School incentive programs and children's activities: The case of Bangladesh

Comparative Education Review

Volumn 48, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 295-317

  Arends Kuenning, Mary ^a   Amin, Sajeda ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14544284094     PISSN: 00104086     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/421376     Document Type: Review

References (39)

1. Celia W. Dugger, "Brazil Pays Parents to Help Poor Be Pupils, Not Wage Earners," New York Times (January 3, 2004), sec. A, p. 1.
2. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
3. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
4. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
5. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
6. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
7. Research about PROGRESA includes Emmanuel Skoufias and Susan Wendy Parker, "Conditional Cash Transfers and Their Impact on Child Work and Schooling: Evidence from the PROGRESA Program in Mexico," Economia 2, no. 1 (2001): 45-96; and T. Paul Schultz, School Subsidies for the Poor: Evaluating the Mexican PROGRESA Poverty Program (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Economic Growth Center, August 2001). Research about Bolsa Escola includes Lena Lavinas, Maria Ligia Barbosa, and Octavio Tourinho, Assessing Local Minimum Income Programmes in Brazil (Geneva: International Labor Office, 2001); and Guilherme Sedlacek, Emily Gustafsson-Wright, Nadeem Ilahi, and Margarita Lannon, Brazil: An Assessment of the Bolsa Escola Programs, Report No. 20208-BR (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 2001). Research about FFE includes Martin Ravallion and Quentin Wodon, "Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy," Economic Journal 110 (March 2000): C158-C175; and Akhter Ahmed and Carlo del Ninno, "The Food-for-Education Program in Bangladesh: An Evaluation of Its Impact on Educational Attainment and Food Security," Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper no. 138 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 2002).
8. Three exceptions are studies by Skoufias and Parker and by Schultz of the PROGRESA Program in Mexico, and by Ravallion and Wodon of FFE in Bangladesh. These studies find small impacts.
9. See, e.g., Ravallion and Wodon.
10. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report 2003, http:// www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/indic_13_1_1.html (last accessed on October 31, 2003).
11. United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
12. World Bank, "EdStats," http://www.devdata.worldbank.org/edstats/cd5.asp (last accessed May 18, 2004).
13. John Cleland, James Phillips, Sajeda Amin, and Ghulam Mustafa Kamal, The Determinants of Reproductive Change in Bangladesh (Washington, D.C.: World Bank, 1994).
14. Mead Cain, "The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Rural Bangladesh," Population and Development Review 4, no. 3 (1977): 421-38; John Caldwell, Abu K. M. Jalaluddin, Pat Caldwell, and Wendy Cosford, "The Changing Nature of Family Labour in Rural and Urban Bangladesh: Implications for Fertility Transition," Canadian Studies in Population 11, no. 2 (1984): 165-98.
15. Mead Cain, "The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Rural Bangladesh," Population and Development Review 4, no. 3 (1977): 421-38; John Caldwell, Abu K. M. Jalaluddin, Pat Caldwell, and Wendy Cosford, "The Changing Nature of Family Labour in Rural and Urban Bangladesh: Implications for Fertility Transition," Canadian Studies in Population 11, no. 2 (1984): 165-98.
16. Sajeda Amin, "Poverty-Purdah Trap in Rural Bangladesh: Implications for Women's Roles in the Family," Development and Change, 28 no. 2 (1997): 213-33.
17. Akhter Ahmed, "Operational Performance of the Rural Rationing Program in Bangladesh," Working Paper on Bangladesh no. 5 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., 1992).
18. Sharad Sapra, UNICEF, Personal communication with Sajeda Amin, 1993.
19. Ahmed and del Ninno (n. 2 above).
20. Richard Anker and Helina Melkas, Economic Incentives for Children and Families to Eliminate or Reduce Child Labour (Geneva: International Labour Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour, 1996), http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/policy/ papers/economic/intro.htm (last accessed September 3, 2003).
21. Author's calculation based on monthly transaction data of households collected for 12 consecutive rounds in 1991-92.
22. In the summer of 2002, the government of Bangladesh changed from a payment in wheat to a cash payment because cash payments involve fewer transactions costs than food payments (Ahmed and del Ninno).
23. Peter A. Easton and Simon M. Fass, "Monetary Consumption Benefits and the Demand for Primary Schooling in Haiti," Comparative Education Review 33, no. 2 (1989): 176-93; Anker and Melkas.
24. The FFE program was available in some unions and not in others. For each of the 460 thanas in Bangladesh, two or three poor unions were chosen for FFE. A thana is the smallest administrative unit in Bangladesh. Decisions about which unions would get FFE were made in a top-down manner.
25. S. N. Mitra, M. Nawab Ali, Shahidul Islam, Anne R. Cross, and Tulshi Saha, Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 1993-1994 (Dhaka: National Institute of Population Research and Training, 1994).
26. Sajeda Amin, "Female Education and Fertility in Bangladesh: The Influence of Marriage and the Family," in Girl's Schooling, Women's Autonomy and Fertility Change in South Asia, ed. Roger Jeffery and Alaka Basu (New Delhi: Sage, 1995), pp. 184-204.
27. Mary Arends-Kuenning and Sajeda Amin, "Women's Capabilities and the Right to Education in Bangladesh," International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society 15, no. 1 (2001): 125-42.
28. Lopita Huq and Sajeda Amin, "Dowry and Marriage Negotiations in Bangladesh in a Context of Rising Education" (unpublished manuscript, Population Council, 2003).
29. Mary Jean Bowman and C. Arnold Anderson, "The Participation of Women in Education in the Third World," in Women's Education in the Third World: Comparative Perspectives, ed. Gail P. Kelly and Carolyn M. Elliott (Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1982), pp. 11-30.
30. 24 Arends-Kuenning and Amin; Huq and Amin.
31. Sajeda Amin and Gilda Sedgh, "Incentive Schemes for School Attendance in Rural Bangladesh," Policy Research Division Working Paper no. 106, (Population Council, New York, 1998).
32. Anker and Melkas (n. 14 above); Ernesto Schiefelbein, "School-Related Economic Incentives in Latin America: Reducing Drop-Out and Repetition and Combating Child Labour," Working Paper, Innocenti Occasional Papers Child Rights Series no. 12 (International Child Development Centre, Florence, 1997).
33. Anker and Melkas (n. 14 above); Ernesto Schiefelbein, "School-Related Economic Incentives in Latin America: Reducing Drop-Out and Repetition and Combating Child Labour," Working Paper, Innocenti Occasional Papers Child Rights Series no. 12 (International Child Development Centre, Florence, 1997).
34. 27 Easton and Fass (n. 17 above).
35. Akhter Ahmed and Mary Arends-Kuenning, "Do Crowded Classrooms Crowd Out Learning? Evidence from the Food for Education Program in Bangladesh," FCND Discussion Paper no. 149 (International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., May 2003).
36. No data are available on the length of the school day in 1992. The time-use data collected in 1992 combined time spent in the classroom with time spent studying at home.
37. Schiefelbein.
38. Comparing FFE students to non-FFE students is problematic for grades 1 and 2, because some students are in BRAC schools, which have shorter school days. The sample size is too small for three-way comparisons.
39. Ron Lesthaeghe and Camille Vanderhoeft, "Ready, Willing, and Able: A Conceptualization of Transitions to New Behavioral Forms" (paper presented at Workshop on Social Processes Underlying Fertility Change in Developing Countries, National Research Council, Washington, D.C.January 29-30, 1998).