Design and behaviour of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls constructed on yielding foundations

Geosynthetics International

Volumn 10, Issue 6, 2003, Pages 200-214

  Skinner, G D ^a   Rowe, R K ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

Design and behaviour; Geosynthetics; Numerical analysis; Reinforced retaining walls; Yielding viscoplastic foundation

Indexed keywords

DEFORMATION; HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY; MATHEMATICAL MODELS; REINFORCEMENT; RETAINING WALLS; SHEAR STRENGTH; SOIL STRUCTURE INTERACTIONS; STRESS ANALYSIS; VISCOPLASTICITY; VISCOSITY;

REINFORCED RETAINING WALLS; RIGID BASE; SOIL WALLS; YIELDING VISCOPLASTIC FOUNDATION;

GEOSYNTHETIC MATERIALS;

GEOSYNTHETICS; REINFORCEMENT;

EID: 14944345121     PISSN: 10726349     EISSN: 10726349     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1680/gein.2003.10.6.200     Document Type: Article

References (73)

1. AASHTO (1996). Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges, with 1998 Interims, 16th edn, American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
2. Allen, T. M. & Bathurst, R.J. (2002). Observed long-term performance of geosynthetic walls and implications for design. Geosynthetics International, 9, Nos 5-6, 525-566.
3. Allen, T. M., Christopher, B. R. & Holtz, R. D. (1992). Performance of a 12.6 m high geotextile wall in Seattle, Washington. Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls, Wu, J. T. H., Editor, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 81-100.
4. ASTM D 4595 (1998). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Geotextiles by Wide-Width Strip Method, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA, USA.
5. ASTM D 5262 (1998). Standard Test Method for Evaluating the Unconfined Tensile Creep Behaviour of Geosynthetics, American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, PA.
6. Bathurst, R. J. (2000). Unpublished test data for ASTM Standard D 4595 Stress-strain Data for Stratagrid 200. Obtained from Dr R. Bathurst, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
7. Bathurst, R. J. & Benjamin, D. J. (1990). Failure of a geogrid-reinforced soil wall. Transportation Research Record, No. 1288, 109-116.
8. Bathurst, R. J. & Simac, M. R. (1994). Geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining wall structures in North America. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Singapore, 1275-1298.
9. Bathurst, R. J., Wawrychuk, W. F. & Jarrett, P. M. (1988). Laboratory investigation of two large-scale geogrid reinforced soil walls. The Application of Polymeric Reinforcement in Soil Retaining Structures, Jarrett, P. M. and McGown, A., Editors, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 71-125.
10. Bathurst, R. J., Benjamin, D. J. & Jarrett, P. M. (1989). An instrumented geogrid reinforced soil wall. Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, 2, 1223-1226.
11. Bathurst, Jarrett & Associates Inc. (1996a). Report on Results of Pisa II Block Unit Interface Shear Capacity Testing. Bathurst, Jarrett & Associates Inc., Kingston, Ontario.
12. Bathurst, Jarrett & Associates Inc. (1996b). Report on Results of Pisa II Unit with Stratagrid 200 Connection Capacity Testing. Bathurst, Jarrett & Associates Inc., Kingston, Ontario.
13. Bell, J. R., Barrett, R. K. & Ruckman, A. C. (1983). Geotextile earth-reinforced retaining wall tests: Glenwood Canyon, Colorado. Transportation Research Record, No. 916, 59-69.
14. Berg, R.R., Bonaparte, R., Anderson, R. P. & Chouery, V. E. (1986). Design, construction and performance of two geogrid reinforced soil retaining walls. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotextiles, Vienna, 401-406.
15. Bergado, D. T., Shivashankar, R., Sampaco, C. L., Alfaro, M. C. & Anderson, L. R. (1991). Behaviour of a welded wire wall with poor quality, cohesive-friction backfill on soft Bangkok clay: a case study. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 28, 860-880.
16. Bergado, M. T., Menil, N. J. L., Rimoldi, R. & Douglas, R. S. (1994). Performance of full scale embankment on soft Bangkok clay with geogrid reinforcement. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Singapore, 1-4.
17. Biot, M. A. (1941). General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. Journal of Applied Physics, 12, 155-164.
18. Bjerrum, L. (1973). Problems of soil mechanics and construction on soft and structurally unstable soils (collapsible, expansive and others). Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Moscow, 3, 111-159.
19. Bloomfield, R. A., Soliman, A. F. & Abraham, A. (2001). Performance of mechanically stabilized earth walls over compressible soils. In Landmarks in Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, H. and Yasufuku, N. (eds), Swets and Zeitlinger, Balkema, pp. 317-322.
20. Bolton, M. D. (1986). The strength and dilatancy of sands. Géotechnique, 36, No. 1, 65-78.
21. Canadian Geotechnical Society (CGS) (1992). Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 3rd edn, CGS, Richmond, British Columbia.
22. Carter, J. P. & Balaam, N. P. (1990). Program AFENA: A General Finite Element Algorithm. Centre for Geotechnical Research, University of Sydney, New South Wales.
23. Chen, W. F. & Mizuno, E. (1990). Non-Linear Analysis in Soil Mechanics: Theory and Implementation, Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 53, Elsevier, New York.
24. Chou, N. N. S. & Wu, J. T. H. (1993). Effects of foundation on the performance of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls. Proceedings of Geosynthetics 1993, Vancouver, 1, pp. 189-202.
25. Craig, R. F. (1992). Soil Mechanics, 5th edn, Chapman & Hall, New York.
26. Curtis, R. L., Chouery-Curtis, V. E. & Miller, D. A. (1988). Geogrid reinforced soil wall on compressible soils. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering, St Louis, 1063-1067.
27. Davis, E. H. & Booker, J. R. (1973). The effect of increasing strength with depth on the bearing capacity of clays. Géotechnique, 23, No. 4, 551-563.
28. Davis, E. H. & Poulos, H. G. (1968). The use of elastic theory for settlement prediction under three-dimensional conditions. Géotechnique, 18, 67-91.
29. Dittrich, J. P. (2000). Slope Behaviour During Excavation of the Sarnia Approach to the St Clair Tunnel. PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario.
30. Duncan, J. M., Byrne, P., Wong, K. S. & Mabry, P. (1980). Strength, Stress-Strain and Bulk Modulus Parameters for Finite Element Analysis of Stresses and Movement in Soil Masses, Geotechnical Engineering Report No. UCB/GT/80-01, University of California, Berkeley.
31. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) (1996). Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and Reinforced Soil Slopes, Design and Construction Guidelines, FHWA Demonstration Project 82, Publication Number FHWA-SA-96-071.
32. Gnanendran, C. T. (1993). Observed and Calculated Behaviour of a Geotextile Reinforced Embankment on a Soft Compressible Soil. PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario.
33. GRI Standard and Practice (1991). GG-4 (a & b): Determination of Long-Term Design Strength of (Stiff and Flexible) Geogrids, Geosynthetic Research Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA.
34. Helwany, S. M. B., Reardon, G. & Wu, J. T. H. (1999). Effects of backfill on the performance of GRS retaining walls. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 17, No. 1, 1-16.
35. Ho, S. K. P. & Rowe, R. K. (1993). Finite element analysis of geosynthetic-reinforced soil walls. Proceedings of Geosynthetics '93, Vancouver, pp. 203-216.
36. Holtz, R. D. & Kovacs, W. D. (1981). An Introduction to Geotechnical Engineering, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
37. Industrial Fabrics Association International (IFAI) (1999). 2000 Specifier's Guide, GFR, 17, No. 9, Industrial Fabrics Association International, Roseville, MN.
38. Janbu, N. (1963). Soil compressibility as determined by oedometer and triaxial tests. Proceedings of the European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Wiesbaden, pp. 19-25.
39. Karpurapu, K. & Bathurst, R. J. (1992). Analysis of geosynthetic reinforced soil wall by the finite element method. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Numerical Models in Geomechanics: NUMOG 4, Swansea, 861-870.
40. Kirschner, R. & Hermansen, E. (1994) Abutments in reinforced soil for a road bridge. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Geotextiles, Geomembranes and Related Products, Singapore, 259-260.
41. Koerner, R. K. (1990). Designing with Geosynthetics, 4th edn, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
42. Kojima, K., Tateyama, M., Sakamoto, N. & Maruyama, O. (1996). Geosynthetic-reinforced soil retaining wall using clay on a very soft ground for Hokuriku bullet train yard in Nagano. Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, H., Yasufuku, N. and Omine, K., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/ Brookfield, pp. 227-232.
43. Krieger, J., Erban, P. J. & Thamm, B. R. (1994). Numerical analysis of full-scale tests on geosynthetic reinforced retaining walls. International Journal of Computer Application in Technology, 7, No. 3-6, 242-250.
44. Kulhawy, F. H. & Mayne, P. W. (1990). Manual on Estimating Soil Properties for Foundation Design, Research Project 1493-6, Cornell University, New York.
45. Kumada, T., Otani, Y. & Matsui, T. (1992). Practice and design of reinforced-earth bridge abutments on soft ground. Earth Reinforcement Practice, Ochiai, H., Hayashi, S. and Otani, J., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 373-378.
46. Li, A. L. (2000). Time Dependent Behaviour of Reinforced Embankments on Soft Foundations. PhD thesis, Faculty of Engineering Science, University of Western Ontario.
47. Li, A. L. & Rowe, R. K. (1999). Reinforced embankments over soft foundations under undrained and partially drained conditions. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 17, No. 3, 129-146.
48. Mesri, G., Lo, D. O. K. & Feng, T. W. (1994). Settlement of embankments on soft clays, Keynote Lecture. Settlement '94, Texas A&M University, Geotechnical Special Publication 40, ASCE, Reston, 1, pp. 8-56.
49. Michalowski, R. L. (1998). Limit analysis in stability calculations of reinforced soil structures. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 16, No. 6, 311-331.
50. Nakajima, T., Toriumi, N., Shintani, H., Miyataka, H. & Dobahi, K. (1996). Field performance of a geotextile reinforced soil wall with concrete facing blocks. Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, H., Yasufuku, N. and Omine, K., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 427-432.
51. National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA) (1996). Design Manual for Segmental Retaining Walls, 2nd edn, NCMA, Herndon, VA.
52. Ochiai, Y. & Fukuda, N. (1996). Experimental study on geotextile-reinforced soil walls with different facing. Symposium on Geosynthetics: Application, Design and Construction, de Groot, M. B., den Hoedt, G. and Termaat, R. J., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/ Brookfield, pp. 113-120.
53. Otani, J., Hirai, T., Ochiai, H. & Shinowaki, S. (1998). Evaluation of foundation support for geosynthetic reinforced soil wall on sloping ground. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, 601-603.
54. Palmeira, E. M. & Monte, L. M. (1997). The behaviour of model reinforced walls on soft soils. Proceedings of Geosynthetics '97, Long Beach, California, 73-84.
55. Perzyna, P. (1963). The constitutive equations for work-hardening and rate sensitive plastic materials. Proceedings of Vibration Problems, Warsaw, 4, No. 3, 281-290.
56. Porbaha, A., Zhao, A., Kobayashi, M. & Tishida, T. (2000). Upper bound estimate of scaled reinforced retaining walls. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 18, No. 6, 403-413.
57. Poulos, H. G. & Davis, E. H. (1974). Elastic Solutions for Soil and Rock Mechanics, Wiley, New York.
58. Rowe, R. K. (2000). Geotechnical Design using Geosynthetics, ES707 Course Notes. University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario.
59. Rowe, R. K. & Hinchberger, S. D. (1998). The significance of rate effects in modelling the Sackville test embankment. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 35, No. 3, 500-516.
60. Rowe, R. K. & Ho, S. K. P. (1993). A review of the behaviour of reinforced soil walls. Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, H., Hayashi, S. and Otani, J., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 801-830.
61. Rowe, R. K. & Ho, S. K. P. (1996). Some insights into reinforced wall behaviour based on finite element analysis. Earth Reinforcement, Ochiai, H., Yasufuku, N. and Omine, K., Editors, Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 485-490.
62. Rowe, R. K. & Skinner, G. D. (2001). Numerical analysis of geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall constructed on a layered soil foundation. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 19, 387-412.
63. Rowe, R. K. & Soderman, K. L. (1987). Stabilization of very soft soils using high strength geosynthetics: the role of finite element analysis. Geotextiles and Geomembranes, 6, No. 1-3, 53-80.
64. Schlosser, F. & Guilloux, A. (1982). Reinforced Earth uses on soft soils. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Recent Developments in Ground Improvement Techniques, Bangkok, Balasubramanian, A. S., Chandra, S. and Bergado, D. T., Editors, pp.145-152.
65. Schmertmann, G. R., Chew, S. H. & Mitchell, J. K. (1989). Finite Element Modelling of Reinforced Soil Wall Behaviour, Department of Civil Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Geotechnical Engineering Report No. UCB/GT/89-01.
66. Skinner, G. D. (2002). Geosynthetic Reinforced Soil Walls Constructed on Yielding Foundations, PhD thesis, Faculty of Applied Science, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario.
67. Slope/W (2001). Slope/W for Slope Stability Analysis, Geo-slope International Ltd, Calgary, Alberta.
68. Tavenas, F., Jean, P., Leblond, P. & Leroueil, S. (1983). The permeability of natural soft clays. Part II: Permeability characteristics. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, 20, No. 4, pp. 645-660.
69. Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B. & Mesri, G. (1996). Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice, 3rd edn, Wiley, New York.
70. Tsukada, Y., Oehiai, Y., Miyataka, H. & Tajiri, T. (1998). Field performance of a geosynthetic-reinforced soil wall with rigid facing. Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Geosynthetics, Atlanta, 577-580.
71. Wu, J. T. H. (1992a). Measured behaviour of the Denver walls. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Walls, Denver, Balkema, Rotterdam/Brookfield, pp. 31-42.
72. Wu, J. T. H. (1992b). Predicting performance of the Denver walls: general report. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Geosynthetic-Reinforced Soil Walls, Denver, Balkema, Rotterdam/ Brookfield, pp. 3-20.
73. Yoo, C. & Kim, J.-S. (2001). Effects of foundation stiffness and surface loading on the behaviour of soil-reinforced segmental retaining walls. Proceedings of Geosynthetic Conference 2001, Portland, OR, pp. 373-385.