Clinical manifestations and complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

International Journal of Clinical Practice

Volumn 59, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 346-355

  Malfertheiner, Peter ^a   Hallerback B ^b  

^a OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

^b NÄL Hospital   (Sweden)

Author keywords

Chest pain; Gastroesophageal reflux; Oesophagitis; Otolaryngology; Pulmonary disease

Indexed keywords

ANGINA PECTORIS; ASTHMA; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; COUGHING; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; ESOPHAGEAL ADENOCARCINOMA; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGUS STRICTURE; FREQUENCY ANALYSIS; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; GASTROINTESTINAL ENDOSCOPY; HEARTBURN; HOARSENESS; HUMAN; INSOMNIA; LARYNGITIS; OTITIS; PATHOLOGICAL ANATOMY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RESPIRATORY SYSTEM; REVIEW; SINUSITIS; SLEEP DISORDER; STOMACH FUNDOPLICATION; THORAX PAIN; TOOTH DISEASE; ULCER;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ANGINA PECTORIS; ASTHMA; BARRETT ESOPHAGUS; CHEST PAIN; COUGH; ESOPHAGEAL NEOPLASMS; ESOPHAGEAL STENOSIS; ESOPHAGITIS; ESOPHAGOSCOPY; GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX; HUMANS; LARYNGEAL DISEASES; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; SLEEP DISORDERS;

EID: 14844340152     PISSN: 13685031     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2005.00370.x     Document Type: Review

References (131)

1. Locke GR III, Talley NJ, Fett SL et al. Prevalence and clinical spectrum of gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 (5): 1448-56.
2. A Gallup Survey on Heartburn Across America. Princeton, NJ, USA: The Gallup Organization, Inc, 1998.
3. Eisen G. The epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: what we know and what we need to know. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96 (8 Suppl.): S16-8.
4. Haque M, Wyeth JW, Stace NH et al. Prevalence, severity and associated features of gastro-oesophageal reflux and dyspepsia: a population-based study. N Z Med J 2000; 113 (1110): 178-81.
5. Dent J. Patterns of lower esophageal sphincter function associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Med 1997; 103 (5A): 29S-32S.
6. DeMeester TR. Evolving concepts of reflux: the ups and downs of the LES. Can J Gastroenterol 2002; 16 (5): 327-31.
7. Fein M, Ritter MP, DeMeester TR et al. Role of the lower esophageal sphincter and hiatal hernia in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastrointest Surg 1999; 3 (4): 405-10.
8. Hogan WJ, Dodds WJ. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (reflux esophagitis). In: Sleisenger MH, Fordtran JS, eds. Gastrointestinal Disease, 4th edn. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1989: 594-619.
9. Labenz J, Blum AL, Bayerdorffer E et al. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1997; 112 (5): 1442-7.
10. Fallone CA, Barkun AN, Friedman G et al. Is Helicobacter pylori eradication associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease? Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (4): 914-20.
11. Yamaji Y, Mitsushima T, Ikuma H et al. Inverse background of Helicobacter pylori antibody and pepsinogen in reflux oesophagitis compared with gastric cancer: analysis of 5732 Japanese subjects. Gut 2001; 49 (3): 335-40.
12. El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A, Jamal MM et al. Corpus gastritis is protective against reflux oesophagitis. Gut 1999; 45 (2): 181-5.
13. Koike T, Ohara S, Sekine H et al. Helicobacter pylori infection prevents erosive reflux oesophagitis by decreasing gastric acid secretion. Gut 2001; 49 (3): 330-4.
14. Malfertheiner P, Dent J, Zeijlon L et al. Impact of Helicobacter pylori eradication on heartburn in patients with gastric or duodenal ulcer disease - results from a randomized trial programme. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (8): 1431-42.
15. Peters FT, Kuipers EJ, Ganesh S et al. The influence of Helicobacter pylori on oesophageal acid exposure in GERD during acid suppressive therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1999; 13 (7): 921-6.
16. Zentilin P, Iiritano E, Vignale C et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is not involved in the pathogenesis of either erosive or non-erosive gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17 (8): 1057-64.
17. Manifold DK, Anggiansah A, Rowe I et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux and duodenogastric reflux before and after eradication in Helicobacter pylori gastritis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 13 (5): 535-9.
18. Laine L, Sugg J. Effect of Helicobacter pylori eradication on development of erosive esophagitis and gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: a post hoc analysis of eight double blind prospective studies. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (12): 2992-7.
19. Malfertheiner P. Helicobacter pylori eradication does not exacerbate gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Gut 2004; 53 (2): 312-3.
20. Armstrong D, Bennett JR, Blum AL et al. The endoscopic assessment of esophagitis: a progress report on observer agreement. Gastroenterology 1996; 111 (1): 85-92.
21. Carlsson R, Fandriks L, Jonsson C et al. Is the esophageal squamous epithelial barrier function impaired in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34 (5): 454-8.
22. Tobey NA, Carson JL, Alkiek RA et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a morphological feature of acid reflux - damaged human esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology 1996; 111 (5): 1200-5.
23. Adachi K, Fujishiro H, Katsube T et al. Predominant nocturnal acid reflux in patients with Los Angeles grade C and D reflux esophagitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16 (11): 1191-6.
24. McDougall NI, Johnston BT, Collins JS et al. Disease progression in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease as determined by repeat oesophageal PH monitoring and endoscopy 3-4.5 years after diagnosis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 9 (12): 1161-7.
25. Orlando RC. Esophageal epithelial resistance. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8 (Suppl. 1): 12-6.
26. Marcinkiewicz M, Han K, Zbroch T et al. The potential role of the esophageal pre-epithelial barrier components in the maintenance of integrity of the esophageal mucosa in patients with endoscopically negative gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (7): 1652-60.
27. Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. Do salivary organic components play a protective role in health and disease of the esophageal mucosa? Digestion 1995; 56 (Suppl. 1): 32-7.
28. Jones RH, Hungin AP, Phillips J et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in primary care in Europe: clinical presentation and endoscopic findings. Eur J Gen Pract 1995; 1: 149-54.
29. Thomson AB, Barkun AN, Armstrong D et al. The prevalence of clinically significant endoscopic findings in primary care patients with uninvestigated dyspepsia: the Canadian Adult Dyspepsia Empiric Treatment-Prompt Endoscopy (CADET-PE) study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17 (12): 1481-91.
30. Ronkainen JA, Aro P, Storskrubb T et al. Prevalence of esophagitis and endoscopy-negative reflux disease in a population: a report from the Kalixanda study. Gastroenterology 2002; 122 (4 Suppl. 1): A-213.
31. Sashiyama H, Matsubara H, Koide Y et al. Benign esophageal stricture caused by diffuse severe esophagitis presenting as ascending fibrosis: report of a case. Surg Today 1998; 28 (5): 538-41.
32. Zaninotto G, DeMeester TR, Bremner CG et al. Esophageal function in patients with reflux-induced strictures and its relevance to surgical treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 47 (3): 362-70.
33. Kuo WH, Kalloo AN. Reflux strictures of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1998; 8 (2): 273-81.
34. Avidan B, Sonnenberg A, Schnell TG et al. Hiatal hernia size, Barrett's length, and severity of acid reflux are all risk factors for esophageal adenocarcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (8): 1930-6.
35. Conin M, Filiberti R, Blanchi S et al. Risk factors for Barrett's esophagus: a case-control study. Int J Cancer 2002; 97 (2): 225-9.
36. Hamilton SR, Yardley JH. Regenerative of cardiac type mucosa and acquisition of Barrett mucosa after esophagogastrostomy. Gastroenterology 1977; 72 (4 Pt 1): 669-75.
37. Spechler SJ, Goyal RK. Barrett's esophagus. N Engl J Med 1986; 315 (6): 362-71.
38. Winters C Jr, Spurling TJ, Chobanian SJ et al. Barrett's esophagus. A prevalent, occult complication of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 92 (1): 118-24.
39. Hamilton SR. Pathogenesis of columnar cell-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. In: Spechler SJ, Goyal RK, eds. Barrett's Esophagus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management New York: Elsevier Science, 1985: 29-37.
40. el-Serag HB. The epidemic of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 2002; 31 (2): 421-40, viii.
41. Lagergren J, Bergstrom R, Lindgren A et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux as a risk factor for esophageal adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 1999; 340 (11): 825-31.
42. Shaheen N, Ransohoff DF. Gastroesophageal reflux, Barrett esophagus, and esophageal cancer: scientific review. JAMA 2002; 287 (15): 1972-81.
43. Spechler SJ, Goyal RK. The columnar-lined esophagus, intestinal metaplasia, and Norman Barrett. Gastroenterology 1996; 110 (2): 614-21.
44. Sarr MG, Hamilton SR, Marrone GC et al. Barrett's esophagus: its prevalence and association with adenocarcinoma in patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Surg 1985; 149 (1): 187-93.
45. Skinner DB, Walther BC, Riddell RH et al. Barrett's esophagus. Comparison of benign and malignant cases. Ann Surg 1983; 198 (4): 554-65.
46. Spechler SJ, Robbins AH, Rubins HB et al. Adenocarcinoma and Barrett's esophagus. An overrated risk? Gastroenterology 1984; 87 (4): 927-33.
47. Borrie J, Goldwater L. Columnar cell-lined esophagus: assessment of etiology and treatment. A 22 year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1976; 71 (6): 825-34.
48. Naef AP, Savary M. Conservative operations for peptic esophagitis with stenosis in columnar-lined lower esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1972; 13 (6): 543-51.
49. Mann NS, Tsai MF, Nair PK. Barrett's esophagus in patients with symptomatic reflux esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1989; 84 (12): 1494-6.
50. Ronkainen J, Aro P, Storskrubb T, Johansson S, Bolling-Sternevald E, Lind T, Graffner H, Vieth M, Stolte M, Engstrand L, et al. Barrett's esophagus is rare in the Swedish general population despite a high prevalence of GERD: a random population-based study (Kalixanda). Gastroenterology 2004; 126 (Suppl. 2): A308.
51. Cameron AJ, Zinsmeister AR, Ballard DJ et al. Prevalence of columnar-lined (Barrett's) esophagus. Comparison of population-based clinical and autopsy findings. Gastroenterology 1990; 99 (4): 918-22.
52. Gerson LB, Shetler K, Triadafilopoulos G. Prevalence of Barrett's esophagus in asymptomatic individuals. Gastroenterology 2002; 123 (2): 461-7.
53. Cameron AJ. Epidemiology of columnar-lined esophagus and adenocarcinoma. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1997; 26 (3): 487-94.
54. Meyer W, Vollmar F, Bar W. Barrett-esophagus following total gastrectomy. A contribution to its pathogenesis. Endoscopy 1979; 11 (2): 121-6.
55. Isolauri J, Luostarinen M, Isolauri E et al. Natural course of gastroesophageal reflux disease: 17-22 year follow-up of 60 patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 (1): 37-41.
56. Haggitt RC, Dean PJ. Adenocarcinoma in Barrett's epithelium. In: Spechler SJ, Goyal RK, eds. Barrett's Esophagus: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management New York: Elsevier Science, 1985: 153.
57. Rosenberg JC, Budev H, Edwards RC et al. Analysis of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus utilizing a staging system. Cancer 1985; 55 (6): 1353-60.
58. Sanfey H, Hamilton SR, Smith RR et al. Carcinoma arising in Barrett's esophagus. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985; 161 (6): 570-4.
59. Sjogren RW Jr, Johnson LF. Barrett's esophagus: a review. Am J Med 1983; 74 (2): 313-21.
60. Devesa SS, Blot WJ, Fraumeni JF Jr. Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 1998; 83 (10): 2049-53.
61. Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW et al. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1991; 265 (10): 1287-9.
62. Powell J, McConkey CC, Gillison EW et al. Continuing rising trend in oesophageal adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer 2002; 102 (4): 422-7.
63. Chow WH, Finkle WD, McLaughlin JK et al. The relation of gastroesophageal reflux disease and its treatment to adenocarcinomas of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1995; 274 (6): 474-7.
64. Drewitz DJ, Sampliner RE, Garewal HS. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in Barrett's esophagus: a prospective study of 170 patients followed 4.8 years. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92 (2): 212-5.
65. Farrow DC, Vaughan TL. Determinants of survival following the diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (United States). Cancer Causes Control 1996; 7 (3): 322-7.
66. Jaspersen D, Kulig M, Labenz J et al. Prevalence of extra-oesophageal manifestations in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: an analysis based on the ProGERD Study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17 (12): 1515-20.
67. Compte L, Garrigues V, Perpina M et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux in asthma. J Asthma 2000; 37 (2): 175-82.
68. Johanson JF. Epidemiology of esophageal and supraesophageal reflux injuries. Am J Med 2000; 108 (Suppl. 4a): 99S-103S.
69. Sontag SJ, Schnell TG, Miller TQ et al. Prevalence of oesophagitis in asthmatics. Gut 1992; 33 (7): 872-6.
70. Bruno G, Graf U, Andreozzi P. Gastric asthma: an unrecognized disease with an unsuspected frequency. J Asthma 1999; 36 (4): 315-25.
71. Canning BJ. Role of nerves in asthmatic inflammation and potential influence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Med 2001; 111 (Suppl. 8A): 13S-17S.
72. Cinquetti M, Micelli S, Voltolina C et al. The pattern of gastroesophageal reflux in asthmatic children. J Asthma 2002; 39 (2): 135-42.
73. El-Serag HB, Gilger M, Kuebeler M et al. Extraesophageal associations of gastroesophageal reflux disease in children without neurologic defects. Gastroenterology 2001; 121 (6): 1294-9.
74. Gatto G, Peri V, Cuttitta G et al. Gastro-oesophageal reflux: prevalence in asthmatics in Italy. Dig Liver Dis 2000; 32 (1): 75.
75. Gislason T, Janson C, Vermeire P et al. Respiratory symptoms and nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux: a population-based study of young adults in three European countries. Chest 2002; 121 (1): 158-63.
76. Harding SM. Gastroesophageal reflux, asthma, and mechanisms of interaction. Am J Med 2001; 111 (Suppl. 8A): 8S-12S.
77. Harding SM, Sontag SJ. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95 (8 Suppl.): S23-32.
78. Sonnenberg A, El-Serag HB. Clinical epidemiology and natural history of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Yale J Biol Med 1999; 72 (2-3): 81-92.
79. Crowell MD, Zayat EN, Lacy BE et al. The effects of an inhaled beta (2)-adrenergic agonist on lower esophageal function: a dose-response study. Chest 2001; 120 (4): 1184-9.
80. Astarita C, Gargano D, Cutajar M et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and asthma: an intriguing dilemma. Allergy 2000; 55 (Suppl. 61): 52-5.
81. Lodi U, Harding SM, Coghlan HC et al. Autonomic regulation in asthmatics with gastroesophageal reflux. Chest 1997; 111 (1): 65-70.
82. Paterson WG. Extraesophageal manifestations of reflux disease: myths and reality. Chest Surg Clin N Am 2001; 11 (3): 523-38.
83. Wasowska-Krolikowska K, Toporowska-Kowalska E, Krogulska A. Asthma and gastroesophageal reflux in children. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8 (3): RA64-71.
84. Zielinska I, Czerwionka-Szaflarska M. Assessment of the value of pHmetry results in diagnostics of gastroesophageal reflux as a cause of obstructive bronchitis in children. Med Sci Monit 2002; 8 (3): CR169-74.
85. Raiha IJ, Ivaska K, Sourander LB. Pulmonary function in gastro-oesophageal reflux disease of elderly people. Age Ageing 1992; 21 (5): 368-73.
86. Andreu M, Delgado S, Seoane A et al. Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Gut 2003; 52 (Suppl. 6): A124.
87. El-Serag HB, Sonnenberg A. Comorbid occurrence of laryngeal or pulmonary disease with esophagitis in United States military veterans. Gastroenterology 1997; 113 (3): 755-60.
88. D'Urzo A, Jugovic P. Chronic cough. Three most common causes. Can Fam Physician 2002; 48: 1311-6.
89. Ekstrom T, Johansson KE. Effects of anti-reflux surgery on chronic cough and asthma in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease. Respir Med 2000; 94 (12): 1166-70.
90. Beedassy A, Katz PO, Gruber A et al. Prior sensitization of esophageal mucosa by acid reflux predisposes to reflux-induced chest pain. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 31 (2): 121-4.
91. Voskuil JH, Cramer MJ, Breumelhof R et al. Prevalence of esophageal disorders in patients with chest pain newly referred to the cardiologist. Chest 1996; 109 (5): 1210-4.
92. Eslick GD, Coulshed DS, Talley NJ. Review article: the burden of illness of non-cardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16 (7): 1217-23.
93. Ekelund U, Nilsson HJ, Frigyesi A et al. Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome in a university hospital emergency department: an observational study. BMC Emerg Med 2002; 2 (1): 1.
94. Eslick GD, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: squeezing the life out of the Australian healthcare system? Med J Aust 2000; 173 (5): 233-4.
95. Eslick GD, Jones MP, Talley NJ. Non-cardiac chest pain: prevalence, risk factors, impact and consulting - a population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 17 (9): 1115-24.
96. Davies HA, Page Z, Rush EM et al. Oesophageal stimulation lowers exertional angina threshold. Lancet 1985; 1 (8436): 1011-4.
97. Chauhan A, Mullins PA, Taylor G et al. Cardioesophageal reflex: a mechanism for 'linked angina' in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996; 27 (7): 1621-8.
98. Chauhan A, Petch MC, Schofield PM. Cardio-oesophageal reflex in humans as a mechanism for 'linked angina'. Eur Heart J 1996; 17 (3): 407-13.
99. Wright RA, Miller SA, Corsello BF. Acid-induced esophago-bronchial-cardiac reflexes in humans. Gastroenterology 1990; 99 (1): 71-3.
100. Toohill RJ, Mushtag E, Lehman RH. Otolaryngologic manifestations of gastrooesophageal reflux. In: Sacristan T, Alvarez-Vincent JJ, Bartual J et al, eds. Proceedings of XIV World Congress of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Amsterdam: Kugler and Ghedini, 1990: 3005-9.
101. Koufman JA, Wiener GJ, Wu WC et al. Reflux laryngitis and its sequelae: The diagnostic role of ambulatory 24-hour monitoring. J Voice 1988; 2: 78-89.
102. Irwin RS, French CT. Cough and gastroesophageal reflux: identifying cough and assessing the efficacy of cough-modifying agents. Am J Med 2001; 111 (Suppl. 8A): 45S-50S.
103. Ormseth EJ, Wong RK. Reflux laryngitis: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94 (10): 2812-7.
104. Richter JE. Extraesophageal presentations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Semin Gastrointest Dis 1997; 8 (2): 75-89.
105. Theodoropoulos DS, Ledford DK, Lockey RF et al. Prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms in patients with symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164 (1): 72-6.
106. Kamel PL, Hanson D, Kahrilas PJ. Omeprazole for the treatment of posterior laryngitis. Am J Med 1994; 96 (4): 321-6.
107. Galli J, Cammarota G, Calo L et al. The role of acid and alkaline reflux in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Laryngoscope 2002; 112 (10): 1861-5.
108. Koufman JA. The otolaryngologic manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): a clinical investigation of 225 patients using ambulatory 24-hour PH monitoring and an experimental investigation of the role of acid and pepsin in the development of laryngeal injury. Laryngoscope 1991; 101 (4 Pt 2 Suppl. 53): 1-78.
109. Gaynor EB. Gastroesophageal reflux as an etiologic factor in laryngeal complications of intubation. Laryngoscope 1988; 98 (9): 972-9.
110. Kambic V, Radsel Z. Acid posterior laryngitis. Aetiology, histology, diagnosis and treatment. J Laryngol Otol 1984; 98 (12): 1237-40.
111. Little FB, Koufman JA, Kohut RI et al. Effect of gastric acid on the pathogenesis of subglottic stenosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1985; 94 (5 Pt 1): 516-9.
112. Ludemann JP, Manoukian J, Shaw K et al. Effects of simulated gastroesophageal reflux on the untraumatized rabbit larynx. J Otolaryngol 1998; 27 (3): 127-31.
113. Cherry J, Siegel CI, Margulies SI et al. Pharyngeal localization of symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 1970; 79 (5): 912-4.
114. Hallewell JD, Cole TB. Isolated head and neck symptoms due to hiatus hernia. Arch Otolaryngol 1970; 92 (5): 499-501.
115. Von Leden H, Moore P. Contact ulcer of the larynx. Experimental observations. Arch Otolaryngol 1960; 72: 746-52.
116. Ward PH, Berci G. Observations on the pathogenesis of chronic non-specific pharyngitis and laryngitis. Laryngoscope 1982; 92 (12): 1377-82.
117. Frank L, Kleinman L, Ganoczy D et al. Upper gastrointestinal symptoms in North America: prevalence and relationship to healthcare utilization and quality of life. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45 (4): 809-18.
118. Raymer G. Association of gastrointestinal (GI) disorders and sleep disorders in a population of 1741 subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (September Suppl.): S5.
119. Chand N. Sleep disturbance in pts with erosive esophagitis: effects of treatment with esomeprazole. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (September Suppl.): S32.
120. Orr WC. Sleep measures and gastroesophageal reflux in patients with symptomatic GERD. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97 (September Suppl.): S27.
121. Valipour A, Makker HK, Hardy R et al. Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in subjects with a breathing sleep disorder. Chest 2002; 121 (6): 1748-53.
122. Gibson WS Jr, Cochran W. Otalgia in infants and children - a manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1994; 28 (2-3): 213-8.
123. Poelmans J, Tack J, Feenstra L. Prospective study on the incidence of chronic ear complaints related to gastroesophageal reflux and on the outcome of antireflux therapy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2002; 111 (10): 933-8.
124. Barbero GJ. Gastroesophageal reflux and upper airway disease. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1996; 29 (1): 27-38.
125. Ulualp SO, Toohill RJ, Hoffmann R et al. Possible relationship of gastroesophagopharyngeal acid reflux with pathogenesis of chronic sinusitis. Am J Rhinol 1999; 13 (3): 197-202.
126. Jailwala JA, Shaker R. Oral and pharyngeal complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease: globus, dental erosions, and chronic sinusitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2000; 30 (3 Suppl.): S35-8.
127. Jarvinen V, Meurman JH, Hyvarinen H et al. Dental erosion and upper gastrointestinal disorders. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1988; 65 (3): 298-303.
128. Meurman JH, Toskala J, Nuutinen P et al. Oral and dental manifestations in gastroesophageal reflux disease. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994; 78 (5): 583-9.
129. Schroeder PL, Filler SJ, Ramirez B et al. Dental erosion and acid reflux disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122 (11): 809-15.
130. Crawley JA, Schmitt CM. How satisfied are chronic heartburn sufferers with their prescription medications? Results of the patient unmet needs survey. J Clin Outcomes Manage 2000; 7 (11): 29-34.
131. Mokhlesi B, Morris AL, Huang CF et al. Increased prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in patients with COPD. Chest 2001; 119 (4): 1043-8.