Is human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome decreasing among Brazilian injection drug users? Recent findings and how to interpret them

Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz

Volumn 100, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 91-96

  Bastos, Francisco I ^a   Bongertz, Vera ^a   Teixeira, Sylvia Lopes ^a   Morgado, Mariza G ^a   Hacker, Mariana A ^a  

^a INSTITUTO OSWALDO CRUZ   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; Brazil; Human immunodeficiency virus; Injection drug users; Serial serosurveys

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANALYTICAL ERROR; COMPARATIVE ANATOMY; CONFERENCE PAPER; EPIDEMIC; HEALTH SURVEY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS PREVALENCE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; SEROCONVERSION; SEROPREVALENCE; SUBSTANCE ABUSE;

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 15244347083     PISSN: 00740276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1590/S0074-02762005000100017     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (48)

1. Ades AE 1995. Serial HIV seroprevalence surveys: interpretation, design, and role in HIV/AIDS prediction. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 9: 490-499.
2. Alberti S, Hacker M, Custodio Miguel J, Oliveira ML, Bastos FI 2001. Can viral hepatitis be kept under control among injection drug users? Lessons from the field, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Virus Rev Res 6: 109.
3. Anderson RM, May RM 1992. Infectious Diseases of Humans: Dynamics and Control, Oxford Press, Oxford, p. 768 pp.
4. Andrade TM, Dourado I, Galvao-Castro B 1998. Associations among HTLV-I, HTLV-II, and HIV in injecting drug users in Salvador, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 18: 186-187.
5. Andrade TM, Lurie P, Medina MG, Anderson K, Dourado I 2001. The opening of South America's first Needle Exchange Program and an epidemic of crack use in Salvador, Bahia-Brazil. AIDS & Behavior 5: 51-64.
6. Barbosa MT, Struchiner CJ 2002. The estimated magnitude of AIDS in Brazil: a delay correction applied to cases with lost dates. Cad Saúde Publica 18: 279-285.
7. Bastos FI, Strathdee SA 2000. Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects. Soc Sci Med 51: 1771-1782.
8. Bastos FI, Lowndes CM, Castello-Branco LR, Linhares-de-Carvalho MI, Oelemann W, Bernier F, Morgado MG, Yoshida CF, Rozental T, Alary M 2000. Sexual behaviour and infection rates for HIV, blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections among patients attending drug treatment centres in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Int J STD AIDS 11: 383-392.
9. Bastos FI, Pina MF, Szwarcwald CL 2002. The social geography of HIV/AIDS among injection drug users in Brazil. Int J Drug Polic 13: 137-144.
10. Bluthenthal RN, Kral AH, Gee L, Lorvick J, Moore L, Seal K, Edlin BR 2001. Trends in HIV seroprevalence and risk among gay and bisexual men who inject drugs in San Francisco, 1988 to 2000. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28: 264-269.
11. Burattini M, Massad E, Rozman M, Azevedo R, Carvalho H 2000. Correlation between HIV and HCV in Brazilian prisoners: evidence for parenteral transmission inside prison. Rev Saúde Pública 34: 431-436.
12. Caiaffa WT, Mingoti SA, Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Silva RC, Lopes AC, Doneda D 2003b. Estimation of the number of injecting drug users attending an outreach syringe-exchange program and infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus: the AjUDE-Brasil project. J Urban Health 80: 106-114
13. Caiaffa WT, Proietti FA, Carneiro-Proietti AB, Mingoti SA, Doneda D, Gandolfi D, Reis AC; Epidemiological Study of Injection Drug Users in Brazil (AjUDE-Brasil Project). 2003a. The dynamics of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemics in the South of Brazil: increasing role of injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 37(Suppl. 5): S376-81.
14. Carvalho HB, Mesquita F, Massad E, Bueno RC, Lopes GT, Ruiz MA, Burattini MN 1996. HIV and infections of similar transmission patterns in a drug injectors community of Santos, Brazil. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 12: 84-92.
15. Ciccarone D, Bourgois P 2003. Explaining the geographical variation of HIV among injection drug users in the United States. Subst Use Misuse 38: 2049-2063.
16. Contoreggi C, Rexroad VE, Lange WR 1998. Current management of infectious complications in the injecting drug user. J Subst Abuse Treat 15: 95-106.
17. Des Jarlais DC, Hagan H, Friedman SR, Friedmann P, Goldberg D, Frischer M, Green S, Tunving K, Ljungberg B, Wodak A et al. 1995. Maintaining low HIV seroprevalence in populations of injecting drug users. JAMA 274: 1226-1231.
18. Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Friedmann P, Titus S, Aviles E, Deren S, Torian L, Glebatis D, Murrill C, Monterroso E, Friedman SR 2000. HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1992-1997: evidence for a declining epidemic. Am J Public Health 90: 352-359.
19. Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, Hagan H, Milliken J, Braine N, Yancovitz S, Mildvan D, Perlman DC, Maslow C, Friedman SR 2004. "informed altruism" and "partner restriction" in the reduction of HIV infection in injecting drug users entering detoxification treatment in new york city, 1990-2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 35: 158-166
20. Dore GJ, Law M, MacDonald M, Kaldor JM 2003. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Australia. J Clin Virol 26: 171-184.
21. Dunn J, Laranjeira R 1999. Cocaine-profiles, drug histories, and patterns of use of patients from Brazil. Subst Use Misuse 34: 1527-1548.
22. Friedman SR, Flom PL, Kottiri BJ, Zenilman J, Curtis R, Neaigus A, Sandoval M, Quinn T, Des Jarlais DC 2003. Drug use patterns and infection with sexually transmissible agents among young adults in a high-risk neighbourhood in New York City. Addiction 98: 159-169.
23. Frischer M, Leyland A, Cormack R, Goldberg DJ, Bloor M, Green ST, Taylor A, Covell R, McKeganey N, Platt S 1993. Estimating the population prevalence of injection drug use and infection with human immunodeficiency virus among injection drug users in Glasgow, Scotland. Am J Epidemiol 138: 170-181.
24. Galai N, Safaeian M, Vlahov D, Bolotin A, Celentano DD 2003. ALIVE Study. Longitudinal patterns of drug injection behavior in the ALIVE Study cohort, 1988-2000: description and determinants. Am J Epidemiol 158: 695-704.
25. Galduróz JCF, Noto AR, Nappo SA, Carlini EA 2000. I Levantamento Domiciliar Nacional sobre o Uso de Drogas Psicotrópicas. Parte A: Estudo Envolvendo as 24 Maiores Cidades do Estado de São Paulo, 1999. Centro Brasileiro de Informações sobre Drogas Psicotrópicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 135 pp.
26. Garfein RS, Vlahov D, Galai N, Doherty MC, Nelson KE 1996. Viral infections in short-term injection drug users: the prevalence of the hepatitis C, hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency, and human T-lymphotropic viruses. Am J Public Health 86: 655-661.
27. Guimarães ML, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Galvão-Castro B, Diaz RS, Bongertz V, Morgado MG 2001. Retrovirus infections in a sample of injecting drug users in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil: prevalence of HIV-1 subtypes, and co-infection with HTLV-I/II. J Clin Virol 21: 143-151.
28. Hacker MA, Friedman SR, Telles PR, Teixeira SL, Bongertz V, Morgado MG, Bastos FI 2005. The role of "long-term" and "new injectors" in a declining HIV/AIDS epidemic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Subst Use Misuse 40: 1-31.
29. Heckathorn DD 1997. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl 44: 174-199.
30. Janssen RS, Satten GA, Stramer SL, Rawal BD, O'Brien TR, Weiblen BJ, Hecht FM, Jack N, Cleghorn FR, Kahn JO, Chesney MA, Busch MP 1998. New testing strategy todetect early HIV-1 infection for use in incidence estimates and for clinical and prevention purposes. JAMA 280: 42-48.
31. Kottiri BJ, Friedman SR, Neaigus A, Curtis R, Des Jarlais DC 2002. Risk networks and racial/ethnic differences in the prevalence of HIV infection among injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 30: 95-104
32. Lopes ACS, Caiaffa WT, Mingoti AS, AAjUDE-Brasil II Project 2004. Prevention of HIV infection in new initiators street-recruited injection drug users (IDUs). Proc XV Int AIDS Conference, Bangkok.
33. Massad E, Coutinho FA, Yang HM, De Carvalho HB, Mesquita F, Burattini MN 1994. The basic reproduction ratio of HIV among intravenous drug users. Math Biosci 123: 227-247.
34. Mesquita F, Kral A, Reingold A, Bueno R, Trigueiros D, Araujo PJ, Santos Metropolitan Region Collaborative Study Group 2001. Trends of HIV infection among injection drug users in Brazil in the 1990s: the impact of changes in patterns of drug use. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 28: 298-302.
35. Mesquita F, Bueno R, Araujo PJ, Piconez D, Turienzo L G, Haddad IM 2000. Rapidly responding to injecting drug use and HIV in Brazil: a field-report from Sao Vicente, São Paulo State. Int J Drug Policy 11: 133-144.
36. Mesquita F, Doneda D, Gandolfi D, Nemes MI, Andrade T, Bueno R, Piconez e Trigueiros D 2003. Brazilian response to the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome epidemic among injection drug users. Clin Infect Dis 37: 382-385.
37. Normand JL, Lambert EY, Vlahov D 2003. Understanding the dynamics of sexual transmission of HIV among drug-using populations: an integration of biological, behavioral, and environmental perspectives. J Urban Health 80: III1-III6.
38. Oliveira ML, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Yoshida CF, Schatzmayr HG, Paetzold U, Pauli G, Schreier E 1999. Prevalence and risk factors for HBV, HCV, and HDV infections among injecting drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res 32: 1107-1114.
39. Rhodes T, Stimson GV, Crofts N, Ball A, Dehne K, Khodakevich L 1999. Drug injecting, rapid HIV spread, and the 'risk environment': implications for assessment and response. AIDS 13: 259-269.
40. Rhodes T, Lowndes C, Judd A, Mikhailova LA, Sarang A, Rylkov A, Tichonov M, Lewis K, Ulyanova N, Alpatova T, Karavashkin V, Khutorskoy M, Hickman M, Parry JV, Renton A 2002. Explosive spread and high prevalence of HIV infection among injecting drug users in Togliatti City, Russia. AIDS 16: 25-31.
41. Rhodes T, Mikhailova L, Sarang A, Lowndes CM, Rylkov A, Khutorskoy M, Renton A 2003. Situational factors influencing drug injecting, risk reduction and syringe exchange in Togliatti City, Russian Federation: a qualitative study of micro risk environment. Soc Sci Med 57: 39-54.
42. Strang J, Des Jarlais DC, Griffiths P, Gossop M 1992. The study of transitions in the route of drug use: the route from one route to another. Br J Addict 87: 473-483.
43. Szwarcwald C, Bastos FI, de Castilho EA 1998. The dynamics of the AIDS epidemic in Brazil: a space-time analysis in the period 1987-1995. Braz J Infect Dis 2: 175-186.
44. Telles PR 1999. Preventing HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases among injecting drug users in Rio de Janeiro. Int J Drug Polic 10: 365-373.
45. Telles PR, Bastos FI, Guydish J, Inciardi JA, Surratt HL, Pearl M, Hearst N 1997. Risk behavior and HIV seroprevalence among injecting drug users in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. AIDS 11: 35-42.
46. Teixeira SLM, Bastos FI, Telles PR, Hacker MA, Brigido LF, Oliveira CAF, Bongertz V, Morgado MG 2004. HIV-1 infection among injection and ex-injection drug users from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: prevalence, estimated incidence and genetic diversity. J Clin Virol 31: 221-226.
47. UNAIDS 2003. AIDS Epidemic Update 2003. UNAIDS, 300 pp.
48. Watters JK, Biernacki P 1989. Targeted sampling-options for the study of hidden populations. Soc Prob 36: 416-430.