Use of Marek's disease vaccines: Could they be driving the virus to increasing virulence?

Expert Review of Vaccines

Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 77-88

  Davison, Fred ^a   Nair, Venugopal ^a  

^a INSTITUTE FOR ANIMAL HEALTH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Marek's disease; Poultry

Indexed keywords

CVI 988; MAREK DISEASE VACCINE; RECOMBINANT DNA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY; AVIAN LYMPHOMATOSIS HERPETOVIRUS; B LYMPHOCYTE; BIRD DISEASE; CELL TRANSFORMATION; CYTOLYSIS; DRUG POTENCY; DRUG USE; GENOTYPE; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION PREVENTION; INFECTION SENSITIVITY; NONHUMAN; POULTRY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; VIRUS GENE; VIRUS IDENTIFICATION; VIRUS VIRULENCE;

ANIMALS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; MARDIVIRUS; MAREK DISEASE; MAREK DISEASE VACCINES; POULTRY; POULTRY DISEASES; VACCINATION; VACCINES, SYNTHETIC; VIRAL VACCINES; VIRULENCE;

EID: 14744281511     PISSN: 14760584     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.4.1.77     Document Type: Review

References (66)

1. Marek J. Multiple nerventzundung (polyneuritis) bei huhnern. Deutsche Tierartzeitung Wschr 15, 417-421 (1907). First description of classical Marek's disease (MD) in chickens.
2. Pappenheimer AM, Dunn LC, Cone V. A study of fowl paralysis (neurolymphomatosis gallinarum). Storrs Agri. Exp. Stat. Bull. 143, 186-190 (1926). Seminal study demonstrating that some chickens with fowl paralysis (MD) also have visceral tumors.
3. Biggs PM. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 8-16 (2004).
4. Payne LN. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 79-97 (2004).
5. Farrant J. Houghton Poultry Research Station: scourge of the pathogens. Poultry World 15-20 (1969).
6. Powell PC. Marek's disease - a worldwide problem. World's Poultry Sci. J. 42, 205-218 (1986).
7. Churchill AE, Biggs PM. Agent of Marek's disease in tissue culture. Nature 215, 528-530 (1967). First report that the causative agent of MD is a herpesvirus.
8. Churchill AE, Chubb RC. The attenuation, with loss of oncogenicity, of the herpes-type virus of Marek's disease (strain HPRS-16) on passage in cell culture. J Gen. Virol. 4, 557-564 (1969). Provides the first evidence that an oncogenic strain of Mareles disease virus (MDV) can be attenuated for use as a vaccine.
9. Witter RL, Nazerian K, Purchase HG, Burgoyne GH. Isolation from turkeys of a cell-associated herpesvirus antigenically related to Marek's disease virus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 31, 525-538 (1970). The authors report on the first apathogenic vaccine, later to become widely used to protect against MD.
10. Witter RL. Characteristics of Marek's disease viruses isolated from vaccinated commercial chicken flocks: association of viral pathotype with lymphoma frequency. Avian Dis. 27, 113-132 (1983).
11. Calnek BW, Schat KA, Peckham MC, Fabricant J. Field trials with a bivalent vaccine (HVT and SB-1) against Marek's disease. Avian Dis. 27, 844-849 (1983). Describes how a bivalent vaccine protects against very virulent MDV.
12. Witter RL. Increased virulence of Marek's disease virus field isolates. Avian Dis. 41, 149-163 (1997). This seminal study reports that MDV is evolving to greater virulence in response to the use of vaccines.
13. Morrow C, Fehler F. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 49-61 (2004).
14. Osterrieder K, Vautherot JF. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 17-31 (2004).
15. Buckmaster AE, Scott SD, Sanderson MJ et al. Gene sequence and mapping data from Mareks disease virus and herpesvirus of turkeys - implications for herpesvirus classification. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 2033-2042 (1988). Reports that MDV has the genomic structure of an α-herpesvirus.
16. Roizman B, Pellett PE. In: Field's Virology. Knipe DM, Howley PM (Eds). Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, PA, USA, 2381-2398 (2001).
17. Izumiya Y, Jang H-K, Sugawara M et al. Identification and transcriptional analysis of the homologues of the herpes simplex virus Type 1 UL30 to UL40 genes in the genome of nononcogenic Marek's disease virus serotype 2. J. Gen. Virol. 80, 2417-2422 (1999).
18. Lee LF et al. The complete unique long sequence and the overall genomic organization of the GA strain of Marek's disease virus. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 6091-6096 (2000). Describes the complete sequence of a classical serotype 1 virulent MDV.
19. Tulman ER, Afonso CL, Lu Z et al. The genome of a very virulent Marek's disease virus. J. Virol. 74, 7980-7988 (2000). The complete sequence of a classical serotype 1 very virulent MDV.
20. Alfonso CL, Tulman ER, Lu Z et al. The genome of herpesvirus of turkeys. J. Virol. 75, 971-978 (2000). Description of the complete sequence of turkey herpesvirus (serotype 3).
21. Baigent S, Davison F. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 52-77 (2004).
22. Silver S, Tanaka A, Nonoyama M. Transcription of Marek's disease virus genome in a nonproductive chicken lymphoblastoid cell line. Virology 93, 127-133 (1979).
23. Carrozza JH, Fredrickson TN, Prince RP, Luginbuhl RE. Role of desquamated epithelial cells in transmission of Marek's disease. Avian Dis. 17, 767-781 (1973).
24. Calnek BW. Marek's disease - a model for herpesvirus oncology. Crit. Rev. Microbiol. 12, 293-320 (1986). Classical review describing the lifecyde, pathogenesis and oncogenic properties of MDV.
25. Burgess SC et al. Marek's disease is a natural model for lymphomas overexpressing Hodgkin's disease antigen (CD30). Proc. Natl Acad Sci. USA 101, 13879-13884 (2004). First characterization of a MD-associated tumor surface antigen, providing evidence that it is the chicken homolog of CD30.
26. Delecluse HJ, Schuller S, Hammerschmidt W. Latent Marek's disease virus can be activated from its chromosomally integrated state in herpesvirus- transformed lymphoma cells. EMBOJ. 12, 3277-3286 (1993). Describes the integration of MDV into the host genome with the evidence that MD tumors are monoclonal in origin.
27. Burgess SC, Davison TF. Identification of the neoplastically transformed cells in Marek's disease herpesvirus-induced lymphomas: recognition by the monoclonal antibody AV37. J. Virol. 76, 7276-7292 (2002).
28. Bumstead N, Kaufman J. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair Vk (Eds). Elsevier, London, Uk, 112-125 (2004).
29. Dalgaard T, Skjodt K, Juul-Madsen HR. Differences in chicken major histocompatability (MHC) class α-gene expression between Marek's disease-resistant and susceptible MHC haplotypes. Scand. J. Immunol. 57, 135-143 (2003).
30. Bumstead N. Genomic mapping of resistance to Marek's disease. Avian Pathol. 27, S78-S81 (1998). First report that nonmajor histocompatibility complex resistance maps to a region on chicken chromosome 1 with homology to the mammalian CMV-1 region.
31. Scalzo AA, Fitzgerald NA, Simmons A, Lavista AB, Shellam GR. CMV-1, a genetic locus that controls murine cytomegalovirus replication in the spleen. J. Exp. Med. 171, 1469-1483 (1990).
32. Scalzo AA, Fitzgerald NA, Wallace CR et al. The effect of the Cmv-1 resistance gene, which is linked to the natural killer cell gene complex, is mediated by natural killer cells. J. Immunol. 149, 581-589 (1992).
33. Davison F, Kaiser P. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 126-141 (2004).
34. Calnek BW. Effects of passive antibody on early pathogenesis of Marek's disease. Infect. Immun. 6, 193-205 (1972).
35. Chubb RC, Churchill AE. Effect of maternal antibody on Marek's disease. Vet. Rec. 85, 303-305 (1969).
36. Buscaglia C, Calnek BW, Schat KA. Effect of immunocompetence on the establishment and maintenance of latency with Marek's disease herpesvirus. J. Gen. Virol. 69, 1067-1077 (1988).
37. Powell PC, Davison F. Induction of Marek's disease in vaccinated chickens by treatment with betamethason or corticosterone. Israel J. Vet. Med. 42, 73-78 (1986).
38. Schat AK. In: Marek's disease: An evolving problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 142-155 (2004).
39. Okazaki W, Purchase HG, Burmester BR. Protection against Marek's disease by vaccination with a herpesvirus of turkeys. Avian Dis. 14, 413-429 (1970).
40. Rispens BH, Vloten Van HJ, Mastenbroek H, Maas HJL, Schat KA. Control of Marek's disease in The Netherlands. I. Isolation of an avirulent Marek's disease virus (strain CVI988) and its use in laboratory vaccination trials. Avian Dis. 16, 108-125 (1972). First report of the isolation of the CVI9988 strain of serotype 1 MDV, currently regarded as the gold standard of MD vaccines.
41. Von Bulow V. Further charateristics of the CV1988 strain of Marek's disease virus. Avian Pathol. 6, 395-403 (1977).
42. Witter RL, Lee LF, Fadly AM. Characteristics of the CVI988/Rispens and R2/23, two prototype vaccine strains of serotype 1 Marek's disease virus. Avian Dis. 39, 269-284 (1995).
43. Witter RL. In: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology. Hirai K (Ed.). Springer, Berlin, Germany, 57-90 (2001).
44. Bublot M, Sharma JM. In: Marek's Disease: An Evolving Problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 168-185 (2004).
45. Karpathy RC, Firth GA, Tannock GA. Derivation, safety and efficacy of a Marek's disease vaccine, developed from an Australian isolate of very virulent Marek's disease virus. Australian Vet. J. 80, 61-66 (2002).
46. Karpathy RC, Firth GA, Tannock GA. Field evaluations of safety and efficacy of an Australian Marek's disease vaccine. Australian Vet. J. 81, 222-225 (2003).
47. Witter RL. Attenuated revertant serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses - safety and protective efficacy. Avian Dis. 35, 877-891 (1991).
48. Sharma JM, Burmester BR. Resistance to Marek's disease at hatching in chicks vaccinated as embryos with turkey herpesvirus. Avian Dis. 26, 134-149 (1982). Describes how a MD vaccine protects when vaccinated in the late embryonic stage (in ovo).
49. Sharma JM, Ahmad J. In: Advances in Avian Immunology Research. Davison F, Bumstead N, Kaiser P (Eds). Abingdon, UK, 273-277 (1995).
50. Fadly AM, Silva RF, Hunt H. In: NE 107th Annual Meeting of the United States Animal Health Association. CA, USA, 524 (2003).
51. Witter RL. The changing landscape of Marek's disease. Avian Pathol. 27, S46-S53 (1998).
52. Nair VK. Evolution odf Marek's disease - a paradigm for incessant race between the pathogen and the host. Vet. J. (2005) (In Press).
53. Gandon S, Mackinnon MJ, Nee S, Read AF. Imperfect vaccines and the evolution of pathogen virulence. Nature 414, 751-756 (2001). Provides evidence from mathematical modeling that the use of vaccines could cause pathogens to evolve to greater virulence.
54. Witter RL, Li D, Jones D, Lee LF, Kung HJ. Retroviral insertional mutagenesis of a herpesvirus: a Marek's disease virus mutant attenuated for oncogenicity but not for immunosuppression or in vivo replication. Avian Dis. 41, 407-421 (1997).
55. Gimeno IM. In: Marek's disease: An evolving problem. Davison F, Nair VK (Eds). Elsevier, London, UK, 186-199 (2004).
56. Nazerian K, Lee L, Yanagida N, Ogawa R. Protection against Marek's disease by a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing the glycoprotein B of Marek's disease virus. J. Virol. 66, 1409-1413 (1992).
57. Nazerian K, Witter R, Lee L, Yanagida N. Protection and synergism by recombinant fowlpox vaccines expressing genes from Marek's disease virus. Avian Dis. 40, 368-376 (1996).
58. Heine HG et al. Recombinant fowlpox virus vaccines against Australian virulent Marek's disease virus: gene sequence analysis and comparison of vaccine efficacy in specific-pathogen-free and production chickens. Virus Res. 50, 23-33 (1997).
59. Liu X, Peng D, Wu X, Xing L, Zhang R. A recombinant fowlpox virus vaccine expressing glycoprotein B gene from CVI988/Rispens strain of MDV: protection studies in different chickens. Acta Virologica 43, 201-204 (1999).
60. Lee LF, Foord AJ, Young PL et al. Protection and synergism by recombinant fowlpox vaccines expressing multiple genes from Marek's disease virus. Avian Dis. 47, 549-558 (2003).
61. Reddy S, Sharma JM, Ahmad J et al. Protective efficacy of a recombinant herpesvirus of turkeys as an in ovo vaccine against Newcastle and Marek's diseases in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Vaccine 14, 469-477 (1996).
62. Reddy SM, Lupiani B, Gimeno IM et al. Rescue of a pathogenic Marek's disease virus with overlapping cosmid DNAs: use of a pp38 mutant to validate the technology for the study of gene function. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 99, 7054-7059 (2002).
63. Schumacher D, Tischer BK, Fuchs W, Osterrieder N. Reconstitution of Marek's disease virus serotype 1 (MDV-1) from DNA cloned as a bacterial artificial chromosome and characterization of a glycoprotein B-negative MDV-1 mutant. J. Virol. 74, 11088-11098 (2000). First report of a bacterial artificial chromosome library containing the MDV genome.
64. Tarpey I, Davis PJ, Sondermeijer P. In: Workshop on Molecular Pathogenesis of Marek's disease and Avian Immunology. Davidson I, Heller D (Eds). Kimron Institute, Bet Dagan, Israel, Limmasol, Cyprus (2002).
65. Lee LL, Bacon LD, Yoshida A et al. The efficacy of recombinant fowlpox vaccine protection against Marek's disease: its dependence on chicken line and B haplotype. Avian Dis. 48, 129-137 (2004).
66. Lupiani B, Lee LF, Cui X et al. Marek's disease virus-encoded Meq gene is involved in transformation of lymphocytes but is dispensable for replication. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 11815-11820.