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M. Fulton, H. Furtan, D. Gosnell, R. Gray, K. Giannakas, J. Hobbs, J. Holzman, W.A. Kerr, J. McNaughton, J. Stevens and D. Stovin (Eds.), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon
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Germplasm is a substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation.
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note
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Asset specificity arises when one party has made an investment in an asset which is specific to another party and which has little or no value in its next best alternative use. The party making the asset specific investment is vulnerable to the other party acting opportunistically in an attempt to capture the 'specialised appropriable quasi-rents' inherent in the specific asset. Vulnerability to opportunistic behaviour will deter the first party from making this investment if there is not a credible means of safeguarding the asset specific investment. This situation is known as the 'hold-up' problem. For a discussion of asset specificity, see [15]
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Hayenga reports that "In 1998, Zeneca claimed that Monsanto had engaged in unfair competition by foreclosing other glyphosate producers from testing their products on Roundup Ready soybeans, and restricting seed companies licensing Roundup Ready soybean technology from selling much of a competitor's glyphosate. Rhone Poulenc Agro has charged that Monsanto's contracts with Roundup Ready licensees restrict competition and prevent entry in the com herbicide market. Rhone Poulenc Agro claims that financial incentives offered to seed companies make it highly desirable to produce only glyphosate resistant corn. Further, the tying arrangements between the farmer's Roundup Ready seed and herbicide use are a barrier to entry for other herbicide producers. Monsanto does not allow competing herbicides even to be tested on Roundup Ready com" [17,p.10].
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Bt crops are genetically engineered to include resistance to specific insects.
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27
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In this context, 'downstream' refers to the agri-food sector beyond the farm, including grain handling, food and feed processing firms, distributors and retailers. 'Upstream' refers to the economic agents and activities providing inputs to agricultural production, such as seed and chemical companies, biotechnology innovators, etc.
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