Tolstoy and the Chechens: Problems in literary anthropology

Russian History

Volumn 30, Issue 1-2, 2003, Pages 113-143

  Friedrich, Paul ^a,b  

^a University of Chicago ^*

^b UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14944357828     PISSN: 0094288X     EISSN: 18763316     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1163/187633103X00116     Document Type: Review

References (57)

1. Michael Khodarkovsky and John Stewart, "Don Cossacks," in World Cultures. VI. Russia and Eurasia/China, ed. by Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1994), 103-07. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. VI. Russia and Eurasia/China, ed. by Paul Friedrich and Norma Diamond (Boston: G. K. Hall, 1994), 103-07
2. Robert L. Jackson, "The archetypal journey: Aesthetic and ethical Tolstoy: The Cossacks imperatives in the art of Tolstoy: The Cossacks," Russian Literature 11 (1982): 389-410
3. A. M. Mal'sagova, "Vostochnaia leksika v povesti L. N. Tolstogo 'Khadzhi-Murat', Eastern lexicon in L. N. Tolstoy's Hadji Murat., in L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetia, ed. by T. F. Mal'chevskaia (Grozny: Checheno-Ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo, 1989), 138-51. 'Khadzhi-Murat'," Eastern lexicon in L. N. Tolstoy's Hadji Murat.," in L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetia, ed. by T. F. Mal'chevskaia (Grozny: Checheno-Ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo, 1989), 138-51
4. K. B. Gaitukaev, "Lev Tolstoi I gortsy Kavkaza," in Tolstoi'i Checheno-Ingushetiia, 76. Mal'chevskaia, L. N. Tolstoi'i Checheno-Ingushetiia,, 76
5. Paul Friedrich, "The tragedy of shame: Anna Karenina," in The Society Papers, ed. by Michael Shapiro (New York: Peter Lang, 1998), 3:29-59 Peirce Society Papers, ed. by Michael Shapiro (New York: Peter Lang, 1998), 3:29-59
6. Gaitukaev, "Lev Tolstoi I gortsy Kavkaza," 74
7. B. S. Vinogradov and V. B. Vinogradov, "Letopis' zhizni I N. Tolstogo na Severnom Kavkaza, in Mal'chevskaia, L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetiia, 9. tvorchestvo L. N. Tolstogo na Severnom Kavkaza," in Mal'chevskaia, L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetiia, 9
8. Aylmer Maude, ed., The Private Diary of Leo Tolstoy. 1853-1857, trans. by Louise and Aylmer Maude (Garden City, NY: Doubledayage, 1927), 7
9. Vinogradov and Vinogradov, "Letopis' zhizni i tvorchestvo L. N na Severnom Kavkaza, 9-20. Tolstogo na Severnom Kavkaza," 9-20
10. Suzanne Layton, Russian Literature and Empire: Conquest of the Caucasus Tolstoy from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 237
11. A. V. Ochman, "Kavkazskie dnevniki L. N. Tolstogo 'Ot gorizonta gorizontu vsekh', in Mal'chevskaia , L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetiia, 31. odnogo k gorizontu vsekh'," in Mal'chevskaia , L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Ingushetiia, 31
12. Henri Troyat, Tolstoy, trans. by N. Amphoux (Garden City, NY: Doubleday 1967), 44
13. V. G. Chertkova, ed., L. N. Tolstoi. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii (Moscow Gos. Iz., 1930), 2: 310. Gos. Iz., 1930), 2: 310
14. According to Ochman, "Kavkazskie dnevniki L. N. Tolstogo: 'Ot odnogo k gorizontu vsekh', 38, Tolstoy called his schedule Franklinesque. gorizonta odnogo k gorizontu vsekh'," 38, Tolstoy called his schedule Franklinesque
15. Mal'sagova, "Vostochnaia leksika v povesti L. N. Tolstogo 'Khadzhi-Murat'."
16. Aristotle, The Physics, ed. by Francis M. Cornford (Cambridge, MA Harvard Univ. Press, 1957), 1: 129-30
17. Troyat, Tolstoy, 222-23
18. Edward Wasiolek, "The Cossacks," in Tolstoy's Major Fiction (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1978), ch. 4
19. Donna Tussig Orwin, Tolstoy's Art and Thought (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1993)
20. Layton, Russian Literature and Empire
21. John F. Baddeley, The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus (London: Longmans Green, 1908), xxxvii
22. Joanna Nichols, "Chechen," in The Indigenous Languages of the by Rieks Smeets (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1994), 4t. 2: 1-77. Caucasus, ed. by Rieks Smeets (Delmar, NY: Caravan Books, 1994), 4t. 2: 1-77
23. Bernard Comrie, The Languages of the Soviet Union (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1981), 197
24. Alexandre Bennigsen and S. Enders Wimbush, "The Chechen-Ingush. " in Muslims of the Soviet Empire (Bloomington: Indiana Univ. Press, 1986), 189
25. John B. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of Separatist Conflict (Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998), 33
26. Bennigsen and Wimbush, "The Chechen-Ingush."
27. Michel Cadot, "Hadji Mourat ou les ambiguités de la guerre russe en Tchétchénie tolstoïennes vis-à-vis de la guerre russe en Tchétché nie," in Michel Aucouturier, Autor de Tolstoï (Paris: Institut d'études slaves, 1995), 56
28. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya, 19
29. John Colarusso, "Yeltsin's war in Chechnia," Current History 94, no. 594 (1995): 329-35
30. Nichols, "Chechen."
31. Colarusso, "Yeltsin's War in Chechnia."
32. A. Kh. Tankiev, "Elementy narodnogo obshchestvennogo soznaniia kavkazskikh proizvedeniiakh L. N. Tolstogo, in Mal'chevskaia, L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Inguishiia, 81. vainakhov v kavkazskikh proizvedeniiakh L. N. Tolstogo," in Mal'chevskaia, L. N. Tolstoi i Checheno-Inguishiia, 81
33. Leo Tolstoy, The Great Short Works of Leo Tolstoy, ed. and with intro. by John Bayley (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 98. John Bayley (New York: Harper and Row, 1967), 98
34. Dunlop, Russia Confronts Chechnya, 16, 22
35. Aristotleoetics, ed. and trans. by W. Hamilton (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press. Loeb Classical Library, 1927), 8.1451 a 24. Univ. Press. Loeb Classical Library, 1927), 8.1451 a 24
36. Paul Friedrich, "Chiasmus in Tolstoy's The Cossacks," ms., 2002
37. B. M. Eikhenbaum, Molodoi Tolstoi [München: Wilhelm Fink, 1922] 188. I would say that all art is realistic and all art is symbolic, but there is a significant difference between a Nikolai Nekrasov or a Robert Frost representing a mortal injury (in poems that are, incidentallyhonically masterful), and, on the contrary, a Konstantin Balmont or a Stephane Mallarmé weaving word fabrics that purport to be sufficient unto the music of their phonic selves. 188). I would say that all art is realistic and all art is symbolic, but there is a significant difference between a Nikolai Nekrasov or a Robert Frost representing a mortal injury (in poems that are, incidentallyhonically masterful), and, on the contrary, a Konstantin Balmont or a Stephane Mallarmé weaving word fabrics that purport to be sufficient unto the music of their phonic selves
38. Dzhigit and Girei-Khan occur many times in The Cossacks, but biriuk is a hapax legomenon (see E. N. Shipova, Slovar' tiurkizmov v russkom iazyke [Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1976], 47 for Turkic connections). hapax legomenon (see E. N. Shipova, Slovar' tiurkizmov v russkom iazyke [Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1976], 47 for Turkic connections)
39. Boris O. Unbegaun, The Oxford Russian-English Dictionary (Oxford Clarendon Press, 1986), 355
40. Paul Friedrich, "Language, ideology, and political economy," American Anthropologist 9 (1989): 305-06
41. Friedrich, "Language, Ideology and Political Economy," 306
42. Friedrich, "The Tragedy of Shame"; Brock Eide, "Indirect Anna Karenina, ms., 1998. infectiousness in Anna Karenina," ms., 1998
43. Cadot, "Hadji Mourat," 53
44. Eikhenbaum, Molodoi Tolstoi, 69
45. Vladimir Gudakoff, "Les oeuvres Caucasiennes de Léon ethnologique la cultura Russe Tolstoï comme Document ethnologique," in Cahiers Léon Tolstoy II: Autour de Tolstoï: Le Caucase dans la cultura Russe (Paris: Institut d'études slaves, 1997), 36-43
46. Gaitukaev, "Lev Tolstoi i gortsy kavkaza," 71
47. L. P. Semenov, Kavkaz i Tolstoi 1898-1923 (Vladikavkaz: Norobtainakh-pf 1928), 234-35
48. E.g., Aucouturier, Autour de Tolstoï
49. Troyat Tolstoy, 75, 81
50. The Washington Post, Aug. 10, 2000, A22
51. Dale Pesmen, Russia and Soul (Ithaca, NY: Cornell Univ. Press, 2000), 245
52. Alaina Lemon, Between Two Fires: Gypsy Performance and Romani Memory from Postsocialism Pushkin to Postsocialism (Durham, NC: Duke Univ. Press, 2000), 61
53. Michel Aucouturier, "Le Caucase et la tentation païenne de Tolstoï," in Autour de Tolstoï (Paris: Institute d'études slaves 1995), 49
54. Jackson, "The Archetypal Journey," 380
55. George Steiner, Tolstoy or Dostoievsky: An Essay in the Old Criticism (New York: Vintage Books, 1959), 113, 126
56. Werner Jaegeraideia: the Ideals of Greek Culture, trans. by Gilbert Highet (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1945), 1: 15-57
57. Tolstoy (Bayley), Hadji Murat, 629