Experiential versus rational training: A comparison of student attitudes toward homosexuality

Journal of Homosexuality

Volumn 48, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 83-102

  Guth, Lorraine J ^a   Lopez, David F ^b   Rojas, Julio ^c   Clements, Kimberly D ^d   Tyler, J Michael ^e  

^a INDIANA UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^b BARD COLLEGE   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^d Tanglewood Elem/Riverside School   (United States)

^e FLORIDA GULF COAST UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Attitudes; Cognitive experiential self theory; Homosexuality; Lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues; Positive and negative affect; Sexual prejudice; Training

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTITUDE; BISEXUALITY; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; EXPERIENCE; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; LESBIAN; MALE; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE; SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY; TRAINING;

ADULT; ATTITUDE; COGNITION; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HOMOSEXUALITY; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; PREJUDICE; PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY; STUDENTS; TEACHING;

EID: 15244343829     PISSN: 00918369     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J082v48n02_05     Document Type: Article

References (65)

1. Adams, H. E., Wright Jr., L. W., & Lohr, B. A. (1996). Is homophobia associated with homosexual arousal? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 105, 440-445.
2. Allison, K. W., Crawford, I., Echemendia, R., Robinson, L., & Knepp, D. (1994). Human diversity and professional competence training in clinical and counseling psychology revisited. American Psychologist, 49, 792-796.
3. Allport, G. W. (1958). The Nature of Prejudice. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
4. Andersen, C. L. (1981). The effect of a workshop on attitudes of female nursing students toward homosexuality. Journal of Homosexuality, 1, 52-79.
5. Arrendondo, P., Toporek, R., Brown, S. P., Jones, J., Locke, D. C., Sanchez, J., & Stadler, H. (1996). Operationalization of the multicultural counseling competencies. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 24, 42-78.
6. Betz, N. E. (1991). Implications for counseling psychology training programs: Reactions to the special issue. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 248-252.
7. Black, B., Oles, T. P., & Moore, L. (1998). The relationship between attitudes: Homophobia and sexism among social work students. Journal of Women & Social Work, 13, 166-190.
8. Blumenfeld, W. J. (Ed.). (1992). Homophobia: How we all pay the price. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
9. Browning, C., Reynolds, A. L., & Dworkin, S. H. (1991). Affirmative therapy for lesbian women. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 177-196.
10. Buhrke, R. A. (1989a). Female student perspectives in training in lesbian and gay issues. The Counseling Psychologist, 17, 629-636.
11. Buhrke, R. A. (1989b). Incorporating lesbian and gay issues into counselor training: A resource guide. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 77-80.
12. Buhrke, R. A. & Douce, L. A. (1991). Training issues for counseling psychologists in working with lesbian women and gay men. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 216-234.
13. Catlin, G., & Epstein, S. (1992). Unforgettable experiences: The relation of life events to basic beliefs about self and the world. Social Cognition, 10, 189-209.
14. Cerny, J. A., & Polyson, J. (1984). Changing homonegative attitudes. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2, 366-371.
15. Connell, J. P., & Illardi, B. C. (1987). Self-system concomitants of discrepancies between children's and teachers' evaluations of academic competence. Child Development, 58, 1297-1307.
16. Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs. (1994). CACREP accreditation standards and procedures manual. Alexandria, VA: Author.
17. Cramer, E. P., Oles, T. P., & Black, B. (1997). Reducing social work students' homophobia: An evaluation of teaching strategies. Arete, 21, 36-49.
18. Denes-Raj, V., & Epstein, S. (1994). Conflict between intuitive and rational processing: When people behave against their better judgment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 819-829.
19. Dworkin, S. H., & Gutierrez, F. (1989). Counselors be aware: Clients come in every size, shape, color, and sexual orientation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 6-8.
20. Eagly, A. H., Mladinic, A., & Otto, S. (1994). Cognitive and affective bases of attitudes toward social groups and social policies. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 30, 113-137.
21. Epstein, S. (1992). Coping ability, negative self-evaluation, and overgeneralization: Experiment and theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 826-836.
22. Epstein, S. (1994a). Integration of the cognitive and the psychodynamic unconscious. American Psychologist, 49, 209-224.
23. Epstein, S. (1994b). Trait theory as a personality theory: Can a part be as great as the whole? Psychological Inquiry, 5, 120-122.
24. Epstein, S., & Erksine, N. (1983). The development of personal theories of reality from an interactional perspective. In D. Magnusson & V. L. Allen (Eds.), Human development: An interactional perspective (pp. 133-147). New York, NY: Academic Press.
25. Epstein, S., & Katz, L. (1992). Coping ability, stress, productive load, and symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 813-825.
26. Epstein, S., Lipson, A., Holstein, C., & Huh, E. (1992). Irrational reactions to negative outcomes: Evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 328-339.
27. Epstein, S., & Moorling, B. (1995). Is the self motivated to do more than enhance and/or verify itself? In M. H. Kernis (Ed.), Efficacy, agency, and self-esteem (pp. 9-29). New York: Plenum Press.
28. Epstein, S., & Terapulsky, L. (1986). Perceptions of cross-situational consistency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 1152-1160.
29. Fassinger, R. E. (1991). The hidden minority: Issues and challenges in working with lesbian women and gay men. The Counseling Psychologist, 79, 157-176.
30. Fukuyama, M. A. (1990). Taking a universal approach to multicultural counseling. Counselor Education and Supervision, 30, 6-17.
31. Garnets, L., Hancock, K. A., Cochran, S. D., Goodchilds, J., & Peplau, L. A. (1991). Issues in psychotherapy with lesbians and gay men. American Psychologist, 46, 964-972.
32. Glenn, A. A., & Russell, R. K. (1986). Heterosexual bias among counselor trainees. Counselor Education and Supervision, 25, 222-229.
33. Graham, D. L. R., Rawlings, E. I., Halpern, H. S. & Hermes, J. (1984). Therapists' needs for training in counseling lesbians and gay men. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 15, 482-496.
34. Herek, G. M. (2000). The psychology of sexual prejudice. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 19-22.
35. Hudson, W. W. (1996). The Walmyr Assessment Scale Scoring Manual. Tempe, AZ: Walmyr Publishing Co.
36. Hudson, W. W., & Ricketts, W. A. (1980). A strategy for the measurement of homophobia. Journal of Homosexuality, 5, 357-372.
37. Iasenza, S. (1989). Some challenges of integrating sexual orientations into counselor training and research. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 73-76.
38. Kirkpatrick, L. A., & Epstein, S. (1992). Cognitive-experiential self-theory and subjective probability: Further evidence for two conceptual systems. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 534-544.
39. Liddle, B. J. (1997). Gay and lesbian clients' selection of therapists and utilization of therapy. Psychotherapy, 34, 11-18.
40. Lopez, D. F. (1993). The affective mediation of expectancy processes. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kent State University.
41. Lord, C. G., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098-2109.
42. McCann-Winter, E. J. S. 1983). Clergy education about homosexuality: An outcomes analysis of knowledge, attitudes, and counseling behavior. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 675a.
43. Millham, J., San Miguel, C. L., & Kellog, R. (1976). A factor-analytic conceptualization of attitudes toward male and female homosexuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 2, 3-10.
44. Pagtolun-An, I. G., & Clair, J. M. (1986). An experimental study of attitudes toward homosexuals. Deviant Behavior, 7, 121-135.
45. Pedersen, P. B. (1988). A handbook for developing multicultural awareness. Alexandria, VA: American Association of Counseling and Development.
46. Phillips, J. C., & Fischer, A. R. (1998). Graduate students' training experiences with lesbian, gay, and bisexual issues. The Counseling Psychologist, 26, 712-734.
47. Phillips, J. C., & Silling, S. M. (1996, August). Graduate students' training experiences with gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues. Paper presented at the 104th annual convention of the American Psychological Association.
48. Pope, M. (1995). The "salad bowl" is big enough for us all: An argument for the inclusion of lesbians and gay men in any definition of multiculturalism. Journal of Counseling & Development, 73, 301-304.
49. Robinson, B., & Bradley, L. L. (1997). Multicultural training for undergraduates: Developing knowledge and awareness. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 25, 281-289.
50. Rudolph, J. (1989a). Effects of an affirmative gay psychotherapy workshop on counselors' authoritarianism. Psychological Reports, 65, 945-946.
51. Rudolph, J. (1989b). Effects of a workshop on mental health practitioners' attitudes toward homosexuality and counseling effectiveness. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 81-85.
52. Rudolph, J. (1990). Counselors' attitudes toward homosexuality: Some tentative findings. Psychological Reports, 66, 1352-1354.
53. Schneider, M. S., & Tremble, B. (1986). Training service providers to work with gay or lesbian adolescents: A workshop. Journal of Counseling & Development, 65, 98-99.
54. Serdahely, W. J., & Ziemba, G. J. (1984). Changing homophobic attitudes through college sexuality education. Journal of Homosexuality, 10, 109-116.
55. Shannon, J. W., & Woods, W. J. (1991). Affirmative psychotherapy with gay men. The Counseling Psychologist, 19, 197-215.
56. Stangor, C., Sullivan, L. A., & Ford, T. E. (1991). Affective and cognitive determinants of prejudice. Social Cognition, 9, 359-380.
57. Stevenson, M. R. (1988). Promoting tolerance for homosexuality: An evaluation of intervention strategies. Journal of Sex Research, 25, 500-511.
58. Steward, R. J., Wright, D. J., Jackson, J. D., & Ik Jo, H. (1998). The relationship between multicultural counseling training and the evaluation of culturally sensitive and culturally insensitive counselors. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 26, 205-217.
59. Sue, D. W., Bernier, J. E., Durran, A., Feinberg, L., Pedersen, P., Smith, E. J., & Vasquez-Nutall, E. (1982). Position paper: Cross-cultural counseling competencies. The Counseling Psychologist, 10, 45-52.
60. Tyler, J. M., & Guth, L. J. (1999). Using media to create experiential learning in multicultural and diversity issues. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development, 27, 153-169.
61. Tyler, J. M., Jackman-Wheitner, L., Lenox, R., & Strader, S. (1997). Raising awareness of gay, lesbian and bisexual issues: A change-model approach to education. Journal of Sex Education & Therapy, 22, 37-44.
62. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Carey, G. (1988). Positive and negative affectivity and their relation to anxiety and depressive disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 97, 346-353.
63. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1984). Cross-cultural convergence in the structure of mood: A Japanese replication and a comparison with U.S. findings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 127-144.
64. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070.
65. Young, S. B., & Guth, L. J. (1992, October). Effects of training counselors in gay, lesbian, and bisexual issues. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwestern Educational Research Association.