Body dysmorphic disorder: A critical review;Il disturbo da dismorfismo corporeo: Revisione critica della letteratura

Italian Journal of Psychopathology

Volumn 10, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 237-253

  Bellino, Silvio ^a   Paradiso, E ^a   Zizza, M ^a   Zanon, C ^a   Fulcheri, M ^a   Bogetto, F ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

Antidepressants; Body dysmorphic disorder; Psychotherapy; Somatoform disorders

Indexed keywords

ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOMIPRAMINE; DESIPRAMINE; FLUOXETINE; FLUVOXAMINE; MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITOR; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; PIMOZIDE; SEROTONIN 1A AGONIST; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT;

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER; COMORBIDITY; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONVERSION DISORDER; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DRUG EFFICACY; ESTHETIC SURGERY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HYPOCHONDRIASIS; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER; PREVALENCE; PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSIS; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; PSYCHOPHARMACOTHERAPY; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SOMATOFORM DISORDER; TREATMENT OUTCOME;

EID: 14644398524     PISSN: 15921107     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed., Text Revision: DSM-IV-TR. Washington DC: APA 2000.
2. Gala C, Colombo E. Disturbi Psicosomatici. In: Invernizzi G, ed. Manuale di Psichiatria e Psicologia Clinica. Milano: McGraw Hill 1996.
3. Haynal A, Pasini W. Medicina Psicosomatica. Milano: Masson 1989.
4. Maudsley. «The physiology of mind» (1876). In: Cooper EJ, Kendell RE, et al., eds. Psychiatric Diagnosis in New-York and London. Maudsley monograph No.20. London: Oxford University Press 1972.
5. Freud S (in collaborazione con Bleuler J). Studio sull'isteria, 1892-95. In: Opere di Sigmund Freud. Torino: Boringhieri 1967, vol. 1 (tr.it).
6. Dunbar HF. Psychosomatic diagnosis. New-York: Hoeber 1948.
7. Alexander F. La Médecine Pscyhosomatique, ses principes et ses aplications. Parigi: Payot 1952.
8. Marty P, De M'Uzan M, David C. L'lnvestigation Psychosomatique. Parigi: P.V.F. 1963.
9. Nemiah JC, Freyberger H, Sifneos PE. Alexithymia: a view of the psychosomatic process. In: Hill OW, ed. Modern trends in psychosomatic medicine. London: Butterworths 1976.
10. Levi L. Stress: introduzione alla medicina psicosomatica. Roma: Edizioni Mediterranee 1968.
11. Antonelli F. Fondamenti e prospettive della medicina psicosomatica. Roma: Universo 1970.
12. Pancheri P. Stress, emozioni, malattia. Milano: Longanesi 1980.
13. Pancheri P, Biondi M. Stress, emozioni e cancro. Roma: Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore 1987.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th Ed., DSM-IV. Washington DC: APA 1994.
15. Pancheri P. Trattato di Medicina Psicosomatic̀a. Firenze: USES Edizioni Scientifiche 1984.
16. Brown FW, Golding JM, Smith GR Jr. Psychiatric comorbidity in primary care somatization disorder. Psychosom Med 1990;52:445-451.
17. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3th Ed., DSM-III. Washington DC: APA 1980.
18. Janet P. Les obsessions et la psychastenie. Parigi: Alcan 1903.
19. Kraepelin E. Psychiatrie. Ein Lehrbuch fur Studierende und Artze (I-IV). Leipzig: Aufl Johan Ambrosius Barth 1909, p. 15.
20. Munro A. Monosymptomatic hypocondriacal psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153:37-40.
21. Hollander E, Wong CM. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. J Clin Psych 1995;56(Suppl 4):3-6.
22. Fallon BA, Qureshi AI, Laje G, Klein B. Hypocondriasis and its relationship to obsessive-compulsive disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23:605-16.
23. Kellner R. Functional somatic symptoms and hypocodriasis. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985;42:821-33.
24. Elmer KB, George RM, Peterson K. Therapeutic update: use of risperidone for the treatment of monosymptomatic hypocondriacal psychosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;43:683-6.
25. Phillips KA, Diaz SF. Gender differences in body dysimorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:570-7.
26. Morselli E. Sulla dismorfofobia e sulla taleofobia. Bollettino dell'Accademia di Genova 1891;6:110-9.
27. Jaspers K. Allgemeine Psychopathologie. Berlino: Springer Verlag 1959.
28. Cecconi D, Giannotti D, Perugi G. Disturbo di somatizzazione. In: Cassano GB, ed. Manuale di Psichiatria. Torino: UTET 1994.
29. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 3th Ed., Revised. DSM-III-R. Washington DC: APA 1987.
30. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: the distress of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1991;148:1138-49.
31. Neziroglu F, Yaryura-Tobias JA. A review of cognitive behavioral and pharmacological treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Modif 1997;21:324-40.
32. Cororve MB, Gleaves DH. Body dysmorphic disorder: a review of conceptualisations, assessment, and treatment strategies. Clin Psychol Rev 2001;21:949-70
33. Cotterill JA. Dermatologic nondisease. Dermatol Clin 1996;14:439-45.
34. Bienvenu OJ, Samuels JF, Riddle MA, Hoehn-Saric R, Liang KY, Cullen BA, et al. The relationship of obsessive-compulsive disorders to possible spectrum disorders: results from a family study. Biol Psychiatry 2000;15:287-93.
35. Faravelli C, Salvatori S, Galassi F, Aiazzi L, Drei C, Cabras P. Epidemiology of somatoform disorders: a community survey in Florence. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol 1997;32:24-9.
36. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Hudson JL, Pope HG. Body dysmorphic disorder: an obsessive-compulsive disorder, a form of affective spectrum-disorder, or both? J Clin Psychiatry 1995;56:41-51.
37. Bohne A, Keutern NJ, Wilhelm S, Deckersbach T. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Res 2002;109:101-4.
38. Phillips KA, Dufresne RG, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of Body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:436-41.
39. Grant JE, Kim SW, Crow SJ. Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescent and adult psychiatry inpatients. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:517-21.
40. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis and treatment of imagined ugliness. J Clin Psychiatry 1996;57(Suppl 8):61-5.
41. Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatric Ann 1993;23:359-64.
42. rd Ed. St. Louis: Mosby 1998.
43. Rosen JC, Reiter J, Orosan P. Cognitive-behavioural body image therapy body dysmorphic disorder examination. J Consult Clin Psychol 1995;63:26-9.
44. Veale D, Gournay K, Dryden W, Boocock A, Shah F, Wilson R, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a cognitive behavioural model and pilot randomised controlled trial. Behav Res Ther 1996;9:717-29.
45. Biby EL. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and depression, self-esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychology 1998;54:489-99.
46. Veale D, Boocock A, Gournay K, Dryden W, Shah F, Wilson R, et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a survey of fifty cases. Br J Psychiatry 1996;169:196-201.
47. Perugi G, Akiskal HS, Giannotti D, Frare F, Di Vaio S, Cassano GB. Gender-related differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1997;185:578-82.
48. Cash TF. The psychology of physical appearance: aesthetics, attributes and images. In: Cash TF, Pruzinsky T, eds. Body images: development, deviance, and change. New York: Guildford Press 1990.
49. Fallon BA. Culture in the mirror: sociocultural determinants of body image. In: Cash TF, Pruzinsky T, eds. Body images: development, deviance, and change. New York: Guildford Press 1990.
50. Allen A, Hollander E. Body dysmorphic disorder. Psychiatr Clin North Am 2000;23:617-28.
51. Rosen JC, Reiter J. Development of the body dysmorphic disorder examination. Behav Res Ther 1996;34:755-66.
52. Slade PD. What is body image? Behav Res Ther 1994;5:497-502.
53. Ladee GA. Hypocondriacal syndromes. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1966.
54. Liberman R. A propos des dysmorphophobies de l'adolescent. Rev Neuropsychiatr Infant 1974;22:695-9.
55. Olley PC. Psychiatric aspects of referral. Br Med J 1974;3:248-9.
56. Schachter M. Nevroses dysmorphiques (complexes de laideur) et délire ou convinction délirante de dysmorphie. Ann Med Psychol 1971;129:723-45.
57. Perugi G, Giannotti D. Disturbo da dismorfismo corporeo. In: Cassano GB, ed. Manuale di psichiatria. Torino: UTET 1994.
58. Hollander E, Wong CM. Obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorder. J Clin Psych 1995;56(Suppl 4):3-6.
59. Invernizzi G. Manuale di Psichiatria e Psicologia Clinica. Milano: Mc Graw Hill 1996.
60. Phillips KA, McElroy SL. Insight, overvalued ideation, and delusional thinking in body dysmorphic disorder: theoretical and treatment implications. J Nerv Ment Dis 1993;181:699-701.
61. Braddock LE. Dysmorphophobia in adolescence: a case report. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:199-201.
62. Birtchnell SA. Dysmorphophobia: a centenary discussion. Br J Psychiatry 1988;153(Suppl 2):41-3.
63. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE. Body dysmorphic disorder: 30 cases of imagined ugliness. Am J Psychiatry 1993;150:302-8.
64. Veale D, Riley S. Mirror, mirror on the wall, who is the ugliest of them all? The psychopathology of mirror gazing in body dysmorphic disorder. Behav Res Ther 2001;39:1381-93.
65. Phillips KA. Quality of life for patients with body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2000;188:170-5.
66. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Keck PE, Hudson JI, Pope HG. A comparison of delusional and nondelusional body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cases. Psychopharmacol Bull 1994;30:179-86.
67. Simeon D, Hollander E, Stein DJ, Cohen LJ, Aronowitz B. Body dysmorphic disorder in the DSM-IV field trial for obsessive-compulsive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1207-9.
68. Cotterill JA, Cunliffe W A. Suicide in dermatological patients. Br J Dermatol 1997;137:246-50.
69. Hollander E, Aronowitz BR. Comorbid social anxiety and body dysmorphic disorder: managing the complicated patient. J Clin Psychiatry 1999;60:27-31
70. Andreasen NC, Bardach J. Dysmorphophobia: symptom or disease? Am J Psychiatry 1977;134:673-5.
71. Phillips KA, Hollander E, Rasmussen SA, Aronowitz BR, De Caria C, Goodman WK. A Severity Rating Scale for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: Development, Reliability and Validity of a Modified Version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33:17-22.
72. Aronowitz BR, Simeon D, Hollander E. A survey of body dysmorphic disorder in plastic surgery patients (poster). Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Society of Biological Psychiatry. Miami 1995.
73. Eisen JL, Phillips KA, Baer L, Baer DA, Atala KD, Rasmussen SA. The brown assessment of beliefs scale: reliability and validity. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155:102-8.
74. Phillips KA, Mc Elroy SL, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Insight and treatment response in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1997;33:566.
75. Barr LC, Goodman WK, Price LH. Acute exacerbation of body dysmorphic disorder during tryptophan depletion. Am J Psychiatry 1992;149:1406-7.
76. Hollander E, Neville D, Frenkel M, Josephson S, Liebowitz MR. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnostic issues and related disorders. Psychosomatics 1992;33:156-65.
77. Gabbay V, O'Dowd MA, Weiss AJ, Asnis GM. Body dysmorphić disorder triggered by medical illness? Am J Psychiatry 2002;159:493.
78. Gabbay V, Asnis GM, Bello JA, Alonso CM, Serras SJ, O'Dowd MA. New onset of body dysmorphic disorder following fronto-temporal lesion. Neurology 2003;61:123-5.
79. Mc Guire PK. The brain in obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995;59:457-9.
80. Hay GG. Dysmorphophobia. Br J Psychiatry 1970;116:399-406.
81. Jenike MA. A case report of successful treatment of dysmorphophobia with tranylcypromine. Am J Psychiatry 1984;141:1463-4.
82. Bloch S, Glue P. Psychotherapy and dysmorphophobia: a case report. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:271-4.
83. Yamada M, Kobashi K, Shigemoto T, Ota T. On dysmorphophobia. Bull Yamaguchi Med School 1978;9:53-6.
84. Thomas CS. Dysmorphophobia: a question of definition. Br J Psychiatry 1984;144:513-6.
85. De Leon J, Bott A, Simpson GM. Dysmorphophobia: body dysmorphic disorder or delusional disorder, somatic subtype? Compr Psychiatry 1989;30:457-72.
86. Marks I, Mishan J. Dysmorphophobic avoidance with disturbed bodily perception: a pilot study of exposure therapy. Br J Psychiatry 1988;152:674-8.
87. Campanella FN, Zuccoli E. In tema di dismorfofobia. Neuropsichiatria 1968;24:475-86.
88. Hardy GE, Cotterill JA. A study of depression and obsessionality in dysmorphophobic and psoriatic patients. Br J Psychiatry 1982;140:19-22.
89. Bezoari M, Falcinelli D. Immagine del corpo e relazioni oggettuali: note sulla dismorfofobia. Rass Studi Psychiat 1977;66:489-510.
90. Yamada M, Kobashi K, Shigemoto T, Ota T. On dysmorphophobia. Bull Yamaguchi Med School 1978;9:53-56.
91. Zaidens SH. Dermatologic Hypocondriasis: a form of schizophrenia. Psychosom Med 1950;12:250-3.
92. Gunstad J, Phillips KA. Axis I comorbidity in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr psychiatry 2003;44:270-6.
93. Brawman-Mintzer O, Lydiard RB, Phillips KA, Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with anxiety disorders and major depression: a comorbidity study. Am J Psychiatry 1995;152:1665-7.
94. Oosthuizen P, Lambert T, Castle DJ. Dysmorphic concern: prevalence and associations with clinical variables. Austr N Z J Psychiatry 1998;32:129-32.
95. McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE, Hudson JI, Pope HG. Body dysmorphic disorder: does it have a psychotic subtype? J Clin Psychiatry 1993;54:389-95.
96. Phillips KA, Dwight MM, McElroy SL. Efficacy and safety of fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 1998;59:165-71.
97. Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Psychological issues in patient outcomes. Facial Plast Surg 2002;18:125-34.
98. Carroll DH, Scahill L, Phillips KA. Current concepts in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2002;2:72-9.
99. Meyer E, Knorr J. Psychiatric aspects of plastic surgery. In: Converse JM, ed. Reconstructive plastic surgery. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders 1960.
100. Klabunde EH, Falces E. Incidence of complications in cosmetic rhinoplastics. Plast Reconstr Surg 1964;34:192-6.
101. Gipson M, Conolly F. The incidence of schizophrenia and severe psychological disorders in patients 10 years after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Br J Plast Surg 1975;28:155-9.
102. Lejour M, Lecocq C. Psychological implications of esthetic surgery. A propos of a study of 68 cases. Acta Chir Belg 1975;74:5-24.
103. Edgerton MT, Laugman MW, Pruzinsky T. Plastic Surgery and Psychotherapy in the treatment of 100 psychologicallly disturbed patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;88:594-608.
104. Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Psychological issues in patient outcomes. Facial Plast Surg 2002;18:125-34.
105. Veale D, De Haro L, Lambrou C. Cosmethic rhinoplasty in body dysmorphic disorder. Br J Plast Surg 2003;56:546-51.
106. Maffei G, Fossati A. I disturbi di personalità: prospettive della ricerca in psicologia clinica per la prassi medica generale. Ricerche di psicologia 1997;1:317-27.
107. Bellino S, Zizza M, Paradiso E, Patria L, Rivarossa A, Fulcheri M, et al. Disturbo da dismorfismo corporeo e disturbidi personalità un'indagine clinica in pazienti della chirurgia estetica. Ital J Psychopatol 2003;9:149-56.
108. Phillips KA, Grant J, Sinicalchi J, Albertini RS. Surgical and non-psychiatric medical treatment of patients with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics 2001;42:504-10.
109. Phillips KA. An open study of buspirone augmentation of serotonine reuptake inhibitors in body dysmorphic disorder. Psychopharmacol Bull 1996;32:175-80.
110. Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Rasmussen SA. A Randomized placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2002;59:381-8.
111. Hollander E, Allen A, Kwon J, Aronowitz B, Schmeidler J, Wong C, et al. Clomipramine vs Desipramine crossover trial in body dysmorphic disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:1033-42.
112. Phillips KA, McElroy SL, Dwight MM, Eisen JL, Rasmussen SA. Delusionality and response to open-label fluvoxamine in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:87-91.
113. Phillips KA, Najjar F. An open-label study of citalopram in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2003;64:715-20.
114. Phillips KA, Albertini RS, Siniscalchi JM, Khan A, Robinson M. Effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for body dysmorphic disorder: a chart review study. J Clin Psychiatry 2001;62:721-7.
115. Hollander E, Cohen LJ, Simeon D. Fluvoxamine in treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychopharmacology 1994;14:75-7.
116. McKay D, Todaro J, Neziroglu F, Campisi T, Moritz EK, Yaryura-Tobias JA. Body dysmorphic disorder: a preliminary evaluation of treatment and maintenance using exposure with response prevention. Behav Res Ther 1997;35:67-70.