The ministry, the middle class and the 'civilizing mission' in Manchester, 1850-80

Social History

Volumn 21, Issue 1, 1996, Pages 19-35

  Gunn, Simon ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1542428881     PISSN: 03071022     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (86)

1. F. Engels, Socialism: Utopian and Scientific (London, 1892), Introduction.
2. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
3. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
4. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
5. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
6. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
7. For a sample see M. Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit 1850-1980 (Cambridge, 1981); G. Ingham, Capitalism Divided: The City and Industry in British Social Development (London, 1984); P. Anderson, 'The figures of descent', New Left Review, CLXI (1987); D. Nicholls, 'Fractions of capital: the aristocracy, the City and industry in the development of modern British capitalism', Social History, XIII, 1 (January 1988); M. J. Daunton, '"Gentlemanly capitalism" and British industry, 1820-1914', Past and Present, CXXII (1989); P. J. Cain and A. G. Hopkins, British Imperialism: Innovation and Expansion, 1688-1914 (London, 1993), part 2.
8. D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1976); P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (Brighton, 1980); R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds 1820-50 (Manchester, 1990).
9. D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1976); P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (Brighton, 1980); R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds 1820-50 (Manchester, 1990).
10. D. Fraser, Urban Politics in Victorian England (Leicester, 1976); P. Joyce, Work, Society and Politics: The Culture of the Factory in Later Victorian England (Brighton, 1980); R. J. Morris, Class, Sect and Party. The Making of the British Middle Class: Leeds 1820-50 (Manchester, 1990).
11. Cited in T. Hughes, James Fraser, Second Bishop of Manchester (London, 1887), 167-8.
12. On the Manchester middle class see V. A. C. Gatrell, 'The commercial middle class in Manchester, 1820-57' (University of Cambridge Ph.D., 1971); J. Seed, 'Unitarianism, political economy and the antinomies of liberal culture in Manchester, 1830-50', Social History, VII, 1 (January, 1982); S. Gunn, 'The Manchester middle class, 1850-80' (University of Manchester Ph.D., 1992); A. Kidd, Manchester (Keele, 1993).
13. On the Manchester middle class see V. A. C. Gatrell, 'The commercial middle class in Manchester, 1820-57' (University of Cambridge Ph.D., 1971); J. Seed, 'Unitarianism, political economy and the antinomies of liberal culture in Manchester, 1830-50', Social History, VII, 1 (January, 1982); S. Gunn, 'The Manchester middle class, 1850-80' (University of Manchester Ph.D., 1992); A. Kidd, Manchester (Keele, 1993).
14. On the Manchester middle class see V. A. C. Gatrell, 'The commercial middle class in Manchester, 1820-57' (University of Cambridge Ph.D., 1971); J. Seed, 'Unitarianism, political economy and the antinomies of liberal culture in Manchester, 1830-50', Social History, VII, 1 (January, 1982); S. Gunn, 'The Manchester middle class, 1850-80' (University of Manchester Ph.D., 1992); A. Kidd, Manchester (Keele, 1993).
15. On the Manchester middle class see V. A. C. Gatrell, 'The commercial middle class in Manchester, 1820-57' (University of Cambridge Ph.D., 1971); J. Seed, 'Unitarianism, political economy and the antinomies of liberal culture in Manchester, 1830-50', Social History, VII, 1 (January, 1982); S. Gunn, 'The Manchester middle class, 1850-80' (University of Manchester Ph.D., 1992); A. Kidd, Manchester (Keele, 1993).
16. The problems of the 1851 Religious Census are, of course, notorious. The figures cited here were based on the Census of England and Wales, 1851: Religious Worship. To allow for double attendance, the numbers were taken as two-thirds of the total attendance on Census Sunday. See Gunn, op. cit., 258 for further details.
17. The problems of the 1851 Religious Census are, of course, notorious. The figures cited here were based on the Census of England and Wales, 1851: Religious Worship. To allow for double attendance, the numbers were taken as two-thirds of the total attendance on Census Sunday. See Gunn, op. cit., 258 for further details.
18. Gunn, op. cit., 259 ff.
19. Cited in E. T. Maclaren, Dr Maclaren of Manchester (Manchester, 1911), 106.
20. Gunn, op. cit., 263.
21. J. Thompson, Lancashire Independent College (Manchester, 1893), 84.
22. Hughes, op. cit., 209.
23. Revd William O'Connor of St Simon's and St Jude's, Granby Row, cited in A. J. Dobb, Like a Mighty Tortoise (Manchester, 1978), chap. 4.
24. Bowdon Downs Manual (1864), 6.
25. B. Nightingale, The Story of the Lancashire Congregational Union, 1808-1906 (Manchester, 1906), 89; C. Stewart, The Stones of Manchester (London, 1956), 93.
26. B. Nightingale, The Story of the Lancashire Congregational Union, 1808-1906 (Manchester, 1906), 89; C. Stewart, The Stones of Manchester (London, 1956), 93.
27. Dobb, ibid.
28. 'Our Own', Cavendish St Manual (1861).
29. J. Parker, A Preacher's Life (London, 1899), 143.
30. J. W. Diggle, The Lancashire Life of Bishop Fraser (London, 1890), 506; 'Revd Edward Craig Maclure', Manchester Faces and Places, vol. 1, October 1889.
31. J. W. Diggle, The Lancashire Life of Bishop Fraser (London, 1890), 506; 'Revd Edward Craig Maclure', Manchester Faces and Places, vol. 1, October 1889.
32. Parker, op. cit., 147.
33. W. H. Mills, Grey Pastures (London, 1924), 7.
34. D. Macfadyen, Alexander Mackennal, BA, DD: His Life and Letters (Manchester, 1905).
35. W. Pole, The Life of Sir William Fairbairn (Manchester, 1877), 451.
36. G. Hadfield, 'Personal narrative', MS Manchester Central Reference Library Archives.
37. L. Burney, Cross Street Chapel and its College (Manchester, 1983), 43 ff.
38. See Birch family file, Local Studies Unit, Manchester Central Reference Library.
39. A. Mackennal, Life of J. A. Macfadyen (Manchester, 1891), 60, 113.
40. The Free Lance, vol. 1, no. 1, 22 December 1866, 4.
41. Diggle, op. cit., 140, 153.
42. Nightingale, op. cit., chap. 9; S. H. Mayor, Cheshire Congregationalism: A Brief History (Manchester, 1956), 35.
43. Nightingale, op. cit., chap. 9; S. H. Mayor, Cheshire Congregationalism: A Brief History (Manchester, 1956), 35.
44. A. G. Symonds, 'In praise of famous men' in W. H. Mills (ed.), The Manchester Reform Club, 1871-1921 (Manchester, 1921), 59; J. Evans, Lancashire Authors and Orators (Manchester, 1850), 13.
45. A. G. Symonds, 'In praise of famous men' in W. H. Mills (ed.), The Manchester Reform Club, 1871-1921 (Manchester, 1921), 59; J. Evans, Lancashire Authors and Orators (Manchester, 1850), 13.
46. J. B. Marsden, The Life and Labour of the Revd Hugh Stowell, MA (London, 1868), 237.
47. Burney, op. cit., 19.
48. Thompson, op. cit., 92.
49. For discussion of the education of Manchester's mid-Victorian bourgeoisie see Gunn, op. cit., chap. 2.
50. Manchester Society of Architects: Annual Reports 1865-71 (Manchester, 1871).
51. J. Seed, 'Theologies of power: Unitarianism and the social relations of religious discourse' in R. J. Morris (ed.), Class, Power and Social Structure in Nineteenth-Century British Towns (Leicester, 1986), 136.
52. Congregational Year Book (1869).
53. Introductory Lectures on the Opening of Owen's College, Manchester (London, 1852), 6.
54. Mackennal, op. cit., 114.
55. Maclaren, op. cit., 70-1.
56. W. H. Mills (ed.), The Manchester Reform Club, 1871-1921 (Manchester, 1921), 22.
57. The Free Lance, 29 December 1866, 9.
58. For a description of the episode see W. R. Ward, Religion and Society in England, 1790-1850 (London, 1972), 221-32.
59. H. Mclachlan, The Unitarian Home Missionary College (London, 1915), 12, 14.
60. B. Hilton, The Age of Atonement: The Influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Political Thought, 1785-1865 (Oxford, 1991).
61. Mayor, op. cit., 29, 31.
62. J. Reilly, History of Manchester (Manchester, 1861); D. Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning (London, 1961), 40-1; J. Bentley, Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1976), 106-12.
63. J. Reilly, History of Manchester (Manchester, 1861); D. Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning (London, 1961), 40-1; J. Bentley, Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1976), 106-12.
64. J. Reilly, History of Manchester (Manchester, 1861); D. Newsome, Godliness and Good Learning (London, 1961), 40-1; J. Bentley, Ritualism and Politics in Victorian Britain (Oxford, 1976), 106-12.
65. Revd W. McKerrow, Lectures on Voluntaryism (Manchester, 1861), 3; Revd J. Bardsley, A Reply to Dr McKerrow's Lecture (Manchester, 1861), 3.
66. Revd W. McKerrow, Lectures on Voluntaryism (Manchester, 1861), 3; Revd J. Bardsley, A Reply to Dr McKerrow's Lecture (Manchester, 1861), 3.
67. For numbers under Lee see Newsome, op. cit., chap 2; under Fraser, Diggle, op. cit., 176.
68. For numbers under Lee see Newsome, op. cit., chap 2; under Fraser, Diggle, op. cit., 176.
69. H. Shaw, 'Congregationalism in Manchester: its beginnings and development', Transactions of the Congregational History Society, vol. 1 (1901-4), 61 ff.
70. Hadfield, op. cit., 98-9.
71. Marsden, op. cit., 433.
72. A brief sample might include M. W. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1972); G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London. A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1976); B. Harrison, 'Philanthropy and the Victorians' in Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom. Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1982); A. J. Kidd, 'Charity organization and the unemployed in Manchester c. 1870-1914', Social History, IX (1984).
73. A brief sample might include M. W. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1972); G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London. A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1976); B. Harrison, 'Philanthropy and the Victorians' in Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom. Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1982); A. J. Kidd, 'Charity organization and the unemployed in Manchester c. 1870-1914', Social History, IX (1984).
74. A brief sample might include M. W. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1972); G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London. A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1976); B. Harrison, 'Philanthropy and the Victorians' in Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom. Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1982); A. J. Kidd, 'Charity organization and the unemployed in Manchester c. 1870-1914', Social History, IX (1984).
75. A brief sample might include M. W. Rose, The Relief of Poverty 1834-1914 (London, 1972); G. Stedman Jones, Outcast London. A Study in the Relationship Between Classes in Victorian Society (Oxford, 1976); B. Harrison, 'Philanthropy and the Victorians' in Harrison, Peaceable Kingdom. Stability and Change in Modern Britain (Oxford, 1982); A. J. Kidd, 'Charity organization and the unemployed in Manchester c. 1870-1914', Social History, IX (1984).
76. Hughes, op. cit., 191.
77. Annual Reports of the Committee of the Independent Churches and Congregations in Lancashire (1865), 11.
78. A. J. Kidd, '"Outcast Manchester", voluntary charity, poor relief and the casual poor, 1860-1905', in A. J. Kidd and K. W. Roberts (eds), City, Class and Culture: Studies of Social Policy and Cultural Production in Victorian Manchester (Manchester, 1985).
79. H. E. Perry, A Century of Liberal Religion and Philanthropy in Manchester (Manchester, 1933), 30, 48.
80. J. Cox, The English Churches in a Secular Society: Lambeth 1870-1930 (Oxford, 1982).
81. H. Mclachlan, The Unitarian Home Missionary College (London, 1915), 12, 14.
82. Hughes, op. cit., 319; Diggle, op. cit., 104, 123.
83. Hughes, op. cit., 319; Diggle, op. cit., 104, 123.
84. For the social history of religion and the 'civilizing mission' see K. S. Inglis, The Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian England (London, 1963); H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (London, 1974); H. McLeod, Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1984). For the social history of the middle class see n. 3 above.
85. For the social history of religion and the 'civilizing mission' see K. S. Inglis, The Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian England (London, 1963); H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (London, 1974); H. McLeod, Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1984). For the social history of the middle class see n. 3 above.
86. For the social history of religion and the 'civilizing mission' see K. S. Inglis, The Churches and the Working Classes in Victorian England (London, 1963); H. McLeod, Class and Religion in the Late Victorian City (London, 1974); H. McLeod, Religion and the Working Class in Nineteenth-Century Britain (London, 1984). For the social history of the middle class see n. 3 above.