House building in the machine age, 1920s-1970s: Realities and perceptions of modernisation in North America and Australia

Business History

Volumn 47, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 59-85

  Harris, Richard ^a   Buzzelli, Michael ^b  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

COMPARATIVE STUDY; CONSTRUCTION; ECONOMIC HISTORY; HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY; HOUSING; INTERNATIONAL COMPARISON; MODERNIZATION; TWENTIETH CENTURY;

AUSTRALASIA; AUSTRALIA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 14744297374     PISSN: 00076791     EISSN: 17437938     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/0007679042000267479     Document Type: Review

References (326)

1. Editors of Fortune, Housing America (New York, 1932).
2. 'The House Not-so-Beautiful', Fortune (May 1938), pp.63-5, 94, 96, 99.
3. 'Housing' (Special Issue) (April 1946).
4. Editors of Fortune, 'The Industry Capitalism Forgot', Vol.36 (Aug. 1947), pp.61-7, 167-70.
5. US Congress, Joint Committee on Housing, High Cost of Housing (Washington, DC, 1948), pp.133-4.
6. T. Schlesinger and M. Erlich, 'Housing: The Industry Capitalism Did Not Forget', in R.G. Bratt, C. Hartman and A. Meyerson (eds), Critical Perspectives on Housing (Philadelphia, 1986), pp. 139-64.
7. Notable studies include C.W. Chalklin, The Provincial Towns of Georgian England: A Study of the Building Process 1740-1820 (Montreal and Kingston, 1974).
8. L. Clark, Building Capitalism: Historical Change and the Labour Process in the Production of the Built Environment (London, 1992).
9. E. Cooney, 'The Origins of the Victorian Master-Builder', Economic History Review, Vol.8 (1955), pp.167-76.
10. H.J. Dyos, 'The Speculative Builders and Developers of Victorian London', Victorian Studies, Vol. 11 (1968), pp.641-90.
11. R. Price, Masters, Unions, and Men: Work Control in Building and the Rise of Labour, 1830-1914 (Cambridge, 1980).
12. J.W.R. Whitehand, 'The Makers of British Towns: Architects, Builders and Property Owners, c.1850-1939', Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 18 (1992), pp.417-38.
13. J.W.R. Whitehand and C.M.H. Carr, Twentieth-Century Suburbs: A Morphological Approach (London, 2001).
14. Surveys include E.W. Cooney, 'Productivity, Conflict and Order in the British Construction Industry: A Historical View', Construction History, Vol.9 (1993), pp.71-84.
15. C.G. Powell, The British Building Industry since 1800: An Economic History (London, 1996).
16. R. Rodger, Housing in Urban Britain, 1780-1914. Class Capitalism and Construction (London, 1989)
17. and A. Satoh, Building in Britain: The Origins of a Modern Industry (Aldershot, 1995).
18. See, for example, M. Ball, 'The Development of Capitalism in Housing Provision', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.5 (1981), pp.145-77.
19. M. Bowley, The British Building Industry: Four Studies in Response and Resistance to Change (Cambridge, 1966).
20. P. Hillebrand, Economic Theory and the Construction Industry (London, 1974).
21. M.A. Weiss, 'Real Estate History: An Overview and Research Agenda', Business History Review, Vol.63 (Summer 1989), p.250.
22. A.D. Chandler, Jr., The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business (Cambridge, MA, 1977).
23. D.A. Hounshell, From the American System to Mass Production (Baltimore, MD, 1984), pp.12, 314.
24. P. Scranton, 'Diversity in Diversity: Flexible Production and American Industrialization, 1880 1930', Business History Review, Vol.65 (1991), p.28.
25. D.J. Hiebert, 'Discontinuity and the Emergence of Flexible Production: Garment Production in Toronto, 1901-1931 ', Economic Geography, Vol.66 (1990), pp.229-53.
26. P. Scranton, Proprietary Capitalism: The Textile Manufacture at Philadelphia, 1800-1885 (Cambridge, 1983).
27. J. Soltow, 'Origins of Small Business and the Relationships Between Large and Small Firms: Metal Fabricating and Machinery Making in New England, 1890 1957', in S. Bruchey (ed.), Small Business in American Life (New York, 1980), pp.192-211.
28. On location strategies, see R. Lewis, Manufacturing Montreal: The Making of an Industrial Landscape (Baltimore, 2000).
29. On design aspects, see C.E. Clark, The American Family Home, 1800-1960 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1986).
30. D. Hayden, Redesigning the American Dream: The Future of Housing, Work, and Family Life (New York, 1984).
31. P.G. Rowe, Making a Middle Landscape (Cambridge, MA, 1991).
32. G. Wright, Building the American Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (New York, 1981).
33. On policy and politics, see J. Bacher, Keeping to the Marketplace: The Evolution of Canadian Housing Policy (Montreal and Kingston, 1991)
34. J. Bauman, R. Biles and K. Szylvain (eds), From Tenements to the Taylor Homes: In Search of Urban Housing Policy in Twentieth Century America (University Park, PA, 2000).
35. G. Radford, Modern Housing for America: Policy Struggles in the New Deal Era (Chicago, IL, 1996).
36. The general neglect of the production side has been deplored by B. Checkoway, 'Large Builders, Federal Housing Programmes and Post-war Suburbanization', International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol.4 (1980), pp.21-45.
37. R. Harris, 'The Making of American Suburbs, 1900-1950', in R. Harris and P. Larkham (eds), Changing Suburbs: Foundation, Form and Function (London, 1999), pp.91 110.
38. R. Harris and R. Lewis, 'The Geography of North American Cities and Suburbs, 1900-1950: A New Synthesis', Journal of Urban History, Vol.27 (March 2001), p.284.
39. C. Paris, Housing Australia (Melbourne, 1993), pp.x, 131.
40. S.B. Warner, Streetcar Suburbs: The Process of Growth in Boston, 1870-1900 (Cambridge, MA, 1962).
41. M.A. Weiss, The Rise of the Community Builders: The Rise of the Real Estate lndustry and Urban Land Planning (New York, 1987).
42. E. Clark and P. Ashley, 'The Merchant Prince of Cornville', Chicago History, Vol.21 (1992), pp.4-19.
43. W.S. Worley, ,J.C Nichols and the Shaping of Kansas City (Columbia, MO, 1990).
44. G. Hise, Magnetic Los Angeles: Planning the Twentieth-Century Metropolis (Baltimore, MD, 1997).
45. N. Eichler, The Merchant Builders (Cambridge, MA, 1982).
46. B.M. Kelly, Expanding the American Dream: Building and Rebuilding Levittown (Albany, NY, 1993).
47. See also L. Grebler, Large Scale Housing and Real Estate Firms: Analysis of a New Business Enterprise (New York, 1973).
48. The notable Australian example is D.S. Garden, Builders to the Nation: The A.V. Jennings Story (Melbourne, 1992).
49. Canadian studies include R. Paterson, 'The Development of an Interwar Suburb: Kingsway Park, Etobicoke', Urban History Review, Vol. 13 (1985), pp.225-35
50. J. Sewell, The Shape of the City: Toronto Struggles with Modern Planning (Toronto, 1993), pp.79-96.
51. G.K. Roberts, 'Building Types and Construction', in G.K. Roberts and P. Steadman (eds), American Cities and Technology: Wilderness to Wired City (London, 1999), pp.102-3.
52. M. Doucet and J. Weaver, Housing the North American City (Montreal and Kingston, 1991), pp.83,210-12, 215, 225.
53. T. Dingle, 'Self-Help and Cooperation in Postwar Australia', Housing Studies, Vol. 14 (May 1999), pp.341-54.
54. G. Holland, Emoh Ruo. Owner-Building in Sydney (Sydney, 1988).
55. R. Harris, Unplanned Suburbs: Toronto's American Tragedy, 1900-1950 (Baltimore, 1996).
56. R. Harris, Creeping Conformity: How Canada Became Suburban, 1900-1960 (Toronto, 2004).
57. S. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition (Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA, 1953), p.4.
58. M. Colean, American Housing: Problems and Prospects (New York, 1944), pp.38-46.
59. M. Colean and R. Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction: The Record and the Potential (New York, 1952), pp.22-35.
60. J. Herzog, 'Structural Change in the Housebuilding Industry', Land Economics, Vol.39 (1963), pp.137, 140.
61. J. Herzog, idem, The Dynamics of Large-Scale Housebuilding; Research Report No.22, Institute of Business Research, University of California, Berkeley.
62. Grebler, Large Scale Housing, p.xiii.
63. Schlesinger and Erlich, 'Housing', pp. 153, 162.
64. J. Gillies and F. Mittelbach, 'Management in the Light Construction Industry', Real Estate Research Program, Graduate School of Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley.
65. Colean, American Housing, p. 131.
66. D. Nelkin, The Politics of Housing Innovation: The Fate of the Civilian Industrial Technology Program (Ithaca, NY, 1971), p.2.
67. D.A. Schon, Technology and Change: The New Heraclitis (New York, 1967), p.156.
68. Ibid., p.157.
69. Clark and Ashley, 'Merchant Prince'
70. D.J. Prosser, 'Chicago and the Bungalow Boom of the 1920s', Chicago History, Vol.X (1981), pp.86-95.
71. Doucet and Weaver, Housing the North American City, pp.217, 238.
72. Harris, 'The Making of American Suburbs'
73. G.H. Dietz, C.N. Day and B. Kelly, 'Current Patterns of Fabrication', in B. Kelly (ed.), Design and the Production of Houses (New York, 1959), pp. 137-87.
74. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction, pp.78-81.
75. D.A. Turin, 'Building as a Process', Transactions of the Bartlett Society, Vol.6 (1967-78), pp.85-103.
76. TIME and Architectural Forum, Home Building under Titles II and III of the National Housing Act (New York, 1934), p.10.
77. US Department of Labor, Structure of the Residential Building Industry in 1949, Bulletin No.1170 (Washington, 1954)
78. Harris, 'The Making of American Suburbs', p.101.
79. Dingle, 'Self-Help and Co-operation';
80. A. Greig, The Stuff Dreams Are Made Of: Housing Provision in Australia, 1945-1960 (Melbourne, 1995), pp.71-2.
81. Holland, Emoh Ruo. Similar rates probably prevailed in Canada. See Harris, Creeping Conformity.
82. R. Harris, "To Market! To Market" The Changing Role of the Australian Timber Merchant, 1945-c.1965', Australian Economic History Review, Vol.40 (March 2000), pp.22-50.
83. O.M. Butler, The Distribution of Softwood Lumber in the Middle West: Retail Distribution, Studies of the Lumber lndustry Part IX, US Department of Agriculture (Washington, DC, 1918), p.95.
84. G. Franz, A Centennial History: Eastern Building Materials Dealers' Association, 1892-1992 (Virginia Beach, VA, 1992), p.64.
85. A.A. Hood, Profitable Lumber Retailing (Mount Morris, IL, 1928), pp.125.
86. F.H. Ludwig, The Retail Lumber Dealer and How He Functions, Lumber Industry Series VII, School of Forestry, Yale University
87. 'Meeting Mail Order Competition in Your Town', Canadian Lumberman, Vol.47 (1 Feb. 1927), p.41.
88. National Retail Lumber Dealers' Association, Inside the Retail Lumber and Building Materials Industry; (Washington, DC, 1952), p. 1.
89. J.D. Francis and Associates, Western Retail Lumberman's Association (Winnipeg, 1965), p. 15.
90. Harris, 'To Market!', p.46.
91. National Lumber and Building Material Dealers' Association, Dealer Profile Study (Washington, DC, 1969), pp.8-9. Home building by lumber dealers was a long tradition.
92. 'Texas Dealer finds that General Contracting Pays', Building Supply News, Vol.45 (Aug. 1933), p.47.
93. 'Dealers Build the Houses', Building Supply News, Vol.70 (Feb. 1946), p.81.
94. 'A Pre-Cut Framing System for Low Cost Homes', Building Supply News Vol.56 (May 1939), pp.56, 58, 60, 70
95. A. Sokol, Contractor or Manipulator? A Guide to Construction Financing from Beginning of Construction to Completion (Coral Gables, 1968), p.26.
96. Kelly, Expanding, pp.26-7
97. Garden, Builders to the Nation, p.57.
98. Ball, 'Development of Capitalism in Housing Provision'
99. Bowley, The British Building Industry, pp.334-7.
100. Clark, Building Capitalism
101. Satoh, Building in Britain.
102. D.J. Rilling, Making Houses, Crafting Capitalism: Builders in Philadelphia, 1790-1850 (Philadelphia, 2001).
103. J. Hutton, Building and Construction in Australia (Melbourne, 1970), pp.81-3, 94-5.
104. R. Walsh, The Housebuilding Industry in New South Wales, Hunter Valley Research Foundation, Monograph No.3 (Newcastle, NSW, 1972), p.3.
105. Doucet and Weaver, Housing the North American City, p.83.
106. M. Silver, Under Construction: Work and Alienation in the Building Trades (Albany, 1986).
107. M. Neutze, Urban Development in Australia: A Descriptive Analysis (Sydncy, 1977).
108. C.J.B. Roberts, The Survey of the Homebuilding Industry (Ottawa, 1971), p.A52.
109. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.118-19.
110. Roberts, Homebuilding lndustry, p.A56.
111. Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, p. 17.
112. S. Rawin, 'The Contractor in the House-Building Industry: Worker or Businessman?', Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology, Vol.1 (1964), pp.69-78.
113. F. Colantino, From the Ground Up: An Italian Immigrant's Story (Toronto, 1997).
114. New South Wales, Legislative Assembly, Report from the Select Committee Upon the Building Industry (Sydney, 1970), p.8.
115. Harris, 'To Market!', pp.28-9.
116. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction, p.99.
117. Colean, American Housing, pp.64-6, 75ff.
118. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction, pp.90-108.
119. A.C. Findlay, 'Builders of 1-Family Houses in 11 Defense Areas, 1940 and 1941', Monthly Labor Review, Vol.56 (April 1943), pp.801-7.
120. L. Grebler, Production of New Housing (New York, 1950), pp.34-7.
121. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.20-26.
122. K.R. Murphy, 'Builders of New One-Family Houses, 1955-56' Construction Review, Vol.4 (Aug.-Sept. 1958), pp.5-15.
123. M. Sumichrast and S.A. Frankel, Profile of the Builder and His Industry (Washington, DC, 1970).
124. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 'Builders of 1-Family Houses in 72 Cities', Monthly Labor Review, Vol.51 (Sept. 1940), pp.732-43.
125. 'Operations of Urban Home Builders', Monthly Labor Review, Vol.52 (May 1941), pp.1283-5.
126. US Temporary National Economic Committee, Investigation of Concentration of Economic Power, Toward More Housing, Monograph 8 (Washington, 1940), pp.128-9.
127. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, The Construction lndustry in the United States, Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin No.786 (Washington, 1944).
128. US Department of Labor, Structure of the Residential Building Industry.
129. A. Greig, 'Structure, Organization and Skill Formation in the Australian Housing Industry'. Background Paper No. 13, National Housing Strategy, Commonwealth Department of Health, Housing and Community Affairs (Canberra, 1992).
130. Greig, Dreams, pp.69-79.
131. Hutton, Building and Construction in Australia, pp.83-7.
132. M. Buzzelli, 'Firm Size Structure in North American Housebuilding: Persistent Deconcentration, 1945-98'.
133. M. Buzzelli, Environment and Planning A, Vol.33 (2001), pp.533-50.
134. Clayton Research Associates, The Housing Industry: Perspective and Prospective (Ottawa, 1989)
135. J. McKellar, 'Building Technology and the Production Process', in J. Miron (ed.), House, Home and Community: Progress in Housing Canadians, 1945-1986 (Montreal and Kingston, 1993), pp.136-54.
136. Roberts, Homebuilding Industry.
137. Buzzelli, 'Firm Size Structure', p.538.
138. Ibid., pp.539-40.
139. Ibid., p.539.
140. Colean, American Housing, p.82.
141. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.39, 103.
142. Colean, American Housing, p.83.
143. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction, pp.274-5.
144. Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, pp.12, 103. Similar rates of entry and exit have been found in Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s.
145. M. Buzzelli and R. Harris, 'Small is Transient: Housebuilding Firms in Ontario, Canada, 1978-1998', Housing Studies, Vol. 18 (2003).
146. Buzzelli, 'Firm Size Structure', p.547.
147. Colean, American Housing, p.87.
148. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Contruction, p. 19.
149. US Department of Labor, Structure of the Residential Building Industry, p.21.
150. Ibid., p.22.
151. Eichler, Merchant Builders, p.66.
152. Gillies and Mittelbach, Light Construction Industry, p.91.
153. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.217, 219.
154. Herzog, The Dynamics, pp.78-9.
155. Eichler, Merchant Builders, p.125.
156. Herzog, The Dynamics, p.79.
157. Gillies and Mittelbach, Light Construction lndustry, p.92.
158. J.D. Boyd, 'The Development of Modern Methods of Timber House Construction. Part 1', Australian Timber Journal, Vol.24 (Dec. 1958), p.23.
159. Greig, Dreams, pp.75-7.
160. Hutton, Building and Construction in Australia, pp.29-31.
161. G. Maggs, 'Labour Process and the Culture of Skill: Domestic Housing Construction in Victoria' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Deakin University, 1995), pp.74, 78-9.
162. Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, p. 1.
163. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, p.20.
164. B.O. Wheeler, 'Financing House Construction in the Northwest', Housing Research Paper No. 17, US Housing and Home Finance Agency (Washington, DC, 1951), p.11.
165. Dietz, 'Current Patterns of Fabrication'
166. Eichler, Merchant Builders, pp.21-2.
167. US National Commission on Urban Problems, Building the American City (Washington, DC, 1968), pp.433-4
168. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Government Policies and the Cost of Housing (Geneva, 1959), p.33.
169. Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, pp.38-40
170. Greig, Dreams, pp.86-7.
171. 'A Pre-Cut Framing System for Low Cost Homes', Building Supply News Vol.56 (May 1939), pp.56, 58, 60, 70.
172. 'New Techniques to Bring Lower Costs', American Builder, Vol.65 (Oct. 1943), p. 100.
173. 'Custom Construction Through Mass Production - Prefab System for Lumber Dealers', Building Supply News, Vol.73 (Aug. 1947), pp.92-3.
174. 'Lu-Re-Co Proves Three Times Faster Than Conventional Building', Building Supply News, Vol.98 (June 1960), pp.134-7.
175. Edward Hines Lumber, Building a Tradition in Chicagoland for 100 Years (Chicago, IL, 1992), p.11.
176. National Lumber and Building Material Dealers' Association, Dealer Profile Study, pp. 14-15.
177. Harris, 'To Market!'
178. A.A. Hood, 'The Consumer Comes to the Lumber Yard', American Lumberman (13 April 1946), pp.228-37.
179. R. Lardner, Own Your Own Home (Indianapolis, 1919).
180. E. Hodgins, Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (New York, 1946).
181. C. Abrams, 'The Residential Construction Industry', in W. Adams (ed.), The Structure of American Industry (New York, 1950), pp.111-12.
182. Ibid., p.108.
183. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, p.8.
184. H. Wright, 'The Six-Cyclinder House with Streamline Body', Journal of the American Institute of Architects, Vol.14 (April 1926), p.178.
185. L. Mumford, 'Mass Production and the Modern House', Architectural Record, Vo1.67 (Jan. 1930), pp.17-18.
186. L. Mumford, idem, City Development (New York, 1945), pp.63-83.
187. Abrams, Future of Housing, p.135.
188. Ibid., p.140.
189. Abrams, 'Residential Construction Industry', p. 117.
190. A.C. Holden, 'New Methods of Construction in the Building Industry', Report of the Committee on Construction of the President's Conference on Home Building and Home Ownership, Appendix, Part (d), Washington, DC, 3 Dec. 1931, p.12. Typescript.
191. US Congress, Joint Committee on Housing, High Cost of Housing, p. 1.
192. US National Commission on Urban Problems, Building the American City p.431.
193. W.C. Clark, Housing, Dalhousie University Bulletin on Public Affairs, Vol.V (Halifax, 1938), p.7.
194. Ibid., pp.8, 9.
195. R.I. Downing, 'Housing and Public Policy', Economic Record, Vol.24 (1948), pp.76-7.
196. D. Winston, 'The Problem', Architecture in Australia, Vol.51 (June 1962), pp.56-8.
197. B. Finnimore, Houses from the Factory: System Building and the Welfare State, 1942-74 (London, 1989), pp.60-61.
198. United Nations, Economic Commission for Europe, Proceedings of the Seminar on Changes in the Structure of the Building Industry Necessary to lmprove its Efficiency and to Increase Its Output (New York, 1965), 3 vols.
199. H.C. Badder, 'British and American Building', Building (July 1926), pp.138-40.
200. Great Britain, Ministry of Works, Mission to Study Building Methods in the United States, Methods of Building in the U.S.A. (London, 1944), pp.9, 12, 14.
201. Great Britain, Anglo-American Council in Productivity, Building Productivity Team, Building, Report of a Visit to the U.S.A. in 1949 of a Productivity Team Representing the Building Industry (London, 1950), p.63.
202. Great Britain, Ministry of Works, 'The Distribution of Building materials in the United States and Canada', in The Distribution of Building materials and Components (London, 1948), pp.124, 129, 135.
203. Great Britain, Ministry of Housing and Local Govemment, Housebuilding in the USA: A Study of Rationalization and its Implications (London, 1966).
204. Australian Building Industry Productivity Team, Report (Melboume, 1955), p.xiii.
205. C.A. Lembke, 'Art Hood Succeeds at Broadbeach', Australian Timber Journal and Building Products Merchandiser, Vol.25 (Sept. 1959), pp.15, 17.
206. Harris, 'To Market!'
207. J. Burchard, 'Foreword', to B. Kelly (ed.), The Prefabrication of Houses (Cambridge, 1951), p.viii.
208. A.C. Shire, 'The Industrial Organization of Housing: Its Methods and Costs', in D.T. Rowlands and C. Woodbury (eds), Current Developments in Housing: Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol.190 (March 1937), pp.37, 39.
209. US Temporary National Economic Committee, Toward More Housing, pp.xvi, 127.
210. R. Lasch, Breaking the Building Blockade (Chicago, IL, 1946).
211. Editors of Fortune, 'lndustry Capitalism Forgot'.
212. US Congress, Joint Committee on Housing, High Cost of Housing, p.12.
213. Abrams, Future of Housing, p.369
214. Editors of Fortune, 1947, p.66.
215. Holden, 'New Methods', p.9.
216. Lasch, Building Blockade.
217. J.P. Murchison, 'Providing Homes for the People', American Economic Review, Vol.XXII (1932), pp.441ff.
218. C. Perry, Housing for the Machine Age (New York, 1939), pp.26-36.
219. Shire, 'Industrial Organization'
220. A. Sloan, 'The Forward View', Atlantic Monthly, Vo1.154 (Sept. 1934), pp.257-64
221. US Federal Housing Administration, Recent Developments in Dwelling Construction, Technical Bulletin No.1 (Washington, DC, 1936).
222. W. Gropius, 'Systematic Preparation for Rationalised Housing Construction', in H. Winkler (ed.), Bauhaus (Cambridge, 1975), pp. 126-7
223. Sloan, 'Forward View'.
224. A. Bruce and H. Sandbank, A History of Prefabrication (New York, 1944).
225. K. Detzer, 'Houses off the Assembly Line', Reader's Digest, Vol.37 (Aug. 1940), pp.77-80.
226. D. Haskell, 'Assembly Lines Reach Out For Markets', Architectural Record, Vol.93 (June 1943), pp.62-9.
227. O.W. McKennee, Prefabs on Parade (New York, 1948)
228. 'A List of Prefabricators', Architectural Record, Vol.93 (June 1943), pp.75-9.
229. United States F.H.A., Recent Developments.
230. A.F. Bemis, The Evolving House (Cambridge, MA, 1936).
231. Kelly, Prefabrication of Houses.
232. R. Tappan, 'Factory Production Applied to the Housing Problem'
233. National Housing Association (ed.), Housing Problems in America: Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Housing (New York, 1920), pp.56-64.
234. Haskell, 'Assembly Lines'.
235. Abrams, Future of Housing, p.366
236. 'Residential Construction lndustry', p.138.
237. Clark, Housing, p.13.
238. Downing, 'Housing and Public Policy', pp.78-9.
239. H. Wright, 'Housing Conditions in Relation to Scientific Machine Production', Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol.218 (1934), p.489.
240. Colean, American Housing, pp.5, 94, 130, 131, 171.
241. Ibid., p.131.
242. Colean and Newcomb, Stabilizing Construction, p. 109.
243. Ibid., pp.109-25.
244. Canadian Welfare Council, A National Housing Policy for Canada (Ottawa, 1947), p.14.
245. Greig, Dreams, pp.66-7.
246. US National Commission on Urban Problems, Building the American City pp.481-5.
247. D. Bishop, 'Productivity in the Construction Industry'.
248. D.A. Turin (ed.), Aspects of the Economics of Construction (London, 1975), pp.58-96.
249. International Labor Office, Housing Policy (Montreal, 1945).
250. H. Anderssen and J. McEvoy, Instability in the Australian Residential Construction Industry, Bureau of Industry Economics Research Paper No.10, Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce (Canberra, 1990).
251. J. Landis, 'Why Homebuilders Don't Innovate', Built Environment, Vol.8 (1981), pp.46-53.
252. M.A. Willis, 'The Effects of Cyclical Demand on Industry Structure and the Rate of Technological Change: An International Comparison of the Housebuilding Sectors in the United States, Great Britain and France' (unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Yale University, 1979).
253. C. Bauer, 'Housing in the United States: Problems and Policy', International Labour Review, Vol.52 (July 1945), pp.1-8.
254. Canadian Welfare Council, A National Housing Policy.
255. M. Colean, Organizing the Construction Industry for Mass Markets (Washington, DC, 1949), pp.4-5.
256. Colean, American Housing, p.329.
257. Colean, TIME and Architectural Forum, Home Building, p.10.
258. Colean, Organizing the Construction Industry.
259. Grebler, Production of New Housing. The membership of the Committee included Ernest Fisher, R. Ratcliff and C. Woodbury, and the project received early guidance from Miles Colean.
260. Ibid., pp.55, 58, 69, 82-5.
261. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.3, 288.
262. Ibid., pp.58-9, 231
263. Ibid., pp.56-7, 254. Cf. Grebler, Production of New Housing, pp.65-9.
264. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, pp.55, 65, 176, 209
265. Grebler, Production of New Housing, pp.82-5.
266. Maisel, Housebuilding in Transition, p.217.
267. Ibid., pp.31,299.
268. Herzog, 'Structural Changes'
269. Boyd, 'The Development of Modern Methods', p.23.
270. Hutton, Building and Construction in Australia, pp.81-3, 94-5.
271. Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, pp.58-61.
272. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Cost Savings through Standardization, Simplification, Specialization in the Building Industry (Washington, DC, 1952), pp.83-113.
273. Cf Walsh, Housebuilding Industry, pp.31-4.
274. W. Haber and H.M. Levinson, Labor Relations and Productivity; in the Building Trades (Ann Arbor, MI, 1956).
275. Cf. W. Haber, Industrial Relations in the Building Industry (Cambridge, MA, 1930).
276. Ibid., pp.20-22, 249.
277. Ibid., p.20.
278. 'So Capitalism Forgot Us!', Building Supply News, Vol.73 (Sept. 1947), p.187 [editorial].
279. S. Gertler, 'Prefabricated Wood Dwellings', Construction Review, Vol.5 No.6 (1959), pp.11-12.
280. National Retail Lumber Dealers Association, Here's a Better Way to Build (Washington, DC, 1947), p.6.
281. F.H. Ludwig, 'The Efficiency of the Small Builder', in National Committee on Housing, Inc. (ed.), Proceedings of the National Conference on Post-war Housing (New York, 1944), pp.169-6.
282. D.D. Bohannon, 'Overhead in Large vs. Small Operations', Tomorrow's Town, Vol.3 No.9 (1946), p.4.
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