Quakerism and visual culture 1650-1800

Art History

Volumn 20, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 397-431

  Pointon, Marcia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542462442     PISSN: 01416790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8365.00069     Document Type: Review

References (74)

1. For a recent account of the scheme for St. Paul's Cathedral, see M. Postle, Sir Joshua Reynolds. The Subject Pictures, Cambridge, 1995, ch. 4
2. Matthew William Peters, R.A., His Life and Work by Lady Victoria Manners, London, 1913 remains the only monograph on a popular and long-neglected artist whose work is discussed in ch. 6 of my book Strategies for Showing: Women, Possession and Representation in English Visual Culture 1665-1800, Oxford, 1997
3. on West see D. Meyer, 'Benjamin West's Chapel of Revealed Religion: A Study in Eighteenth-Century Protestant Religious Art', Art Bulletin, 57, 1975
4. on Macklin, see T.S.R. Boase, 'Macklin and Bowyer', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 26, 1963
5. J. Rouquet, The Present State of the Arts in England, London, 1755, p. 22
6. On domestic piety in the Georgian period, see J. Walsh, C. Haydon and S. Taylor, eds., The Church of England c. 1689-c.1833. From Toleration to Tractarianism, Cambridge, 1993, pp. 25-6
7. V. Green, A Review of the Polite Arts in France at the Time of their Establishment under Louis XIVth, compared with their present state in England, London, 1782
8. P. Mack, Visionary Women: Ecstatic Prophecy in Seventeenth-Century England, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford, 1992, p. 7
9. See, for example, L. Barkan, Nature's Work of Art. The Human Body as Image of the World, New Haven and London, 1975
10. E.H. Kantorowicz, The King's Two Bodies' A Study in Medieval Political Theology, Princeton, 1957
11. S. Kay and M. Rubin, eds., Framing Medieval Bodies, Manchester, 1994
12. See, for example, E. Scarry, The Body in Pain: the Making and Unmaking of the World, Oxford, 1985
13. K. Adler and M. Pointon, The Body Imaged: the Human Form and Visual Culture since the Renaissance, Cambridge, 1993
14. J. Bourke, Dismembering the Male: Men's Bodies, Britain and the Great War, London, 1996
15. See the collection assembled by J. Brewer and R. Porter in Consumption and the World of Goods, London and New York, 1993
16. On luxury see, for example, C. Berry, The Idea of Luxury, Cambridge 1994
17. and J. Sekora, Luxury: The Concept in Western Thought, Eden to Smollett, London and Baltimore 1977
18. On politeness, see L.E. Klein, Shaftesbury and Politness: Moral Discourse and Cultural Politics in Early Eighteenth-century England, Cambridge, 1994
19. and D.H. Solkin, Painting for Money: The Visual Arts and the Public Sphere in Eighteenth-Century England, London and New Haven, 1993
20. Schema Sacrum in Ordine ad Ordinem Ecclesiae Anglicanae Ceremoniarum, London: for Henry Twyford, 1683
21. See G. Aylmer, The Struggle for the Constitution. England in the Seventeenth Century, London, 1963, p. 215 passim
22. and J.R. Tanner, English Constitutional Conflicts of the Seventeenth Century 1603-1689, Cambridge, 1961
23. 1651, The Journal of George Fox, revised edn., J.L. Nickalls (1952), London, 1986, p. 85
24. For a highly informative survey of Quaker dress, see J. Kendall, 'The Development of a Distinctive Form of Quaker Dress', Costume, 19, 1985
25. The World's Honour Detected ... or, some Reason why the People of God called Quakers do deny the accustomary Honour and Salutations of the World, BF, London, 1663, pp. 7-8
26. For a recent and incisive, if general, introduction to questions of ornament see M. Snodin and M. Howard, Ornament, London: Victoria and Albert Museum, 1996
27. Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of Shaftesbury, Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1711), 2 vols, ed. J.M. Robertson, Indianapolis and New York, 1964
28. Berry, The Idea of Luxury, Cambridge, 1994
29. R. Barclay, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity: being an Explanation and Vindication of the Principles and Doctrines of the People called Quakers, London, 1678, p. 516 (dedicated to Charles II)
30. L. Davidoff and C. Hall, Family Fortunes. Men and Women of the English Middle Class 1780-1850, London, 1987
31. C. Hill, A Turbulent, Seditious, and Factitious People. John Bunyan and his Church 1628-1688, Oxford, 1988, p. 79
32. E.P. Thompson, The Making of the English Working Class (1963), Harmondsworth, 1982, p. 33, p. 39. Thompson's view of Quakers is coloured by his use of the papers of Francis Place who was extremely unsympathetic to their religious beliefs (Place MSS. British Museum)
33. C. Hill, The World Turned Upside Down, Radical Ideas during the English Revolution, London, 1972
34. G. Fox, A Cry for Repentance, unto the Inhabitants of London Chiefly, 1656, in G. Fox, Gospel-Truth Demonstrated, in a Collection of Doctrinal Books, Given Forth by that Faithful Minister of Jesus Christ, George Fox, London: T. Searle, 1706, p. 73
35. G. Fox, A Warning to all the Merchants in London and such as Buy and Sell, 1658, in G. Fox, Gospel Truth Demonstrated ..., p. 128
36. J. Rutty, A History of the Rise and Progress of the People called Quakers in Ireland, revised edn., London, 1751
37. See W. Beck and T.F. Ball, The London Friends' Meetings ..., London, 1869
38. For accounts of such, see T. Melhuish, An Account of the Early Part of the Life and Convincement of Thomas Melhuish Late of Taunton, London, 1805
39. I rely for these statistics on the excellent recent demographic work of R.T. Vann and D. Eversley in Friends in Life and Death. The British and Irish Quakers in the Demographic Transition, Cambridge, 1992, especially pp. 65-79
40. There is a considerable and fast-growing literature, but see particularly N. McKendrick, J. Brewer and J.H. Plumb, The Birth of a Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-century England, Bloomington, 1982
41. Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation 1707-1837, New Haven and London, 1992
42. J. Raven, Judging New Wealth: Popular Publishing and Responses to Commerce in England 1750-1800, Oxford, 1992
43. See, for example, F. Nivelon's Rudiments of Genteel Behavior, London, 1737
44. and T. Sheridan, A Course of Lectures in Elocution, London, 1762
45. S. Richardson, Pamela (1740-41), Harmondsworth, 1985, pp. 505-6
46. G. Fox, The Fashions of the World made Manifest; also a few Words to the City of London, 1657 in G. Fox, Gospel-Truth Demonstrated, in a Collection of Doctrinal Books, Given Forth by that Faithful Minister of Jesus Christ, George Fox, London, 1706, pp. 110-111
47. The World's Honour Detected, And, for the unprofitableness thereof, rejected ... or, some Reasons why the people of God called Quakers, do deny the accustomary Honour and Salutations of the World ..., BF, 1663
48. J. Besse, A Defence of Quakerism, London, 1732, pp. 230-1
49. The testimony of London Yearly Meeting 1718, Norris MS. ix, 46, reprinted Journal of the Friends Historical Society, 1930, p. 28
50. M. Foucault, The History of Sexuality, vol. I, An Introduction (1976), trans. R. Hurley, Harmondsworth, 1981, p. 20
51. For a general discussion of the wig as a signifying system in eighteenth-century English culture, see M. Pointon, Hanging the Head: Portraiture and Social Formation in Eighteenth-Century England, New Haven and London, 1993, ch. iv
52. Address issued to its subordinate meetings by Yorkshire Quarterly Meeting, York, April 1719, reprinted in G. Baker, Unhistoric Acts: Some Records of Early Friends in North-East Yorkshire, London, 1906, I, 37-8
53. the Mulliner and the John Hall stories are recounted by Richard Richardson, A Declaration against Wigs or Periwigs, London, 1683, p. 3
54. There is a growing literature exploring the contradictions surrounding the construction of a female body in eighteenth-century England, see for example, G. Perry and M. Rossington, eds., Femininity and Masculinity in Eighteenth-Century Art and Culture, Manchester, 1994
55. T. Gwilliam 'Cosmetic Poetics: Coloring Faces in the Eighteenth century' in V. Kelly and T. von Mucke, Body and Text in the Eighteenth Century, Stanford, 1994
56. R. Jones, '"Such Strange Unwonted Softness to Excuse": Judgement and Indulgence in Sir Joshua Reynolds's Portrait of Elizabeth Gunning, Duchess of Hamilton and Argyll', Oxford Art Journal, 18:1 (1995) and R. Jones, 'The Empire of Beauty: the Competition for Judgement in Mid-Eighteenth-Century England,' Ph.D., University of York, 1995
57. See also, on Lechery, B. Wind, 'Hogarth's Fruitful Invention: Observations on Harlot's Progress Plate III', Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, 52, 1989, pp. 267-269
58. C. Lamb, 'A Quaker's Meeting' in Elia and the Last Essays of Elia (1823, 1833), ed. E.V. Lucas, London, 1912, p. 55. Lamb is here describing the gathering of the annual general meeting which takes place at Whitsuntide
59. This, in my view, is true of all the portraits discussed by J. Nickalls in 'Some Quaker Portraits Certain and Uncertain', Journal of the Friends' Historical Society, Supplement no. 29, Autumn 1958 (no place of publication, copy Friends House Library, London)
60. H. Bromley, A Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits, London, 1793 (p. 216) gives the engraver as J. Hall 'from his bust at Philadeliphia' and a date of 1775
61. W. Hugh Curtis in William Curtis 1746-1799, Winchester, 1941, p. 99 says that three portraits exist. One of these is the engraving mentioned above of which the original is not known. Another is a miniature by Angelica Kauffmann
62. See R. Hingston Fox, Dr. John Fothergill and his Friends, London, 1919, p. 419
63. H. Bromley, A Catalogue of Engraved British Portraits, from Egbert the Great to the Present Time, London, 1793
64. For a fuller discussion of Gurney family paintings, see M. Pointon, 'Nineteenth-century Quakers and Visual Culture', forthcoming
65. The Journal of John Woolman (13th of 9th month 1772), London, 1900, pp. 241-242
66. For a general history of dyeing, see F. Brunello, The Art of Dyeing in the History of Mankind, Vicenza, 1973
67. am grateful to Jennifer Harris for a discussion about dyeing; there appears to have been little consideration of moral and environmental attitudes to this aspect of textile production. For a technical account see A. Mansfield, 'Dyeing and Cleaning Clothes in the Late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries', Costume, 1967-8, pp. 38-43
68. In J. Crosfield, The Crosfield Family, London (privately printed), 1980, p. 63
69. See P. Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century, New York, 1969
70. See J. Punshon, Portrait in Grey. A Short History of the Quakers, London, 1984, pp. 136-7
71. A. Ribeiro, Dress and Morality, London, 1986, p. 85
72. On pewter, see P.R.G. Hornsby, R. Weinstein, and R.F. Horner, Pewter: A Celebration of the Craft 1200-1700, London: Museum of London, 1989. I am grateful to Helen Clifford for this reference
73. S. Greenblatt, Renaissance Self-fashioning from More to Shakespeare, Chicago, 1980, p. 1
74. Robert Barclay, An Apology for the True Christian Divinity, 1678, pp. 532-3