The pattern of inbreeding in Washoe pine and survival of inbred progeny under optimal environmental conditions

Silvae Genetica

Volumn 46, Issue 4, 1997, Pages 215-219

  Mirron, J B ^a   Latta, R G ^a   Rehfeldt, G E ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO   (United States)

^b ROCKY MOUNTAIN RESEARCH STATION   (United States)

Author keywords

Allozyme variation; Biparental inbreeding; Correlation of paternity; Inbreeding; Mating system; Washoe pine

Indexed keywords

EID: 15144361586     PISSN: 00375349     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (48)

1. BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
2. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
3. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
4. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
5. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
6. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
7. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
8. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
9. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
10. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
11. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
12. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
13. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B.,
14. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
15. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
16. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
17. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
18. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
19. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
20. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
21. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
22. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
23. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
24. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
25. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine.
26. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
27. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
28. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
29. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
30. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
31. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
32. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
33. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
34. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
35. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
36. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
37. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and
38. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
39. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
40. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
41. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
42. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
43. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
44. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990)..
45. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
46. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
47. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).
48. - BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S.: Synthesis and prospectus, pp. 431-447. In: BETANCOURT, J. L., VAN DEVENDER, T. R. and MARTIN, P. S. (eds.). Packrat Middens. The Last 40,000 years of Biotic Chance. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, AZ (1990). -BOYLE, T. J. B. and MORGENSTERN, E. K.: Estimates of outcrossing rates in six populations of black spruce in central New Brunswick. Silvae Genet. 35, 102-106 (1986). - BROTSCHOL, J. V. ROBERDS, J. H. and NAMKOONG, G.: Aliozyme variation among North Carolina populations of Liriodendron tulipifera. Silvae Genet. 35, 131-138 (1986). - CHARLESWORTH, D. and CHARLESWORTH, B.: Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18, 237-268 (1987). - CHELIAK, W. M., DANCIK, B. P., MORGAN, K., YEH, F. C. H. and STROBECK, C.: Temporal variation and the mating system in a natural population of jack pine. Genetics 109, 569-584 (1985). - CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Crossability and relationships of Washoe pine. Madrono 31, 144-170 (1984). - EL-KASSABY, Y. A., RUSSEL, J. and RITLAND, K.: Mixed mating in an experimental population of western red cedar, Thuja plicata. Heredity 85, 227-231 (1994). - FARRIS, M. A. and MITTON, J. B.: Population density, outcrossing rate, and heterozygote superiority in ponderosa pine. Evolution 38, 1151-1154 (1984). - FRANKLIN, E. C.: Genetic load in loblolly pine. Am. Nat. 106, 262-265 (1972). - HAMRICK, J. L. and SCHNABEL, A.: Understanding the genetic structure of plant populations: some old problems and a new approach, pp. 50-70. In: H. R. GREGORIUS (ed.). Lecture Notes in Biomathematics 60: Population Genetics in Forestry Springer Verlag, Berlin (1985). - HARDNER, C. M., VAILLANCOURT, R. E. and POTTS, B. M.: Stand density influences outcrossing rate and growth of open-pollinated families of Eucalyptus globulus. Silvae Genet. 45, 226-228 (1996). - HUSBAND, B. C. and SCHEMSKE, D. W.: Evolution of the timing and magnitude of inbreeding depression in plants. Evolution 50, 54-70 (1996). - KANASHIRO, M.: The demographic genetics of an Appalachian stand of Liriodendron tulipifera L. Ph. D. Thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh (1990). - KERTADIKARA, A. W. S. and PRAT, D.: Genetic structure and mating system in teak (Tectona grandis L. f.) provenances. Silvae Genet. 44, 104-110 (1995). - KNOWLES, P., FURNIER, G. R., ALEKSIUK, M. A. and PERRY, D. J.: Significant levels of self-fertilization in natural populations of tamarack. Can. J. Bot. 65, 1087-1091 (1987). - LIBBY, W. J., MCCUTCHAN, B. G. and MILLAR, C. I.: Inbreeding depression in selfs of redwood. Silvae Genet. 30, 15-25 (1981). - LINHART, Y. B., MITTON, J. B., STURGEON, K. B. and DAVIS, M. L.: Genetic variation in space and time in a population of ponderosa pine. Heredity 46, 407-426 (1981). - LITTLE, E. L., JR and CRITCHFIELD, W. B.: Subdivisions of the genus Pinus (pines). U.S.D.A. Misc. Publ. 1144, 51 p. (1969). - MITTON, J. B.: The dynamic mating systems of conifers. New Forests 6, 197-216. Also: pp. 197-216, in: ADAMS, W. T., STRAUSS, S. H., COPES, D. L. and GRIFFIN, A. R. (eds.). Population Genetics of Forest Trees. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (1992). - MITTON, J. B. and JEFFERS, R. M.: The genetic consequences of mass selection for growth rate in Engelmann spruce. Silvae Genet. 38, 6-12 (1989). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., DAVIS, M. L. and STURGEON, K. B.: Estimation of outcrossing in ponderosa pine, Pinus ponderosa LAWS, from patterns of segregation of protein polymorphisms and from frequencies of albino seedlings. Silvae Genet. 30, 117-121 (1981). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., HAMRICK, J. L. and BECKMAN, J. S.: Observations on the genetic structure and mating system of ponderosa pine in the Colorado Front Range. Theor. Appl. Genet. 7, 5-13 (1977). - MITTON, J. B., LINHART, Y. B., STURGEON, K. B. and HAMRICK, J. L.: Allozyme polymorphisms detected in mature needle tissue of ponderosa pine. J. Hered. 70, 86-89 (1979). - MORAN, G. F. and BROWN, A. H. D.: Temporal heterogeneity of outcrossing rates in alpine ash (Eucalyptus delegatensis). Theor. Appl. Genet, 57, 101-105 (1980). - MUONA, O., HARJU, A. and KÄRKKÄINEN, K.: Genetic comparison of natural and nursery grown seedlings of Pinus sylvestris using allozymes. Scandinavian J. For. Res. 3, 37-46 (1988). - MUONA, O., YAZDANI, R. and RUDIN, D.: Genetic change between life stages in Pinus sylvestris: allozyme variation in seeds and planted seedlings. Silvae Genet. 36, 39-42 (1987). -NIBBLING, C. R. and CONKLE, M. T.: Diversity of Washoe pine and comparisons with allozymes of ponderosa pine races. Can. J. For. Res. 20, 298-308 (1990). - PERRY, D. J. and DANCIK, B. P.: Mating system dynamics of lodgepole pine in Alberta, Canada. Silvae Genet. 35, 190-195 (1986). - PERRY, D. J. and KNOWLES, P.: Evidence of high self-fertilization in natural populations of eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis). Can. J. Bot. 68, 663-668 (1990).