Money Economy and Modern Civilization (paper read before the Cross-Roads Club of Stanford, May 6, 1910)

History of Political Economy

Volumn 28, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 329-357

  Mitchell, Wesley ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 1542429949     PISSN: 00182702     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/00182702-28-3-329     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. [B. Hildebrand], "Naturalwirtschaft, Geldwritschalt und Kreditwirtschaft," Jarbucher fur Nationalokonomie und Statistik, [vol. 2, (1864), pp. 1-24].
2. E. Meyer, Die Wirtschaftliche Entwickelung des Altertums, [Jena: G. Fisher (1895)].
3. H. M. Chadwick, Studies on Anglo Saxon Institutions, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1905)], pp. 2, 61, 3-7; [W. J.] Ashley, An Introduction to English Economic History [and Theory, London: Longman, Green (1894)], vol. I, pp. 164-65.
4. H. M. Chadwick, Studies on Anglo Saxon Institutions, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1905)], pp. 2, 61, 3-7; [W. J.] Ashley, An Introduction to English Economic History [and Theory, London: Longman, Green (1894)], vol. I, pp. 164-65.
5. [W.] Cunningham, [The Growth of] English Industry and Commerce [During the Early and Middle Ages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1896)], vol. I, pp. 117, 118.
6. Ashley, op. cit., [I], p. 69.
7. [P.] Vinogradoff, Villainage in England, [Oxford: Clarendon Press (1892)], p. 301.
8. Ibid, pp. 301-07.
9. Ashley, op. cit., [I], pp. 34-36.
10. Cunningham, op. cit., I, [pp.] 77-78.
11. Ashley, op. cit., [I], p. 47.
12. Cunningham. op. cit., I, [p.] 106.
13. Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 297.
14. [W.] Hasbach, [A] History of the English Agricultural Labo[u]rer, 2nd. ed., Translated by Ruth Kenyon. [London: P. S. King (1908),] Ch. I.
15. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 181, 246-7.
16. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 181, 246-7.
17. Vinogradoff, op. cit., pp. 181-82.
18. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 307. Miss [F. G.] Davenport's Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor[, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1906),] gives interesting tables of the varying number of "works" sold in successive years.
19. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 307. Miss [F. G.] Davenport's Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor[, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1906),] gives interesting tables of the varying number of "works" sold in successive years.
20. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Vinogradoff, op. cit., p. 307. Miss [F. G.] Davenport's Economic Development of a Norfolk Manor[, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1906),] gives interesting tables of the varying number of "works" sold in successive years.
21. Ashley, op. cit., I, pp. 26-29.
22. See page 40 below. [This page reference is to the original manuscript. The relevant section is the paragraph containing footnote 64.]
23. T. W. Page, The End of Villainage in England, Pub[lications of the] Am[erican] Econ[omic] Ass[ociat]ion, 3rd series, vol I, no. 2, May 1900, especially pp. 77 and 83. Compare C. W. C. Oman, The Great Revolt 1381[, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1906)].
24. T. W. Page, The End of Villainage in England, Pub[lications of the] Am[erican] Econ[omic] Ass[ociat]ion, 3rd series, vol I, no. 2, May 1900, especially pp. 77 and 83. Compare C. W. C. Oman, The Great Revolt 1381[, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1906)].
25. Vinogradoff, op. cit., [pp.] 182-86, 308-10, 405; Ashley, op. cit., [I, p.] 29; Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Page, op. cit., [pp.] 96-99; Oman, op. cit., [pp.] 153-57.
26. Vinogradoff, op. cit., [pp.] 182-86, 308-10, 405; Ashley, op. cit., [I, p.] 29; Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Page, op. cit., [pp.] 96-99; Oman, op. cit., [pp.] 153-57.
27. Vinogradoff, op. cit., [pp.] 182-86, 308-10, 405; Ashley, op. cit., [I, p.] 29; Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Page, op. cit., [pp.] 96-99; Oman, op. cit., [pp.] 153-57.
28. Vinogradoff, op. cit., [pp.] 182-86, 308-10, 405; Ashley, op. cit., [I, p.] 29; Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Page, op. cit., [pp.] 96-99; Oman, op. cit., [pp.] 153-57.
29. Vinogradoff, op. cit., [pp.] 182-86, 308-10, 405; Ashley, op. cit., [I, p.] 29; Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I; Page, op. cit., [pp.] 96-99; Oman, op. cit., [pp.] 153-57.
30. Hasbach, [op. cit.,] Ch. I.
31. See Miss E. Lamond's edition of Walter of Henley's Husbandry, [London: Longmans, Green (1890),] pp. 127, 129, 145. The treatise which gives its name to this volume, and also the Seneschaucie, which is included, and other 13th century manuals of demesne management.
32. Grosseteste, 28th rule. The text is confused and the rendering not certain.
33. R. E. Prothero, Pioneers and Progress of English Farming, [London: Longmans, Green (1888),] pp. 18-22.
34. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch. I.
35. Edwin F. Gay, The Enclosure Movement in England, Papers and Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, December, 1904, [Publications of the American Economics Association, 3rd series, vol. 6, no. 2, (1905), pp. 376-89].
36. Hasbach, op. cit., Ch I.
37. Vinogradoff, English Society in the Eleventh Century, [Oxford: Clarendon Press (1908),] pp. 22-26.
38. Vinogradoff, English Society, pp. 140-41.
39. S. Dowell, History of Taxation and Taxes in England, [London: Longmans, Green (1888), vol.] I, [pp.] 10-12. The levy in 1018 was £72,000.
40. [A.] Ballard, The Domesday Inquest, [London: Methuen (1906),] p. 87. Compare table A, p. 262 showing the number of teams employed on royal and other estates. The king is credited with 9,686 3/4 teams; his half-brothers with 4,479 3/4 more; the church with 18,299 1/2; and others with 41,140. Thus the king's teams were more than 1/8 of the total, or, including those of the half-brothers, nearly 1/5. Less than 1 percent of the teams were in the hands of men whose fathers had held the same lands before the conquest.
41. Dowell, op. cit., I, pp. 15-19.
42. Minor revenues from incidents of feudal tenure, payable partly in kind, partly in money, were: Primer Seisin - a year's profit of lands on the death of a tenant for the king's protection until the heir could take possession; wardships - the king held the lands of minor heirs, but was bound to support and educate them. He could also choose husbands for such wards, if girls, and frequently received high prices for the hands of heiresses; ousterlemain - a fine of half a year's income from his lands when the ward took possession; escheating of lands when the tenant failed in service or died without heirs; fines, paid upon the alienation of lands; reliefs, paid when new tenants took up their holdings; Bona waviata, bona vacania, estrays, wreck of the sea, whales, great sturgeons, and treasure trove all belonged to the king; grants of liberties, charters, fairs, and monopolies were usually sold by the king; payments to have justices done, expedited, or delayed were not uncommon. Dowell, op. cit., I, [pp.] 20-28.
43. Ibid, I.
44. Ibid, I, pp. 41-43, 57-59, 60-67.
45. Charles Gross. The Exchequer of the Jews of England in the Middle Ages, [London: Anglo-Jewish Historical Exhibition of] 1887 [1888].
46. [Dowell, op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 82-84; Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, I, [p.] 277.
47. [Dowell, op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 82-84; Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commerce, I, [p.] 277.
48. Pp. 10, 11 above. [This page reference is to the original manuscript. The quote is references in footnote 10.
49. Vinogradoff, English Society, [pp.] 16-21.
50. Ibid, [p.] 89.
51. C. W. C. Oman, History of the Art of War: The Middle Ages, [London: Methuen (1898), pp.] 366-67.
52. Ibid, [p.] 367.
53. Ibid, p. 368. The last vestiges of scutage appear in 1322. The money payments from knights, like tallage and carucage, were merged in the general tax on movables. Dowell, [op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 49-56: See also, [J. H.] Round, Feudal England[, London: Swan Sonnenschein (1895)].
54. Ibid, p. 368. The last vestiges of scutage appear in 1322. The money payments from knights, like tallage and carucage, were merged in the general tax on movables. Dowell, [op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 49-56: See also, [J. H.] Round, Feudal England[, London: Swan Sonnenschein (1895)].
55. Ibid, p. 368. The last vestiges of scutage appear in 1322. The money payments from knights, like tallage and carucage, were merged in the general tax on movables. Dowell, [op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 49-56: See also, [J. H.] Round, Feudal England[, London: Swan Sonnenschein (1895)].
56. Compare Vinogradoff, English Society, pp. 140-41.
57. Cunningham, Growth of English Industry and Commence, I, [p.] 22.
58. Ashley, op. cit., I, [p.] 111; Cunningham, op. cit., I, [pp.] 194-95, 198, 196-97.
59. Ashley, op. cit., I, [p.] 111; Cunningham, op. cit., I, [pp.] 194-95, 198, 196-97.
60. Ashley, [op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 104, 105.
61. Ibid, [pp.] 105-08.
62. Ibid, [p.] 98.
63. Ibid, [pp.] 99-102; Cunningham, [op. cit.], I, pp. 180-81.
64. Ibid, [pp.] 99-102; Cunningham, [op. cit.], I, pp. 180-81.
65. Charles Gross, The Gild Merchant[, Oxford: Clarendon Press (1890)].
66. Ashley, op. cit., I, [pp.] 87, 92.
67. W. Sombart, Der Moderne Kapitalismus, [Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt (1902), vol.] I, [pp.] 378-90.
68. Schmoller, [Grundriss der Allgemeinen] Volkswirtschaftslehre, [Leipzig: Duncker and Humbolt (1900, 1904), vol.] II, p. 188.
69. Ashley, op. cit., I, [pp.] 126-137; II, [p.] 391.
70. Ashley, op. cit., I, [pp.] 126-137; II, [p.] 391.
71. Ashley, [op. cit.,] I, [p.] 187.
72. R. E. Prothero, Pioneers and Progress of English Farming, [pp.] 252-56.
73. Ashley, [op. cit.,] I, [pp.] 188, 189.
74. Ibid, I, [pp.] 190-92.
75. Ibid, I, [pp.] 192-93.
76. Ibid, II, pp. 31.
77. Ibid, I, [pp.] 193-94; B. L. Hutchins, "Regulations of Wages by Gilds and Town Authorities," Economic Journal, [vol. 10,] (Sept. 1900), pp. 404-11.
78. Ibid, I, [pp.] 193-94; B. L. Hutchins, "Regulations of Wages by Gilds and Town Authorities," Economic Journal, [vol. 10,] (Sept. 1900), pp. 404-11.
79. Ashley, op. cit., II, [pp.] 159, 160.
80. Bertha H. Putnam, The Enforcement of the Statues of Labourers during the First Decade after the Black Death, 1349-1359, [New York: Columbia College (1908)].
81. [Hasbach,] History of the English Agricultural Laborer, 2nd ed., pp. 422-23.
82. [H.] Gibbins, Industry in England, [London: Methuen (1896), pp.] 253-55.
83. [A] Discourse of the Common Weal [of This Realm of England], edited by Elizabeth Lamond, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1893)]. Pp. 98, 15-19, 33, 34, 80, 81, 82.
84. Cunningham, [The Growth of English Industry and Commerce in] Modern Times, [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (1896), vol I, p.] 318.
85. Ibid, [p.] 203.
86. Ibid, [p.] 205.
87. Ibid, [p.] 44.
88. [Schmoller,] Grundriss, II, [pp.] 263-65.