report, supra note 43; Japanese Agricultural Products Report, supra note 43.
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74. Id. (notice of intent) at 4.
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78. Greider, supra note 25, at 26.
79. See, e.g., Free Trade Area of the Americas FTAA - Negotiating Group on Investment, REPORT OF THE NEGOTIATING GROUP ON INVESTMENT (NGIN) TO THE TRADE NEGOTIATIONS COMMITTEE (TNC), at 〈http://www.wtowatch.org/library/admin/ uploadedfiles/FTAA_02_Report_on_Investment_Draft_Investment.htm〉 (last accessed November 17, 2003).
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81. Id. at Article 2.9.
82. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, UN Doc. EP/IG.80/3 (adopted March 22, 1989); S. Choksi, "The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal: 1999 Protocol on Liability and Compensation," Ecology Law Quarterly, 28(2001): 509-539.
83. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, UN Doc. EP/IG.80/3 (adopted March 22, 1989); S. Choksi, "The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal: 1999 Protocol on Liability and Compensation," Ecology Law Quarterly, 28(2001): 509-539.
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87. Id. at Article G1(d).
88. Id. at Article G(2).
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96. I b i d.
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99. World Trade Organization, Assessment of Trade in Services (Geneva: World Trade Organization, 2001): at 1, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/ res_e/booksp_e/chap4_e.pdf〉.
100. World Trade Organization, Health and Social Services: Background Note by the Secretariat, 98-3558 S/C/W/50 (September 18, 1998): at 3, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/w50.doc〉.
101. I b i d.
102. R. Chandra, "Trade in Health Services," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 80, no. 2 (2002): 158-163, at 158 available at 〈http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/en/〉.
103. World Trade Organization, General Agreement on Trade in Services, at 302, available at 〈http://www.wto.org/english/docs_e/legal_e/26-gats.pdf〉.
104. I b i d.
105. Id. As outlined in Article I of GATS, the Most-Favored Nation clause states that no less-favorable conditions of competition will be accorded to the service suppliers of any one Member country, than are accorded to the service suppliers of any other Member country. Members may list exceptions to this obligation to honor prior previously negotiated bilateral or multilateral trade agreements.
106. See R. Adlung and A. Carzaniga, supra, note 78.
107. I b i d.
108. I b i d.
109. D. W. Bettcher, D. Yach, and G. E. Guindon, "Global Trade and Health: Key Linkages and Future Challenges," Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, no. 4 (2000): 521-534, at 530 available 〈http://www.who. int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/2000/issue4/bu0215.pdf〉.
110. See Chandra, supra, note 92.
111. See, e.g., W.S. Janjaroen and S. Supakankunti, "International Trade in Health Services in the - Millennium: The Case of Thailand," Trade in Health Services (Geneva: The World Health Organization, 2000): 87-106 at 94-95,101.
112. See Chandra, supra, note 92.
113. See, e.g., S. Zarrilli, "The Case of Brazil," Trade in Health Services (Geneva: The World Health Organization, 2000): 143-153.
114. D. Widiatmoko and A. Gani, "International Relations within Indonesia's Hospital Sector," Trade in Health Services (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000): 107-117.
115. J. Vellinga, "An Approach to Trade and Health at Health Canada," Trade in Health Services (Geneva: World Health Organization, 2000): 193-196.
116. Price, Pollock, Shaoul, supra, note 18 at 1.