The Use of Bleaching Agents in the Management of Melasma

Review of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics, International Edition

Volumn 17, Issue 3, 2003, Pages 159-163

  Kefala, Vassiliki ^a,b   Anthouli, Fragiski ^a   Protopapa, Evangelia ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WEST ATTICA   (Greece)

^b NONE   (Greece)

Author keywords

Azelaic acid; Chloasma; Corticosteroids; Hydroquinone; Kojic acid; L ascorbic acid; Mask of pregnancy; Melasma; N acetylcysteine; Tretinoin

Indexed keywords

4 ISOPROPYLCATECHOL; ACETYLCYSTEINE; ASCORBIC ACID; ASCORBIC ACID 2 PHOSPHATE; AZELAIC ACID; BETAMETHASONE VALERATE; BLEACHING AGENT; CORTICOSTEROID; DEXAMETHASONE; DEXAMETHASONE PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; GLUTATHIONE TRANSFERASE; GLYCOLIC ACID; HYDROCORTISONE; HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE; HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE PLUS HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; HYDROQUINONE; HYDROQUINONE DERIVATIVE; HYDROQUINONE PLUS RETINOIC ACID; KLIGMAN FORMULA; KOJIC ACID; MEQUINOL; PATHAK FORMULA; RETINOIC ACID; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

CHLOASMA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CREAM; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG FORMULATION; DRY SKIN; ETHNIC DIFFERENCE; HUMAN; IRRITANT DERMATITIS; MELANOCYTE; NAIL DISEASE; OINTMENT; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ALLERGY; SKIN IRRITATION; SOLAR RADIATION; SUN EXPOSURE;

EID: 1542288338     PISSN: 10116583     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (35)

1. Kauh Y.C., Zachian T.F.: Melasma. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 455: 491-499 (1999)
2. Grimes P.E., Stockton T.: Pigmentary disorders in blacks. Dermatol. Clin. 6: 271-281 (1988)
3. Deltsidou A., Lykeridou K., Plessas S.: Congenital anomalies and aetiology. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 14: 111-115 (2000)
4. Deltsidou A., Lykeridou K., Plessas S.: Licit substance aduse during pregnancy and its effects on the fetus. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 15: 21-32 (2001)
5. Grimes P.: Melasma. Etiology and Therapeutic considerations. Arch. Dermatol. 113: 1453-1457 (1995)
6. Kefala V., Kostara I., Karageorgiou H., Varonos D.D.: In Vitro model for the Evaluation of Sunscreen Agents Phototoxic Activity. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokin. (intern. Ed.) 12: 59-62 (1998)
7. Kefala V., Kostara I., Karageorgiou H., Varonos D.D.: In Virto Model for the Evaluation of Preservatives Phototoxic Activity. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 14: 93-96 (2000)
8. Kefala V., Kostara I., Karageorgiou H., Varonos D.D.: In Virto Model for the Evaluation of Essential Oils Materials Phototoxic Activity. Rev. Clinical. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 12: 53-57 (1998)
9. Kefala V., Kostara I., Karageorgiou H., Varonos D.D.: In Virto Model for the Evaluation of Medicines Phototoxic Activity. Rev. Clinical. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 14: 43-47 (2000)
10. Kefala V., Protopapa E., Plessas S.T.: Photoaging: An Esthetic Problem Prevention or Treatment? Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 15: 33-42 (2001)
11. Katsambas A., Antoniou C.: Melasma - Classification and treatment. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venerol. 4: 217-223 (1995)
12. Mishima Y., Hatta S., Ohyama Y., Inazu M.: Induction of melanogenesis suppression: cellular pharmacology and mode of differential action. Pigment. Cell. Res. 1: 367-374 (1998)
13. Lykeridou K., Deltsidou A.: Epidural analgesia during normal labor. Epitheor. Klin. Farmacol. Farmakokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 16: 183-198 (2002)
14. Sanchez J.L., Vazquez M.: A hydroquinone solution in the treatment of melasma. Int. J. Dermatol. 21: 55-58 (1982).
15. Yi K., Hart L.L.: Use of hydroquinone as a bleaching cream. Ann. Pharmacother. 27: 592-593 (1993)
16. Engasser P.E., Maibach H.J.: Cosmetics and dermatology: bleaching creams. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 5: 143-147 (1981)
17. Kefala V., Kinigalaki P.: In vitro evaluation of the effect of b-cyclodextrin on sebum secretion in people developing two kinds of acne vulgaris: A. Comedonal acne and B. Cosmetic acne. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 16: 179-182 (2002)
18. Kameyama K., et al.: Inhibitory effect of magnesium L-ascocbyl-2-phosphate (VC-PMG) on melanogenesis in vitro and in vivo. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 34: 29-33 (1996)
19. Lim J. T., Tham S.N.: Clycolic acid peels in the treatment of melasma among Asian women. Dermatol. Surg. 23: 177-179 (1997)
20. Kanwar A.J., Dhar S., Kaur S.: Treatment of melasma with potent topical corticosteroids. Dermatol. 188: 170-175 (1994)
21. Griffiths C.E., Finkel L.T., Ditre C.M., Hamilton T.A., Ellis C.N., Voorhees J.J.: Topical tretinoin improves melasma: a vehicle controlled, clinical trial. Br. J. Dermatol. 129: 415-421 (1993)
22. Vashimura K., Harii K., Aoyama T., Shibuya F., Jga T.: A new bleaching protocol for hyperoigmented skin lesions with a high concentration of all-trans retinoic acid aqueous gel. Aesthetic. Plast. Surg. 23: 285-291 (1999)
23. Ballina L.M., Craupe K.: The treatment of melasma 20% ajelaic acid versus 4% hydroquinone cream. Int. J. Dermatol. 30: 893-895 (1991)
24. Breathnach A.S.: Melanin hyperpigmentation of skin: Melasma topical treatment with azelaic acid and other therapies. Cutis 57: 36-39 (1996)
25. Verallo-Rowell V.M. et al.: Double-blind comparison of azelaic acid and hydroquinone in the treatment of melasma. Acta. Derm. Venereol. 143(Suppl.): 58-61 (1989)
26. Njoo M.D., Menke H.E., Pavel S., Westechof W.: N-acetylcystein as a bleaching agent in the treatment of melasma. J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 9: 86-87 (1997)
27. Jimbow K.: N-acetyl-4-S-cysteminylphenol as a new type of depigmenting agent for the melanoderma of patients with melasma. Arch. Dermatol. 127: 1528-1534 (1991)
28. Lim J.T.: Treatment of melasma using Kojic acid in gel containing hydroquinone and glycolic acid. Dermatol. Surg. 25: 282-284 (1999)
29. Carcia A., Fulton J.E.: The combination of glycolic acid and hydroquinone or Kojic acid for the treatment of melasma and related conditions. Dermatol. Surg. 22: 443-447 (1996)
30. Kahn V.: Effect of Kojic acid on the oxidation of DL-DOPA, norepinephrine, and dopanine by mooshroom tyrosinase. Pigment. Cell. Res. 8: 234-240 (1995)
31. Guevara I.L., Pandya A.G.: Melasma treated with hydroquinone, tretinoin and a fluorinated steroid. Int. J. Dermatol. 40(3): 212-215 (2001)
32. Kang N.H., Chun S.C., Lee S.: Intermittent therapy for melasma in Asian patients with combined topical agents (retinoin acid, hydroquinone and hydrocortisone): clinical and histological studies. J. Dermatol. 25: 587-596 (1998)
33. Kefala V., Protopapa E., Plessas S.T.: The use of chemical peeling in the management of esthetic problems deriving from skin diseases. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. Pharmacokinet. (Intern. Ed.) 15: 5-14 (2001)