Think-aloud protocols and the selection task: Evidence for relevance effects and rationalisation processes

Thinking and Reasoning

Volumn 11, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 35-66

  Lucas, Erica J ^a   Ball, Linden J ^b  

^a NOTTINGHAM TRENT UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^b LANCASTER UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 14544280539     PISSN: 13546783     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13546780442000114     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Anderson, J. R., & Sheu, C.-F. (1995). Causal inferences as perceptual judgments. Memory and Cognition, 23, 510-524.
2. Ball, L. J., Lucas, E. J., Miles, J. N. V., & Gale, A. G. (2003). Inspection times and the selection task: What do eye-movements reveal about relevance effects? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 56A, 1053-1077.
3. Beattie, J., & Baron, J. (1988). Confirmation and matching biases in hypothesis testing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 40A, 269-297.
4. Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215-251.
5. Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, H. A. (1993). Protocol analysis: Verbal reports as data (2nd ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
6. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1983). Selective processes in reasoning. In J. St. B. T. Evans (Ed.), Thinking and reasoning: Psychological approaches (pp. 135-163). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
7. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1989). Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
8. Evans, J. St. B. T (1995). Relevance and reasoning. In S. E. Newstead, & J. St. B. T. Evans (Eds.), Perspectives on thinking and reasoning: Essays in honour of Peter Wason (pp. 147-172). Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
9. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1996). Deciding before you think: Relevance and reasoning in the selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 87, 223-240.
10. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1998a). Inspection times, relevance and reasoning: A reply to Roberts. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51A, 811-814.
11. Evans, J. St. B. T. (1998b). Matching bias in conditional reasoning: Do we understand it after 25 years? Thinking and Reasoning, 4, 45-82.
12. Evans, J. St. B. T. (2002). Matching bias and set sizes: A discussion of Yama (2001). Thinking and Reasoning, 8, 153-163.
13. Evans, J. St. B. T., Ball, L. J., & Brooks, P. G. (1987). Attentional bias and decision order in a reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology, 78, 385-394.
14. Evans, J. St. B. T., Clibbens, J., & Rood, B. (1996). The role of implicit and explicit negation in conditional reasoning bias. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 392-409.
15. Evans, J. St. B. T., Legrenzi, P., & Girotto, V. (1999). The influence of linguistic form on reasoning: The case of matching bias. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 52A, 185-216.
16. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Lynch, J. S. (1973). Matching bias in the selection task. British Journal of Psychology, 64, 391-397.
17. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Newstead, S. E. (1980). A study of disjunctive reasoning. Psychological Research, 41, 373-388.
18. Evans, J. St. B. T., Newstead, S. E., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1993). Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
19. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Over, D. E. (1996). Rationality and reasoning. Hove, UK: Psychology Press.
20. Evans, J. St. B. T., & Wason, P. W. (1976). Rationalization in a reasoning task. British Journal of Psychology, 67, 479-486.
21. Feeney, A., & Handley, S. J. (2000). The suppression of 'q' card selections: Evidence for deductive inference in Wason's selection task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 53A, 1224-1242.
22. Green, D. W., & Larkin, R. (1995). The locus of facilitation in the abstract selection task. Thinking and Reasoning, 1, 183-199.
23. Green, D. W., & Over, D. E. (1997). Causal inference, contingency tables and the selection task. Current Psychology of Cognition, 16, 459-487.
24. Green, D. W., Over, D., & Pyne, R. (1997). Probability and choice in the selection task. Thinking and Reasoning, 3, 209-236.
25. Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1995). Inference and mental models. In S. E. Newstead, & J. St. B. T. Evans (Eds.), Perspectives on thinking and reasoning: Essays in honour of Peter Wason (pp. 115-146). Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
26. Johnson-Laird, P. N., & Byrne, R. M. J. (1991). Deduction. Hove, UK: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd.
27. Kirby, K. N. (1994). Probabilities and utilities of fictional outcomes in Wason's four-card selection task. Cognition, 51, 1-28.
28. Krauth, J., & Berchtold-Neumann, M. (1988). A model for disjunctive reasoning. Zeitschrift fur Psychologie, 196, 361-370.
29. McKenzie, C. R. M., Ferreira, V. S., Mikkelsen, L. A., McDermott, K. L., & Skrable, R. P. (2001). Do conditional statements target rare events? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 85, 291-309.
30. McKenzie, C. R. M., & Mikkelsen, L. A. (2000). The psychological side of Hempel's paradox of confirmation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 7, 360-366.
31. Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231-259.
32. Oaksford, M. (2002a). Contrast classes and matching bias as explanations of the effects of negation on conditional reasoning. Thinking and Reasoning, 8, 13-151.
33. Oaksford, M. (2002b). Predicting the results of reasoning experiments: Reply to Feeney and Handley (2000). Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 55A, 793-798.
34. Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1994). A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection. Psychological Review, 101, 608-631.
35. Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1995). Information gain explains relevance which explains the selection task. Cognition, 57, 97-108.
36. Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (1996). Rational explanation of the selection task. Psychological Review, 103, 381-391.
37. Oaksford, M., & Chater, N. (2003). Optimal data selection: Revision, review and re-evaluation. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 10, 289-318.
38. Oaksford, M., Chater, N., & Grainger, R. (1999). Probabilistic effects in data selection. Thinking and Reasoning, 5, 193-243.
39. Oaksford, M., Chater, N., Grainger, B., & Larkin, J. (1997). Optimal data selection in the reduced array selection task (RAST). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 23, 441-458.
40. Oaksford, M., & Stenning, K. (1992). Reasoning with conditionals containing negated constituents. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18, 835-854.
41. Oaksford, M., & Wakefield, M. (2003). Data selection and natural sampling: Probabilities do matter. Memory and Cognition, 31, 143-154.
42. Over, D. E., & Green, D. W. (2001). Contingency, causation, and adaptive inference. Psychological Review, 108, 682-684.
43. Roberts, M. J. (1998a). How should relevance be defined? What does inspection time measure? A reply to Evans. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51A, 815-817.
44. Roberts, M. J. (1998b). Inspection times and the selection task: Are they relevant? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51A, 781-810.
45. Roberts, M. J. (2002). The elusive matching bias effect in the disjunctive selection task. Experimental Psychology, 49, 89-97.
46. Roberts, M. J., & Newton, E. J. (2001). Inspection times, the change task, and the rapid response selection task. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A, 1031-1048.
47. Stanovich, K. E., & West, R. F. (1998). Cognitive ability and variation in selection task performance. Thinking and Reasoning, 4, 193-230.
48. Stenning, K., & van Lambalgen, M. (2002). Semantics as a foundation for psychology: A case study of Wason's selection task. Journal of Logic, Language and Information, 10, 273-317.
49. Wason, P. C. (1966). Reasoning. In B. M. Foss (Ed.), New horizons in psychology. Vol. I. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin.
50. Wason, P. C., & Evans, J. St. B. T. (1975). Dual processes in reasoning? Cognition, 3, 141-154.
51. Wason, P. C., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1972). Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content. London: Batsford.
52. Yama, H. (2001). Matching versus optimal data selection in the Wason selection task. Thinking and Reasoning, 7, 295-311.