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F. P. Schmidtchen, Tetrahedron Lett., 1984, 25, 4361; F. P. Schmidtchen, J. Org. Chem., 1986, 51, 5161. This system containing macrotricyclic quaternary ammonium and triaza-18-crown-6-ether units has not been used as an optical sensor. Other receptor assemblies which bind a pair of ions with opposite charges: E. Kimura, H. Fujioka and M. Kodama, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986. 1158; E. A. Arafa, K. I. Kinnear and J. C. Lockhart, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 61; D. M. Rudkevich, Z. Brzozka, M. Palys, H.C. Visser, W. Verboom and D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 467; P. B. Savage, S. K. Holmgren and S. H. Gellman, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 4069; P. D. Beer, Z. Chen and M. I. Ogden, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 1995, 91, 295; J. Scheerder, J. P. M. van Duynhoven, J. F. J. Engbersen, D. N. Reinhoudt, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1996, 35, 1090.
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