Needle-Based Ablation of Renal Parenchyma Using Microwave, Cryoablation, Impedance- and Temperature-Based Monopolar and Bipolar Radiofrequency, and Liquid and Gel Chemoablation: Laboratory Studies and Review of the Literature

Journal of Endourology

Volumn 18, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 83-104

  Rehman, Jamil ^a   Landman, Jaime ^b   Lee, David ^c   Venkatesh, Ramakrishna ^b   Bostwick, David G ^d   Sundaram, Chandru ^e   Clayman, Ralph V ^c,f  

^a STONY BROOK UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^d BOSTWICK LABORATORIES   (United States)

^e INDIANA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETIC ACID; ALCOHOL; SODIUM CHLORIDE;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANIMAL TISSUE; CRYOTHERAPY; ECHOGRAPHY; FEASIBILITY STUDY; HEAT TREATMENT; HYPERTHERMIC THERAPY; IMPEDANCE; KIDNEY TUMOR; LAPAROSCOPY; MECHANICAL PROBE; MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION; MEDICAL LITERATURE; MICROSCOPY; MICROWAVE THERAPY; NEEDLE; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADIOFREQUENCY; REPRODUCIBILITY; REVIEW; SWINE; TUMOR NECROSIS;

ACETIC ACID; ANIMALS; CATHETER ABLATION; CRYOSURGERY; ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE; ETHANOL; GELS; HEAT; HUMANS; KIDNEY; KIDNEY NEOPLASMS; MICROWAVES; NECROSIS; NEEDLES; SALINE SOLUTION, HYPERTONIC;

EID: 1542315191     PISSN: 08927790     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1089/089277904322836749     Document Type: Review

References (168)

1. Motzer RJ, Bander NH, Nanus DM. Renal-cell carcinoma [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996;335:865.
2. Bosniak MA. Observation of small incidentally detected renal masses. Semin Urol Oncol 1995;13:267.
3. Homma Y, Kawabe K, Kitamura T, et al. Increased incidental detection and reduced mortality in renal cancer: Recent retrospective analysis at eight institutions. Int J Urol 1995;2:77.
4. Jayson M. Sanders H. Increased incidence of serendipitously discovered renal cell carcinoma. Urology 1998;51:203.
5. Dechet CB, Sebo T, Farrow G, et al. Prospective analysis of intraoperative frozen needle biopsy of solid renal masses in adults. J Urol 1999;162:1282.
6. Rodriguez R, Fishman EK, Marshall FF. Differential diagnosis and evaluation of the incidentally discovered renal mass. Semin Urol Oncol 1995;13:246.
7. Provet J, Tessler A, Brown J, et al. Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma: Indications, results and implications. J Urol 1991;145:472.
8. Walther MM, Choyke PL, Weiss G, et al. Parenchymal sparing surgery in patients with hereditary renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1995;153:913.
9. Curry NS. Small renal masses (lesions smaller than 3 cm): Imaging evaluation and management. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995; 164:355.
10. Herr HW. Partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with a normal opposite kidney. Cancer 1994;73:160.
11. Herr HW. Partial nephrectomy for unilateral renal carcinoma and a normal contralateral kidney: 10-year followup. J Urol 1999;161:33.
12. Sokoloff MH, deKernion JB, Figlin RA, et al. Current management of renal cell carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin 1996;46:284.
13. Taylor RJ. Case for nephron-sparing surgery in managing renal cell carcinoma. Semin Urol 1993;11:104.
14. Licht MR, Novick AC. Nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1993;149:1.
15. Lerner SE, Hawkins CA, Blute ML, et al. Disease outcome in patients with low stage renal cell carcinoma treated with nephron sparing or radical surgery. J Urol 1996;155:1868.
16. Walther MM, Choyke PL, Glenn G, et al. Renal cancer in families with hereditary renal cancer: Prospective analysis of a tumor size threshold for renal parenchymal sparing surgery. J Urol 1999;161:1475.
17. Fergany AF, Hafez KS, Novick AC. Long-term results of nephron sparing surgery for localized renal cell carcinoma: 10-year followup. J Urol 2000;163:442.
18. Nissenkorn I, Bernheim J. Multicentricity in renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1995;153:620.
19. Hewitt PM, Zhao J, Akhter J, et al. A comparative laboratory study of liquid nitrogen and argon gas cryosurgery systems. Cryobiology 1997;35:303.
20. Gonder MJ, Soanes WA, Shulman S. Cryosurgical treatment of the prostate. Invest Urol 1966;3:372.
21. Bonney WW, Fallon B, Gerber WL, et al. Cryosurgery in prostatic cancer: Survival. Urology 1982;19:37.
22. Gage AA, Baust J. Mechanisms of tissue injury in cryosurgery. Cryobiology 1998;37:171.
23. Tatsutani K, Rubinsky B, Onik G, et al. Effect of thermal variables on frozen human primary prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Urology 1996;48:441.
24. Mazur P. Cryobiology: The freezing of biological systems. Science 1970;168:939.
25. Rubinsky B, Lee CY, Bastacky J, et al. The process of freezing and the mechanism of damage during hepatic cryosurgery. Cryobiology 1990;27:85.
26. Neel HBD, Ketcham AS, Hammond WG. Requisites for successful cryogenic surgery of cancer. Arch Surg 1971:102:45.
27. Rubinsky B. The freezing process and mechanism of tissue damage. In: Onik G, Rubinsky B, Watson G, et al (eds): Percutaneous Prostate Cryoablation. St Louis: Quality Medical Publishing, 1995, chapter 4.
28. Chosy SG, Nakada SY, Lee FT Jr, et al. Monitoring renal cryosurgery: Predictors of tissue necrosis in swine. J Urol 1998;159:1370.
29. Gill E, Metamores E, Heffron T, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation [abstract]. J Urol 1997;157:210A.
30. Campbell SC, Krishnamurthi V, Chow G, et al. Renal cryosurgery: Experimental evaluation of treatment parameters [see comments]. Urology 1998;52:29.
31. Gage AA. Cryosurgery in the treatment of cancer. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1992;174:73.
32. Baust J, Gage AA, Ma H, et al. Minimally invasive cryosurgery: Technological advances. Cryobiology 1997;34:373.
33. Gage AA, Augustynowicz S, Montes M, et al. Tissue impedance and temperature measurements in relation to necrosis in experimental cryosurgery. Cryobiology 1985;22:282.
34. Onik G, Rubinsky B, Zemel R, et al. Ultrasound-guided hepatic cryosurgery in the treatment of metastatic colon carcinoma: Preliminary results. Cancer 1991;67:901.
35. Lee FT Jr, Mahvi DM, Chosy SG, et al. Hepatic cryosurgery with intraoperative US guidance. Radiology 1997;202:624.
36. Lee F, Bahn DK, McHugh TA, et al. US-guided percutaneous cryoablation of prostate cancer. Radiology 1994;192:769
37. Savage SJ. Renal tumor ablation: Energy-based technologies. World J Urol 1000;18:283.
38. Bishoff JT, Chen RB, Lee BR, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: Acute and long-term clinical, radiographic, and pathologic effects in an animal model and application in a clinical trial. J Endourol 1999;13:233.
39. Nakada SY, Lee FT Jr, Warner T, et al. Laparoscopic cryosurgery of the kidney in the porcine model: An acute histological study. Urology 1998;51:161.
40. Stephenson RA, King DK, Rohr LR. Renal cryoablation in a canine model. Urology 1996;47:772.
41. Cozzi PJ, Lynch WJ, Collins S, et al. Renal cryotherapy in a sheep model: A feasibility study. J Urol 1997;157:710.
42. Sindelar WF, Javadpour N, Bagley DH. Histological and ultrastructural changes in rat kidney after cryosurgery. J Surg Oncol 1981;18:363.
43. Nakada SY, Lee FT Jr, Warner TF, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryotherapy in swine: Comparison of puncture cryotherapy preceded by arterial embolization and contact cryotherapy. J Endourol 1998;12:567.
44. McMasters KM, Edwards MJ. Liver cryosurgery. J Ky Med Assoc 1996;94:222.
45. Lee FT Jr, Chosy SG, Littrup PJ, et al. CT-monitored percutaneous cryoablation in a pig liver model: Pilot study. Radiology 1999;211:687.
46. Sandison GA, Loye MP, Rewcastle JC, et al. X-ray CT monitoring of iceball growth and thermal distribution during cryosurgery. Phys Med Biol 1998;43:3309.
47. Matsumoto R, Oshio K, Jolesz FA. Monitoring of laser and freezing-induced ablation in the liver with T1-weighted MR imaging. J Magn Reson Imaging 1992;2:555.
48. Matsumoto R, Selig AM, Colucci VM, et al. MR monitoring during cryotherapy in the liver: Predictability of histologic outcome. J Magn Reson Imaging 1993;3:770.
49. Pease GR, Wong ST, Roos MS, et al. MR image-guided control of cryosurgery. J Magn Reson Imaging 1995;5:753.
50. Hong JS, Wong S, Pease G, et al. MR imaging assisted temperature calculations during cryosurgery. Magn Reson Imaging 1994;12:1021.
51. Tacke J, Adam G, Speetzen R, et al. MR-guided interstitial cryotherapy of the liver with a novel, nitrogen-cooled cryoprobe. Magn Reson Med 1998;39:354.
52. Remer EM, Hale JC, O'Malley CM, et al. Sonographic guidance of laparoscopic renal cryoablation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1595.
53. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Mueller PR. Thermal ablation therapy for focal malignancy: A unified approach to underlying principles, techniques, and diagnostic imaging guidance [see comments]. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:323.
54. Uchida M, Imaide Y, Sugimoto K, et al. Percutaneous cryosurgery for renal tumours. Br J Urol 1995;75:132.
55. Shingleton WB, Sewell PE Jr. Percutaneous renal tumor cryoablation with magnetic resonance imaging guidance. J Urol 2001; 165:773.
56. Gill IS, Novick AC, Soble JJ, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation: Initial clinical series. Urology 1998;52:543.
57. Zegel HG, Holland GA, Jennings SB, et al. Intraoperative ultrasonographically guided cryoablation of renal masses: Initial experience. J Ultrasound Med 1998;17:571.
58. Weber SM, Lee FT Jr, Warner TF, et al. Hepatic cryoablation: US monitoring of extent of necrosis in normal pig liver. Radiology 1998;207:73.
59. Schuder G, Pistorius G, Schneider G, et al. Preliminary experience with percutaneous cryotherapy of liver tumours. Br J Surg 1998;85:1210.
60. Adam R, Majno P, Castaing D, et al. Treatment of irresectable liver tumours by percutaneous cryosurgery. Br J Surg 1998;85: 1493.
61. Rosette JJ de la, D'Ancona FC, Debruyne FM. Current status of thermotherapy of the prostate. J Urol 1997;157:430.
62. Francisca EA, Kortmann BB, Floratos DL, et al. Tolerability of 3.5 versus 2.5 high-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy. Eur Urol 2000;38:59.
63. Kigure T, Harada T, Yuri Y, et al. Ultrasound-guided microwave thermotherapy on a VX-2 carcinoma implanted in rabbit kidney. Ultrasound Med Biol 1995;21:649.
64. Muraki J, Cord J, Addonizio JC, et al. Application of microwave tissue coagulation in partial nephrectomy. Urology 1991;37:282.
65. Naito S, Nakashima M, Kimoto Y, et al. Application of microwave tissue coagulator in partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. J Urol 1998;159:960.
66. Kagebayashi Y, Hirao Y, Samma S, et al. In situ non-ischemic enucleation of multilocular cystic renal cell carcinoma using a microwave coagulator. Int J Urol 1995;2:339.
67. Kigure T, Harada T, Yuri Y, et al. Laparoscopic microwave thermotherapy on small renal tumors: Experimental studies using implanted VX-2 tumors in rabbits. Eur Urol 1996;30:377.
68. Devonec M, Tomera K, Perrin P. Review: Transurethral microwave thermotherapy in benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Endourol 1993;7:255.
69. Devonec M, Berger N, Fendler JP, et al. Thermoregulation during transurethral microwave thermotherapy: Experimental and clinical fundamentals. Eur Urol 1993;23:63.
70. Djavan B, Shariat S, Schafer B, et al. Tolerability of high energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy with topical urethral anesthesia: Results of a prospective, randomized, single-blinded clinical trial [see comments]. J Urol 1998;160:772.
71. Djavan B, Roehrborn CG, Shariat S, et al. Prospective randomized comparison of high energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy versus alpha-blocker treatment of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. J Urol 1999;161:139.
72. Larson TR, Blute ML, Tri JL, et al. Contrasting heating patterns and efficiency of the Prostatron and Targis microwave antennae for thermal treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1998;51:908.
73. Djavan B, Larson TR, Blute ML, et al. Transurethral microwave thermotherapy: What role should it play versus medical management in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia? Urology 1998;52:935.
74. Seegenschmiedt MH, Brady LW, Sauer R. Interstitial thermoradiotherapy: Review of technical and clinical aspects. Am J Clin Oncol 1990;13:352.
75. Overgaard J. Hyperthermia as an adjuvant to radiotherapy: Review of the randomized multicenter studies of the European Society for Hyperthermic Oncology. Strahlenther Onkol 1987; 163:453.
76. Larson TR, Bostwick DG, Corica A. Temperature-correlated histopathologic changes following microwave thermoablation of obstructive tissue in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urology 1996;47:463.
77. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Halpern EF, et al. Radiofrequency tissue ablation: Importance of local temperature along the electrode tip exposure in determining lesion shape and size. Acad Radiol 1996;3:212.
78. Thomsen S. Pathologic analysis of photothermal and photomechanical effects of laser-tissue interactions. Photochem Photobiol 1991;53:825.
79. Goldberg SN, Hahn PF, Tanabe KK, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency tissue ablation: Does perfusion-mediated tissue cooling limit coagulation necrosis? J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9:101.
80. Goldberg SN, Hahn PF, Halpern EF, et al. Radio-frequency tissue ablation: Effect of pharmacologic modulation of blood flow on coagulation diameter. Radiology 1998;209:761.
81. Patterson EJ, Scudamore CH, Owen DA, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of porcine liver in vivo: Effects of blood flow and treatment time on lesion size. Ann Surg 1998;227:559.
82. Heisterkamp J, Hillegersberg R van, Mulder PG, et al. Importance of eliminating portal flow to produce large intrahepatic lesions with interstitial laser coagulation. Br J Surg 1997;84:1245.
83. Eliasson T, Damber JE. Temperature controlled high energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia using a heat shock strategy [see comments]. J Urol 1998;160:777.
84. Mauroy B, Chive M, Stefaniak X, et al. Study of the effects of thermotherapy in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Eur Urol 1997; 32:198.
85. Bolmsjo M, Wagrell L, Hallin A, et al. The heat is on - But how? A comparison of TUMT devices. Br J Urol 1996;78:564.
86. Blute ML, Larson TR, Hanson KA, et al. Current status of transurethral thermotherapy at the Mayo Clinic. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:597.
87. Clark W. Oscillatory desiccation in the treatment malignant growths and minor surgical conditions. J Adv Ther 1911;29:169.
88. Cushing H. Electrosurgery as an aid to the removal of intracranial tumors. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1928;47:751.
89. Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Monti F, et al. Saline-enhanced radiofrequency tissue ablation in the treatment of liver metastases. Radiology 1997;202:205.
90. Rossi S, Di Stasi M, Buscarini E, et al. Percutaneous radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation in the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer J Sci Am 1995;1:73.
91. Solbiati L, Ierace T, Goldberg SN, et al. Percutaneous US-guided radio-frequency tissue ablation of liver metastases: Treatment and follow-up in 16 patients. Radiology 1997;202:195.
92. McGahan JP, Nyberg DA, Mack LA. Sonography of facial features of alobar and semilobar holoprosencephaly. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1990;154:143.
93. Organ LW. Electrophysiologic principles of radiofrequency lesion making. Appl Neurophysiol 1976;39:69.
94. Wittkampf FH, Hauer RN, Robles de Medina EO. Control of radiofrequency lesion size by power regulation. Circulation 1989; 80:962.
95. Seki T, Wakabayashi M, Nakagawa T, et al. Ultrasonically guided percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1994;74:817.
96. Cline HE, Hynynen K, Watkins RD, et al. Focused US system for MR imaging-guided tumor ablation. Radiology 1995;194:731.
97. Siperstein AE, Rogers SJ, Hansen PD, et al. Laparoscopic thermal ablation of hepatic neuroendocrine tumor metastases. Surgery 1997;122:1147.
98. Goldberg SN, Gazelle GS, Dawson SL, et al. Tissue ablation with radiofrequency using multiprobe arrays. Acad Radiol 1995;2:670.
99. Merkle EM, Goldberg SN, Boll DT, et al. Effects of superparamagnetic iron oxide on radio-frequency-induced temperature distribution: In vitro measurements in polyacrylamide phantoms and in vivo results in a rabbit liver model. Radiology 1999;212:459.
100. Djavan B, Zlotta AR, Susani M, et al. Transperineal radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation of the prostate: Correlation of magnetic resonance imaging with histopathologic examination. Urology 1997;50:986.
101. Djavan B, Susani M, Shariat S, et al. Transperineal radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) of the prostate. Techn Urol 1998;4:103.
102. Djavan B, Partin AW, Hoey MF, et al. Transurethral radiofrequency therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia using a novel saline-liquid conductor: The virtual electrode. Urology 2000;55:13.
103. Hoey MF, Mulier PM, Leveillee RJ, et al. Transurethral prostate ablation with saline electrode allows controlled production of larger lesions than conventional methods. J Endourol 1997; 11:279.
104. Leveillee RJ, Hoey MF, Hulbert JC, et al. Enhanced radiofrequency ablation of canine prostate utilizing a liquid conductor: The virtual electrode. J Endourol 1996;10:5.
105. Hoey MF, Dixon CM, Paul S. Transurethral prostate ablation using saline-liquid electrode introduced via flexible cystoscope. J Endourol 1998;12:461.
106. Patel VR, Leveillee RJ, Hoey MF, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of rabbit kidney using liquid electrode: Acute and chronic observations. J Endourol 2000;14:155.
107. McGahan JP, Browning PD, Brock JM, et al. Hepatic ablation using radiofrequency electrocautery. Invest Radiol 1990;25:267.
108. Zlotta AR, Raviv G, Peny MO, et al. [A new method of cancer treatment: The use of radiofrequencies in urological tumors]. Acta Urol Belg 1996;64:1.
109. Zlotta AR, Wildschutz T, Raviv G, et al. Radiofrequency interstitial tumor ablation (RITA) is a possible new modality for treatment of renal cancer: Ex vivo and in vivo experience. J Endourol 1997;11:251.
110. McGovern FJ, Wood BJ, Goldberg SN, et al. Radio frequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma via image guided needle electrodes. J Urol 1999;161:599.
111. Sullman A, Resnick M, Oefelein M, et al. MRI-guided radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation of renal tumors: A minimally invasive alternative to traditional surgical approaches. J Urol 2000;163:7.
112. Pavlovich C, Wood B, Choyke P, et al. Radiofrequency interstitial thermal ablation (RITA) of small renal tumors in Von Hippel-Lindau disease. J Urol 2000;163:8.
113. Walther MC, Shawker TH, Libutti SK, et al. A Phase 2 study of radio frequency interstitial tissue ablation of localized renal tumors. J Urol 2000;163:1424.
114. Michaels MJ, Silverman M, Libertino JA. Absence of total tumor necrosis in radiofrequency ablated renal tumors [abstract 89]. J Urol 2001;165(suppl):21.
115. Rendon R, Gertner M, Kachura J, et al. Radiofrequency ablation techniques for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) require further development [abstract 90]. J Urol 2001;165(suppl):21.
116. Sweet J, Rendon R, Gertner M, et al. Morphologic assessment of radiofrequency (RF) therapy for renal cell carcinoma (RCC) reveals incomplete renal ablation [abstract 91]. J Urol 2001;165(suppl):21.
117. Rendon RA, Kachura JR, Sweet JM, et al. The uncertainty of radio frequency treatment of renal cell carcinoma: Findings at immediate and delayed nephrectomy. J Urol 2002;167:1587.
118. Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Arellano RS, et al. Renal cell carcinoma: Clinical experience and technical success with radiofrequency ablation of 42 tumors. Radiology 2002;226:417.
119. de Baere T, Kuoch V, Smayra T, et al. Radio frequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: Preliminary clinical experience. J Urol 2002;167:1961.
120. Honda N, Guo Q, Uchida H, et al. Percutaneous hot saline injection therapy for hepatic tumors: An alternative to percutaneous ethanol injection therapy. Radiology 1994;190:53.
121. el Mouaasouy A, Naruhn M, Lauchart W, et al. [Treatment of symptomatic non-parasitic liver cysts using percutaneous drainage and irrigation with hypertonic saline solution]. Chirurg 1991;62:810.
122. McCoy S, Evans A, Spurrier N. Sclerotherapy for leg telangiectasia: A blinded comparative trial of polidocanol and hypertonic saline. Dermatol Surg 1999;25:381.
123. Goldman MP, Weiss RA, Brody HJ, et al: Treatment of facial telangiectasia with sclerotherapy, laser surgery, and/or electrodesiccation: a review. J Dermatol Surg Oncol, 1993;19:899.
124. Sadick NS. Sclerotherapy of varicose and telangiectatic leg veins: Minimal sclerosant concentration of hypertonic saline and its relationship to vessel diameter. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1991;17:65.
125. Weiss RA, Weiss MA. Incidence of side effects in the treatment of telangiectasias by compression sclerotherapy: Hypertonic saline vs. polidocanol. J Dermatol Surg Oncol 1990;16:800.
126. Goldman MP, Bennett RG. Treatment of telangiectasia: A review. J Am Acad Dermatol 1987;17:167.
127. Ellman BA, Parkhill BJ, Curry TS, et al. Ablation of renal tumors with absolute ethanol: A new technique. Radiology 1981;141:619.
128. Lee W, Kim TS, Chung JW, et al. Renal angiomyolipoma: Embolotherapy with a mixture of alcohol and iodized oil. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:255.
129. Jitsukawa S, Tachibana M, Deguchi N, et al. Renal devitalization with ethanol injection in management of patients with advanced hypernephroma. Urology 1984;23:87.
130. Sugiura N, Takara K, Ohto M, et al. Treatment of small hepatocellular carcinoma by percutaneous injection of ethanol into tumour with real time ultrasound monitoring. Acta Hepatol Jpn 1983;24:920.
131. Uflacker R, Paolini RM, Nobrega M. Ablation of tumor and inflammatory tissue with absolute ethanol. Acta Radiol [Diagn] (Stockh) 1986;27:131.
132. Burgener FA, Steinmetz SD. Treatment of experimental adenocarcinomas by percutaneous intratumoral injection of absolute ethanol. Invest Radiol 1987;22:472.
133. Fujimoto T. The experimental and clinical studies of percutaneous ethanol injection therapy (PEIT) under ultrasonography for small hepatocellular carcinoma. Acta Hepatol Jpn 1988;29:52.
134. Kawano M. An experimental study of percutaneous absolute ethanol injection therapy for small hepatocellular carcinoma: Effects of absolute ethanol on the healthy canine liver. Gastroenterol Jpn 1989;24:663.
135. Festi D, Monti F, Casanova S, et al. Morphological and biochemical effects of intrahepatic alcohol injection in the rabbit. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990;5:402.
136. Shiina S, Tagawa K, Unuma T, et al. Percutaneous ethanol injection therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: A histopathologic study. Cancer 1991;68:1524.
137. Ebara M, Kita K, Nagato Y, et al. [Percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for small hepatocellular carcinoma]. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho 1993;20:884.
138. Ohnishi K, Ohyama N, Ito S, et al. Small hepatocellular carcinoma: Treatment with US-guided intratumoral injection of acetic acid. Radiology 1994;193:747.
139. Miller EJ, Rhodes RK. Preparation and characterization of the different types of collagen. Methods Enzymol 1982;82:33.
140. Ohnishi K, Nomura F, Ito S, et al. Prognosis of small hepatocellular carcinoma (less than 3 cm) after percutaneous acetic acid injection: Study of 91 cases. Hepatology 1996;23:994.
141. Ohnishi K, Yoshioka H, Ito S, et al. Treatment of nodular hepatocellular carcinoma larger than 3 cm with ultrasound-guided percutaneous acetic acid injection. Hepatology 1996;24:1379.
142. Bush IM, Santoni E, Lieberman PH, et al. Some effects of freezing the rat kidney in situ. Cryobiology 1964;1:163.
143. Breining H, Helpap B, Minderjahn A, et al. Histological and autoradiographic findings in cryonecrosis of the liver and kidney. Cryobiology 1974;11:519.
144. Helpap B, Grouls V, Lange O, et al. Morphologic and cell kinetic investigations of the spleen after repeated in situ freezing of liver and kidney. Pathol Res Pract 1979;164:167.
145. Barone GW, Rodgers BM. Morphologic and functional effects of renal cryoinjury. Cryobiology 1988;25:363.
146. Onik GM, Reyes G, Cohen JK, et al. Ultrasound characteristics of renal cryosurgery. Urology 1993;42:212.
147. Sung GT, Gill IS, Hsu H, et al. Effect of intentional cryoinjury to the renal collecting system [abstract]. J Endourol 1999;13(suppl): A13.
148. Chen RN, Bishoff JT, Jackman S, et al. Doppler US and CT evaluation the kidney the kidney following cryosurgical ablation in a porcine model [abstract]. J Endourol 1999;13(suppl):A13.
149. Nakada SY, Jerde T, Lee FJ, et al. Efficacy of cryotherapy and nephrectomy in treating implanted VX-2 carcinoma in rabbit kidney [abstract]. J Endourol 1999;13(suppl):A13.
150. Delworth MG, Pisters LL, Fornage BD, et al. Cryotherapy for renal cell carcinoma and angiomyolipoma. J Urol 1996;155:252.
151. McGinnins D, Strup S. Laparoscopic cryosurgery of renal tumors: A promising new technique [abstract]. J Endourol 1998;12(suppl): S153.
152. Orihuela E, vanSonnenberg E, Motamedi M, et al. Effect of warm arterial blood flow and multiple cryotherapy probes on cryotherapy of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) [abstract]. J Endourol 1999;13(suppl):A13.
153. Gill IS, Novick AC, Meraney AM, et al. Laparoscopic renal cryoablation in 32 patients. Urology 2000;56:748.
154. Steinberg A, Strzempkowsk IB, Kaouk JH, et al. 3-year and greater follow-up of laparoscopic renal cryoablation [abstract]. J Endourol 2002;16(suppl):A-150.
155. Shingleton WB. Long term result of percutaneous cryoablation [abstract 8]. J Urol 2003;169(suppl):2.
156. Kigure T, Harada T, Yuri Y, et al. Experimental study of microwave coagulation of a VX-2 carcinoma implanted in rabbit kidney. Int J Urol 1994;1:23.
157. Itoh K, Suzuki Y, Miuru M, et al. Posterior retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy using microwave tissue coagulator for small renal tumors. J Endourol 2002;16:367.
158. Murota T, Kawakita M, Oguchi N, et al. Retroperitoneoscopic partial nephrectomy using microwave coagulation for small renal tumors. Eur Urol 2002;41:540.
159. Polascik TJ, Hamper U, Lee BR, et al. Ablation of renal tumors in a rabbit model with interstitial saline-augmented radiofrequency energy: Preliminary report of a new technology [see comments]. Urology 1999;53:465.
160. Merkle EM, Shonk JR, Duerk JL, et al. MR-guided RF thermal ablation of the kidney in a porcine model. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999;173:645.
161. Jerde T, Johnson C, Lee FJ, et al. Efficacy of therapeutic techniques for implanted VX2 carcinoma in rabbit kidneys: Comparison between radiofrequency, cryoablation and nephrectomy. J Urol 2000;163:8.
162. Gill IS, Hsu TH, Fox RL, et al. Laparoscopic and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of the kidney: Acute and chronic porcine study. Urology 2000;56:197.
163. Hsu TH, Fidler ME, Gill IS. Radiofrequency ablation of the kidney: Acute and chronic histology in porcine model. Urology 2000;56:872.
164. Hall WH, McGahan JP, Link DP, et al. Combined embolization and percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of a solid renal tumor. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:1592.
165. Gervais DA, McGovern FJ, Wood BJ, et al. Radio-frequency ablation of renal cell carcinoma: Early clinical experience. Radiology 2000;217:665.
166. Pavlovich CP, Walther MM, Choyke PL, et al. Percutaneous radio frequency ablation of small renal tumors: Initial results. J Urol 2002;167:10.
167. Matlaga BR, Zagoria RJ, Woodruff RD, et al. Phase II trial of radio frequency ablation of renal cancer: Evaluation of the kill zone. J Urol 2002;168:2401.
168. Michaels MJ, Rhee HK, Mourtzinos AP, et al. Incomplete renal tumor destruction using radio frequency interstitial ablation. J Urol 2002;168:2406.