An algorithm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in Latin America

Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 148-160

  Chacra, A R ^a   Davidson, Jaime A ^b,i   Diaz, J ^c   Escalante Pulido, M ^d   Litwak, L E ^e   Mestman, J H ^f   More, L ^g   Violante, R M ^h  

^a FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CHILE   (Chile)

^d INSTITUTO MEXICANO DEL SEGURO SOCIAL   (Mexico)

^e HOSPITAL ITALIANO DE BUENOS AIRES   (Argentina)

^f UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^g UNIVERSIDAD PERUANA CAYETANO HEREDIA   (Peru)

^h Facultad de Medicine de Tampico   (Mexico)

ⁱ Endocrine and Diabetes Associates of Texas   (United States)

Author keywords

AIC; Diabetes treatment; Glycaemic control; Self monitoring of blood glucose

Indexed keywords

2,4 THIAZOLIDINEDIONE DERIVATIVE; ACARBOSE; ALPHA GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITOR; GLIBENCLAMIDE; INSULIN ASPART; INSULIN DERIVATIVE; INSULIN GLARGINE; INSULIN LISPRO; INSULIN ZINC SUSPENSION; ISOPHANE INSULIN; METFORMIN; NATEGLINIDE; ORAL ANTIDIABETIC AGENT; PIOGLITAZONE; REPAGLINIDE; ROSIGLITAZONE; SULFONYLUREA DERIVATIVE; TROGLITAZONE;

ABDOMINAL PAIN; ALGORITHM; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION; BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIARRHEA; DIETARY INTAKE; EPIDEMIC; EXERCISE; FLATULENCE; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GENERAL PRACTITIONER; HEALTH PRACTITIONER; HUMAN; HYPERGLYCEMIA; HYPOGLYCEMIA; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; LIFESTYLE; LIVER TOXICITY; MORBIDITY; MORTALITY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PATHOGENESIS; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTOR; SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA; WEIGHT REDUCTION;

EID: 14844355535     PISSN: 14628902     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2004.00380.x     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. King H, Aubert RE, Herman WH. Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1414-1431.
2. Barcelo A, Rajpathak S. Incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the Americans. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2001; 10 (5): 300-308.
3. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). World Health Organization (available from http://www.paho.org/english/hcp/hcn/ipm/dia-diabetesmellitus.htm, retrieved December 2002).
4. Aschner P, de Sereday MHS. The emerging role of Latin American Diabetes Epidemiology Group (GLED) in redefining the dimensions and redefining the solutions. IDF Bull 1997; 42: 14-16.
5. Careter JS, Pugh JA, Monterrosa A. Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in minorities in the United States. Ann Intern Med 1996; 125: 221-232.
6. Barcelo' A, Aedo C, Rajpathak S, Robles S. The cost of diabetes in Latin America and the Caribbean. Bull World Health Organ 2003; 81: 19-27.
7. International Diabetes Federation. E.-Atlas (available from http://www.idf.org/e-atlas/home, retrieved December 2002).
8. Larenas G, Arias G, Espinoza O et al. Prevalencia de diabetes mellitus en una comunidad mapuche de la IX Region. Chile Rev Méd Chile 1985; 113: 1121-1125.
9. Cruickshank JK, Alleyne SA. Black West Indian and matched white diabetics in Britain compared with diabetics in Jamaica: body mass, blood pressure, and vascular disease. Diabetes Care 1987; 10: 170.
10. Hamman RF, Franklin GA, Mayer EJ et al. Microvascular complications of NIDDM in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. Diabetes Care 1991; 14 (Suppl. 3): 655.
11. Ramlo-Halsted BA, Edelman SV. The natural history of type 2 diabetes: implications for clinical practice. Prim Care 1999; 26 (4): 771-789.
12. Gerich JE. Pathogenesis and treatment of type 2 (noninsulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Horm Metab Res 1996; 28 (9): 404-412.
13. Reaven GM. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes 1988; 37: 1595-1607.
14. Bogardus C, Lillioja S, Mott DM, Hollenbeck C, Reaven GM. Relationship between degree of obesity and in vivo insulin action in man. Am J Physiol 1985; 248 (3 Pt 1): E286-E291.
15. The DCCT Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 977-986.
16. Ohkubo Y, Kishikawa H, Araki E et al. Intensive insulin therapy prevents the progression of diabetic microvascular complications in Japanese patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized prospective 6-year study. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1995; 28: 103-117.
17. The UKPDS Study Group. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998; 352: 837-853.
18. Stratton IM, Adler AI, Neil HA et al. Association of glycaemia with macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 35): prospective observational study. BMJ 2000; 321: 405-412.
19. IDF (Europe) European Diabetes Policy Group. A desk-top guide to type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Med 1999; 16: 716-730.
20. American College of Endocrinology. Consensus statement on guidelines for glycemic control. Endocrine Pract 2002; 8 (Suppl. 1): 5-11.
21. UKPDS Study Group (38). Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. BMJ 1998; 317: 703-713.
22. Gerald S, Berenson MD, Sathanur R et al. Association between multiple cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1998: 338: 1650-1656.
23. National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation 2002; 106 (25): 3143-3421.
24. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346 (6): 393-403.
25. Pan XR, Li GW, Hu YH et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance: the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study. Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 537-544.
26. Tuomilehto J, Lindström J, Eriksson JG et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.
27. Pyorala K, Pedersen TR, Kjekshus J, Faergeman O, Olsson AG, Thorgeirsson G. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease. A subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S). Diabetes Care 1997; 20: 614-620.
28. Rubins HB, Robins SJ, Collins D et al. Diabetes, plasma insulin, and cardiovascular disease: subgroup analysis from the Department of Veterans Affairs high-density lipoprotein intervention trial (VA-HIT). Arch Intern Med 2002; 162 (22): 2597-2604.
29. American Diabetes Association. Clinical Practice Recommendations. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1): S87-S88.
30. Colwell JA. Aspirin therapy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1997; 20 (11): 1767-1771.
31. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992; 15 (7): 815-819.
32. Despres JP, Pascot A, Lemieux I. Risk factors associated with obesity: a metabolic perspective. Ann Endocrinol (Paris) 2000; 61 (Suppl. 6): 31-38.
33. Reaven GM, Einhorn D, Ford E. Task force on the insulin resistance syndrome. The insulin resistance syndrome: definition, identification and therapeutic approaches. Endocrinol Prac 2003; 9 (3): 237-252.
34. de Groot M, Anderson RJ, Freedland KE, Clouse RE, Lustman PJ. Association of diabetes complications and depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes 2000; 49: A63 [abstract].
35. Stetson B, Barnes N, Barton T et al. The role of depression in glycemic control and CHD risk factors in diabetes Diabetes 2000; 49: A64 [abstract].
36. Metro MJ, Broderick GA. Diabetes and vascular impotence: does insulin dependence increase the relative severity? Int J Impot Res 1999; 11: 87-89.
37. Buvat J, Lemair A, Buvat-Herbaut M, Fourlinnie JC, Racadot A, Fossati P. Hyperprolactinemia and sexual function in men. Horm Res 1985; 22 (196): 203.
38. Kannel WB, D'Agostino RB, Cobb JL. Effect of weight on cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63 (Suppl.): S419-S422.
39. Halle M, Berg A, Garwers U et al. Influence of 4 weeks' intervention by exercise and diet on low-density lipoprotein subfractions in obese men with type 2 diabetes. Metabolism 1999; 48 (5): 641-644.
40. Franz MJ, Monk A, Barry B et al. Effectiveness of medical nutrition therapy provided by dieticians in the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Am Diet Assoc 1995; 95: 1009-1017.
41. DeFronzo RA, Sherwin RS, Kraemer N. Effect of physical training on insulin action in obesity. Diabetes 1987; 36 (12): 1379-1385.
42. American Diabetes Association. Clinical Practice Recommendations 2003. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1): S33-S50.
43. American Diabetes Association. Clinical Practice Recommendations 2003. Diabetes Care 2003; 26 (Suppl. 1): S51-S61.
44. Karter AJ, Ackerson LM, Darbinian JA et al. Self-monitoring of blood glucose levels and glycemic control: the Northern California Kaiser Permanente Diabetes Registry. Am J Med 2001; 111: 1-9.
45. Schwedes U, Siebolds M, Mertes G, for the SMBG Study Group. Meal-related structured self-monitoring of blood glucose effect on diabetes control in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2002; 25: 1928-1932.
46. Abraira C, Henderson W, Colwell J et al. Response to intensive therapy steps and to glipizide dose in combination with insulin in type 2 diabetes (VA Feasibility Study). Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 574-379.
47. UKPDS Study Group. UKPDS 16: Overview of 6 years' therapy of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 1995; 44: 1249-1258.
48. Jacobon L, Sogaard B, Riis A. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a premixed formulation of soluble and protamine-retarded insulin aspart. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2000; 56: 399-403.
49. Roach P, Trautmann ME, Anderson JH, The Mix25 Study Group. Improved postprandial glycemia during treatment with an intermediate-acting insulin mixture, Mix25. Diabetologia 1998; 41 (Suppl. 1): A244 [abstract].
50. Roach P, Trautmann M, Anderson J, the LM Study Group. Lower incidence of nocturnal hypoglycemia during treatment with a novel protamine-based formulation of insulin lispro. Diabetes 1998; 47 (Suppl. 1): A92 [abstract].
51. Goldberg RB, Einhorn D, Lucas CP et al. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of repaglinide in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1998; 21: 1897-1903.
52. Gribble FM, Manley SE, Levy JC. Randomized dose ranging study of the reduction of fasting and postprandial glucose in type 2 diabetes by nateglinide (A-4166). Diabetes Care 2001; 24: 1221-1225.
53. Allavoine TH, Marre M. Efficacy of a fixed combination of metformin/glibenclamide in metformin failure type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2000; 50 (Suppl. 1): P1368.
54. Davidson J, Garber A, Mooradian A, Piper BA. Effect of metformin/glyburide tablets on HbA1c in first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2000; 49 (Suppl. 1): 432-P.
55. Aviles-Santa L, Sinding J, Raskin P. Effects of metformin in patients with poorly controlled, insulin-treated type 2 diabetes mellitus. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 1999; 131 (3): 182-188.
56. Riddle MC, Rosenstock J, HOE901 Study Group. Treatment to target study: Insulin glargine vs NPH insulin added to oral therapy of type 2 diabetes. Successful control with less nocturnal hypoglycemia. Diabetes 2002; 51 (Suppl. 2): A457-P.
57. Rosenstock J, Riddle MC, Dailey G, Gerich J, Mecca T, Wilson C, Bugos C, for the HOE901/4002 Study Group. Treatment to target study: Feasibility of achieving control with the addition of basal bedtime insulin glargine (Lantus®) or NPH insulin in insulin-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes on oral agents. Diabetes 2001; 50 (Suppl. 2): A520.
58. Data on file. Prandin® (repaglinide) Prescribing Information, Novo Nordisk, August 2000.
59. Data on file: Starlix® (nateglinide) Prescribing Information, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, November 2002.
60. Data on file: Glucophage® (metformin hydrochloride) Prescribing Information, Bristol-Myers Squibb, December 1999.
61. Data on file: Actos® (pioglitazone HCl) Prescribing Information, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, February 2000.
62. Data on file: Avandia® (rosiglitazone maleate) Prescribing Information, SmithKline Beecham, February 2001.
63. Data on file: Precose® (Acarbose). Prescribing Information: Bayer Corporation, October 1999.
64. Data on file: Glyset™ (miglitol tablets) Prescribing Information, Pharmacia/Upjohn, September 1999.
65. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group. Retinopathy and nephropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes four years after a trial of intensive therapy. N Engl J Med 2000; 342: 381-389.
66. Lebowitz H. Treating hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes: new goals and strategies. Cleve Clin J Med 2002; 69 (10): 809-820.
67. Ramlo-Halsted BA, Edelman SV. The natural history of type 2 diabetes. Implications for clinical practice. Prim Care 1999; 26 (4): 771-789.