The concepts that shape Anatolian Seljuq caravanserais

Muqarnas

Volumn 14, Issue , 1997, Pages 80-95

  Yavuz, Ayşil Tükel ^a  

^a MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY   (Turkey)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14844325420     PISSN: 07322992     EISSN: 09210326     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/1523237     Document Type: Review

References (53)

1. The most extensive and reliable information on the Anatolian Seljuk roads can be found in M. Kemal Özergin, "Anadolu Selçuklu Çaǧinda Anadolu Yollari," Ph.D. diss., Istanbul University, 1959, available in the Istanbul University Library, thesis no. 2797
2. Osman Turan gives detailed information on the policy of the state in "Selçuklu Kervansaraylari," Belleten 10, 39 (1946)
3. Also see Şerafettin Turan, Türkiye-Italya İlişkileri I, Selçuklurlardan Bizans'in Sona Erişine (Istanbul: Metis Yayinlari, 1990)
4. Osman Turan, "Selçuklu Kervansaraylari," Selçuklular ve İslamiyet (Istanbul, 1971), p. 109
5. Doǧan Kuban, Andadolu Türk Mimarisinin Kaynak ve Sorunlari (Istanbul: İstanbul Teknik Ūniversitesi, 1965), pp. 157-59
6. Ibn Bibi, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Tarihi, trans. M.N. Gençosman (Ankara: Uzluk Basimevi, 1941), pp. 164
7. Aksarayi Kerimeddin Mahmut, Müsamerat-al-ahyar, trans. M.N. Geçosman and F.N. Uzluk (Ankara: Recep Uzunoǧlu Basimevi, 1943), p. 158
8. Ibn Bibi, Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti Tarihi, pp. 88-89; 1
9. Hakki Konyali, Konya Tarihi (Konya, 1964), p. 1047
10. For the interpretation of this type of use, see Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Anadolu Selçuklu Kervansaraylarinda Mekân-Işlev İlişkisi İçinde Savunma ve Barinma," IX. Vakif Haftast Kitabi (Ankara: Vakiflar Genel Müdürlüǧü, 1992), p. 254
11. The Mamluk Sultan Baybars stayed at the Tuzhisar Sultan Han and the Karatay Han during his 1277 campaign in Anatolia as documented in Osman Turan, "Selçuklu Kervansaraylari," pp. 102, 111
12. Faruk Sūmer, Yabanlu Pazari (Istanbul: Türk Dünyasini Araştirma Vakfi, 1985). The latter includes a translation of the chronicle of Abdüzahir who provides extensive information especially on the Karatay Han
13. Aksarayi Müsamerat al-ahyar, p. 336
14. Karatay Han is referred to as a zaviye in fifteenth-century documents. Osman Turan, "Celalettin Karatay, Vakiflar ve Vakfiyeleri," Belleten 12, 45 (1948): 567
15. Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Anatolian Caravanserais and Their Use as Statehouses," Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Turkish Art, September 1995 (in press)
16. Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Anadolu Selçuklu Dönemi Hanlari ve Posta-Menzil-Derbent Teşkilâtlari," Profesör Doǧan Kuban'a Armaǧan, (Istanbul: Eren Yayinevi, 1966), pp. 25-38
17. Kurt Erdmann, Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, parts 1-2, 2 vols. (Berlin: Verlag Gebr. Mann, 1961); parts 3 and 4 were published by Hanna Erdmann in 1976
18. Friedrich Sarre, Reise in Kleinasien (Berlin: Geographische Verlagshandlung Dietrich Reimer, 1896). Sarre visited six khans (Goncali Akhan, İshakli, Eǧridir, Obruk, Horozlu and Aksaray Sultan Han) and published the inscription of the Incir Han. He drew plans for Akhan, Horozlu Han, and Aksaray Sultan Han, and a section for the last
19. Halil Edhem [Eldem], "Anadolu Selçukî Hanlari," Türk Yurdu 14, 104 (1915-16): 186
20. M. Ferit Uǧur and M. Mesut Koman, "Karatay Kervansarayi," Konya 35 (1941): 3027
21. Kurt Erdmann, "Notizien zum Inneranatolischen Karavansaray: Beobachtungen auf einer Reise in Juli 1953," Kunst des Orients 2 (1955): 5-29
22. Rahmi Hūseyin Ūnal has published the largest number of monographs on newly discovered caravanserais. His ideas on typology are best reflected in "Osmanli Öncesi Devirden Yayinlanmamiş Birkaç Han Ūzerinde Bir İnceleme," Araştirma Dergisi in Memorian Prof. Albert Louis Gabriel (Ankara: Atatürk Üniversitesi, 1978), pp. 462-70
23. Erdmann, Das Anatolische Karavansaray, Catalog, Text, pp. 21-24
24. Rudolf M. Riefstahl, Cenubugarbî Anadolu'da Türk Mimari Eserleri, trans. C.T. Berktin (Istanbul: İstanbul Maarif Basimevi, 1941), p. 54. The English original was published in 1931)
25. Erdman, Das Anatolische Karavansaray, Catalog, Text, p. 187
26. In fact Erdmann does not include the Alara and Eshab-i Kehf Han in the court khan group in "Das Anatolische Karavansaray," Zeitschrift für Kulturaustausch (Stuttgart, 1962), vols. 2-3, pp. 163-70
27. trans. Fügen Tunçdaǧ as "Selçuk Kervansarayi," Önasya, 2, 13 and 14 (1966). He considers the Evdir, Kirkgöz, and Kargi Han to be a small group related to Persian and Syrian buildings that can be traced to the Sasanians
28. Oktay Aslanapa is a fervent defender of this view: see idem, Türk Sanati I (Istanbul: Milli Eǧitim Basimevi, 1972), pp. 32-93
29. Kurt Erdmann, "Bericht über den Stand der Arbeiten über das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts," Atti del secondo congresso internationale di arte turca, Venezia 26-29 Settembre 1963 (Naples: Istituto Universitario Orientale, Seminario di Turcologia, 1965), p.78
30. Erdmann, "Bericht über den Stand der Arbeiten über das Anatolische Karavansaray," p. 75
31. Erdmann has the side iwans (Erdmann, Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, Katalog, Abbildungen, plate XXIX)
32. Erdmann, "Das anatolische Karavansaray."
33. See Jean Sauvaget, "Caravansérails syriens du Moyen-Age I. Caravansérails Ayyubides," Ars Islamica 6 (1939): 48-55
34. idem, "Caravansérails syriens du Moyen-Age II. Caravansérails Mamelouks,' Ars Islamica 7 (1940): 1-19
35. Actually there are two khans of the Syrian type in southern Turkey, published after the appearance of Erdmann's study (Gönül Güreşsever (Cantay), "Urfa'da İki Kervansaray," MTRE Büteni, 3, 9-10 [1977]: 12-27). One is an undated khan in the village of Çar Melik between Suniç and Urfa and the other is the dated 1228-29 khan in Han Elbaǧrur to the south of Harran, only 15 km. from the Syrian border. G. Güreşsever (Cantay) claims that they are Seljuq, based on a document which indicates that this region was under Seljuq rule until 1234. For the time being, I refrain from including them among the Seljuq khans for several reasons: one is the term "this region" which is vague; more information has to be collected to verify the location. The inscription panel gives no reference to a ruler, nor a title for the donor. Second is the existence of fireplaces in both buildings, which seems questionable for the assumed date. In Han Elbaǧrur they can be later additions, but in Çar Melik Han they seem to be an integral part of the buildings, as in seventeenth-century Ottoman derbent khans, which is what I think this building is, with a separate mosque and a periphery wall. If the fireplaces in Han Elbaǧrur are accepted as original, they reflect a heating technology not observed in the other buildings of the period. Third, the plan arrangement, the treatment of the spaces, and the superstructure with continuous cross vaults bear no similarity to Anatolian Seljuq khans as far as can be observed from the plan and photographs, but they are similar to Ayyubid and later Syrian caravanserais
36. Yavuz, "Anatolian Caravanserais and Their Use as Statehouses," fig. 2
37. For the plan, see Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Anadolu'da Eşodakli Selçuklu Hanlari," METU Journal of Faculty of Architecture 2 (1976): fig. 12
38. The plans reproduced here are the results of these studies and have varying degrees of accuracy. Those of Evdir, Ehab-i Kehf were revised after revisiting the buildings; those of the Aksaray Sultan Han and Aǧzikara Han were redrawn after measuring a major part of the interior, but not the exterior walls; that of Mirçinge is a survey with straight measurements only; those of Kargi, İbrahimşah, and Öresin were accurately surveyed on field trips together with students; those of Alara, Kirkgōz and Akhan were the result of extensive and accurate measured surveys for restoration theses. The plan of Alara was revised after the partial restoration in 1989. The only khan not visited is Sevserek; the revisions for it were done with the aid of photographs sent by the author and measurements taken by Ismail Aytaç. The sources for the base plan are Erdmann, Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, Katalog. Abbildungen, bl. XXIX, fig. 1, XI, VIII
39. for Evdir, Aksaray Sultan and Aǧzikara Hans, respectively, Tahsin Özgūç, and Mahmut Akok, "Afşin Yaninindaki Eshab-i Kehf Külliyesi," Yillik Araştirmalar Dergisi 1 (1958): 85
40. for Akhan; Rahmi Hüseyin Ünal, "Sevserek Hani (Malatya-Pötürge) ve Yerhan (Erzincan-Refahiye) Hakkinda Bir İnceleme," I. Türkoloji Kongresi Tebliǧleri (Istanbul, 1979), p. 964, for Sevserek Han
41. Ayşil Tükel (Yavuz), "Il Restauro d'Alara Han," Ph.D. diss., Scuola di Perfezionamento per lo Studio ed il Restauro del Monumento, Rome, 1967
42. Ayşil Tükel (Yavuz), "Documentation and Comparative Study of Alara Han," Belleten 33, 132 (1969): 429-91
43. R.H. Ünal has mentioned a concentrically planned khan called Murat Han. A khan in Şişman Köyü to the east of Malatya also has a concentric plan with services; Ismail Aytaç, "Malatya-Elbistan Kervanyolu Gürzergâhi ve Kurttepe Hani," VI. Milli Selçuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Semineri Bildirileri (in press)
44. th International Congress of Turkish Art, 23-27 September 1991 (Ankara, 1995), pp. 449-70
45. This typology was presented at the First International Congress of Turcology, Istanbul 1971
46. Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Anadolu Selçuklu KervansarayIarinda Mekan-Işlev Ilişkisi Içinde Savunma ve Barinma," IX Vakif Haftasi Kitabi (Ankara, 1992), pp. 253-84
47. Information about the tandir has become available through excavations done in the last decade and not yet completely published. Haluk Karamaǧarali told me that in excavating the Çifte Minareli Medrese in Sivas, he found tandirs in the floors of student cells. Evidence for their use in caravanserais came later. In 1992, while R. Hüseyin Ṻnal was visiting the Susuz Han, on the Antalya-Konya road, one of the students accompanying him fell into a pit full of ash. The contractor responsible for the restoration told them that there were several others lined up along the platform and that he had filled them in and closed their openings. The same year I visited the Susuz Han and saw the only existing tandir there, but excavations and research in the buildings themselves have increased the number of examples. In Dokuzun Derbent Han near Konya there is a tandir in one of the rooms. Haşim Karpuz, "Konya Dokuzun Hani Kazi ve Restorasyon Çalişmalari, 1993," XVI. Kazi Sonuçlari Toplantisi (Ankara, 1995), p. 379
48. There is another one on the seki of the second khan in Kizilören between Konya and Beyşehir, Yavuz, "Anadolu Selçuklu Dönemi Hanlari ve Posta-Menzil-Derbent Teşkilatlari," pp. 25-38
49. Erdmann notes that the majority of the khans he studied consist of a courtyard and a closed hall. Among the 59 buildings he studied, 40 are of this type, 18 do not have courtyards, and 5 are court khans (idem, "Bericht über der Stand der Arbeiten über das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts," p. 75). In the last thirty years more khans belonging to his latter two groups have been discovered than those to his major one
50. This khan was turned into a mosque at a later date (Erdmann, Das Anatolische Karavansaray des 13. Jahrhunderts, p. 48, Katalog, Abbildungen, Abb. 338-342, pl. XXX)
51. For the same building, see Rahmi Hüseyin Ünal, "À propos de la destination de l'édifice sité au sud-est du Khan de Kizilōren," Proceedings of the 9th International Congress of Turkish Art, 23-27 September 1991 (Ankara, 1995), 3: 413-23
52. and Ayşil Yavuz, "Anadolu Selçuklu Dönemi Hanlari ve Posta Menzil-Derbent Teşkilatlari," pp. 25-38
53. call the building the second khan at Kizilōren and assume it to be a stage in the postal system. For the khan in Melleç, see Ayşil Tükel Yavuz, "Melleç'teki Han ve Iki Sahinli Anadolu Selçuklu Hanlari," VI. Milli Selçuklu Kültür ve Medeniyeti Semineri Bildirleri (in press)