Anti-Americanism and Americanization in Germany

Politics and Society

Volumn 33, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 88-122

  Nolan, Mary ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Americanization; Anti americanism; Cold War; Modernity; Varieties of capitalism

Indexed keywords

EID: 14544269016     PISSN: 00323292     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0032329204272551     Document Type: Review

References (149)

1. Henri Astier, "La maladie francaise," TLS (January 10, 2003):3-4. For a review of the spate of recent French books on French anti-Americanism, see Tony Judt, "Anti-Americans Abroad," New York Review of Books 50, no. 7 (May 1, 2003): 24-27.
2. Henri Astier, "La maladie francaise," TLS (January 10, 2003):3-4. For a review of the spate of recent French books on French anti-Americanism, see Tony Judt, "Anti-Americans Abroad," New York Review of Books 50, no. 7 (May 1, 2003): 24-27.
3. Dan Diner, Feinbild Amerika: Über die Beständigkeit eines Ressentiments (Munich: Propyläen, 2002), 8.
4. Stanley Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty: Bush's National Security Strategy and the New American Hubris," American Prospect 14:1 (January 13, 2003: 29-310); Tony Judt, "Its Own Worst Enemy," New York Review of Books 49, no. 13 (August 15, 2002): http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15632; and Claus Leggewie,Amerikas Welt: Die USA in unseren Köpfen (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 2000). The Pew Global Attitudes Project's report What the World Thinks in 2002 argues that "in general, antipathy toward the U.S. is shaped more by what it does in the international arena than by what it stands for politically and economically" (italics in original); 69, http://www.people-press.org.
5. Stanley Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty: Bush's National Security Strategy and the New American Hubris," American Prospect 14:1 (January 13, 2003: 29-310); Tony Judt, "Its Own Worst Enemy," New York Review of Books 49, no. 13 (August 15, 2002): http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15632; and Claus Leggewie,Amerikas Welt: Die USA in unseren Köpfen (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 2000). The Pew Global Attitudes Project's report What the World Thinks in 2002 argues that "in general, antipathy toward the U.S. is shaped more by what it does in the international arena than by what it stands for politically and economically" (italics in original); 69, http://www.people-press.org.
6. Stanley Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty: Bush's National Security Strategy and the New American Hubris," American Prospect 14:1 (January 13, 2003: 29-310); Tony Judt, "Its Own Worst Enemy," New York Review of Books 49, no. 13 (August 15, 2002): http://www.nybooks.com/articles/15632; and Claus Leggewie,Amerikas Welt: Die USA in unseren Köpfen (Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe, 2000). The Pew Global Attitudes Project's report What the World Thinks in 2002 argues that "in general, antipathy toward the U.S. is shaped more by what it does in the international arena than by what it stands for politically and economically" (italics in original); 69, http://www.people-press.org.
7. As we will see below, there is not agreement about what to call the German variety of capitalism, but there is unanimity on its defining characteristics.
8. Americanism within America itself refers less to models of cultural, economic, and political modernity than to specifically political definitions of American nationalism. Richard Crockatt, America Embattled: September 11, Anti-Americanism and the Global Order (London: Routledge, 2003), 46-51.
9. For a longer discussion, see Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); and Mary Nolan, "America in the German Imagination," in Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan, ed. Heide Fehrenbach and Uta G. Poiger (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), 5-10.
10. For a longer discussion, see Mary Nolan, Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); and Mary Nolan, "America in the German Imagination," in Transactions, Transgressions, Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan, ed. Heide Fehrenbach and Uta G. Poiger (New York: Berghahn Books, 2000), 5-10.
11. Anselm Doering-Manteuffel, Wie westlich sind die Deutschen? Amerikanisierung und Westernisierung im 20. Jahrhundert (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1999), 10-11, 23-36.
12. Doering-Manteuffel, Wie westlich sind die Deutschen?
13. Volker Berghahn, "Conceptualizing the American Impact on Germany: West German Society and the Problem of Americanization," conference paper from "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 17-19, 1999, http://www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/ westernpapers/berghahn.pdf.
14. Kaspar Maase, "'Americanization,' 'Americanness' and 'Americanisms': Time for a Change in Perspective?" Conference paper from "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective," German Historical Institute, Washington, DC, March 17-19, 1999, http://www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/westernpapers/berghahn.pdf.
15. Maria Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins: The German-American Encounter in 1950s West Germany (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002).
16. Diner, Feindbild Amerika; and Berghahn, "Conceptualizing the American Impact," 9. Berghahn's recent book, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), tells a more complex story of the decline of anti-Americanism in the older generation and the resurgence of new forms among the 1968 generation.
17. Diner, Feindbild Amerika; and Berghahn, "Conceptualizing the American Impact," 9. Berghahn's recent book, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars in Europe (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), tells a more complex story of the decline of anti-Americanism in the older generation and the resurgence of new forms among the 1968 generation.
18. Doering-Manteuffel, Wie westlich sind die Deutschen? The Tübingen school, of which Doering-Manteuffel is the head, emphasizes this point. See the conference "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 17-19, 1999, http://www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/ westernpapers, for a sampling of this work.
19. Doering-Manteuffel, Wie westlich sind die Deutschen? The Tübingen school, of which Doering-Manteuffel is the head, emphasizes this point. See the conference "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 17-19, 1999, http://www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/ westernpapers, for a sampling of this work.
20. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995); and Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
21. Ann Laura Stoler, Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1995); and Frederick Cooper and Ann Laura Stoler, eds., Tensions of Empire: Colonial Cultures in a Bourgeois World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997).
22. Axel Schildt and Arnold Sywottek, "'Reconstruction' and 'Modernization': West German Social History during the 1950s," in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society and Culture in the Adenauer Era, ed. Robert G. Moeller (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 413-43; and Axel Schildt and Arnold Sywottek, eds., Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau. Die Westdeutsche Gesellschaft der 50er Jahre (Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf, 1993).
23. Axel Schildt and Arnold Sywottek, "'Reconstruction' and 'Modernization': West German Social History during the 1950s," in West Germany under Construction: Politics, Society and Culture in the Adenauer Era, ed. Robert G. Moeller (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 413-43; and Axel Schildt and Arnold Sywottek, eds., Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau. Die Westdeutsche Gesellschaft der 50er Jahre (Bonn: Verlag J. H. W. Dietz Nachf, 1993).
24. Dean C. Tipps, "Modernization Theory and the Comparative Study of Societies: A Critical Perspective," Comparative Studies in Society and History 15, no. 3 (June 1973): 199-226.
25. Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; Maase, "'Americanization,' 'Americanness'"; and Uta Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in Divided Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
26. Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; Maase, "'Americanization,' 'Americanness'"; and Uta Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in Divided Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
27. Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; Maase, "'Americanization,' 'Americanness'"; and Uta Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels: Cold War Politics and American Culture in Divided Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
28. Nolan, Visions of Modernity.
29. Michael Prinz and Rainer Zitelmann, eds., Nationalsozialismus und Modernisierung (Darmstadt, Germany: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, 1991).
30. Hans Mommsen with Manfred Grieger, Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich (Düsseldorf, Germany: ECON, 1996).
31. Christian Kleinschmidt, Der Produktive Blick: Wahrnehmung amerikanischer und japanischer Management- und Produktionsmethoden durch deutsche Unternehmer, 1950-1985 (Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2002), 311-12.
32. Tilla Siegel and Thomas von Freyburg, Industrielle Rationalisierung unter dem Nationalsozialismus (Frankfurt: Campus, 1991)
33. ; and Tilla Siegel, Leistung und Lohn in der nationalsozialistischen "Ordnung der Arbeit" (Opladen, Germany: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1989).
34. Edwin Black, IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (New York: Crown, 2001).
35. Exactly what was borrowed and what remained distinctively German are still being debated. See Volker Berghahn, The Americanisation of West German Industry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Kleinschmidt, Der Produktive Blick; and S. Jonathan Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
36. Exactly what was borrowed and what remained distinctively German are still being debated. See Volker Berghahn, The Americanisation of West German Industry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Kleinschmidt, Der Produktive Blick; and S. Jonathan Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
37. Exactly what was borrowed and what remained distinctively German are still being debated. See Volker Berghahn, The Americanisation of West German Industry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986); Kleinschmidt, Der Produktive Blick; and S. Jonathan Wiesen, West German Industry and the Challenge of the Nazi Past, 1945-1955 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001).
38. Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung, 1933-1945 (Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997); Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 289ff; and Hans Dieter Schäfer, Das gespaltene Bewusstsein: Über deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945 (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1982).
39. Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung, 1933-1945 (Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997); Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 289ff; and Hans Dieter Schäfer, Das gespaltene Bewusstsein: Über deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945 (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1982).
40. Philipp Gassert, Amerika im Dritten Reich: Ideologie, Propaganda und Volksmeinung, 1933-1945 (Stuttgart, Germany: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1997); Konrad H. Jarausch and Michael Geyer, Shattered Past: Reconstructing German Histories (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003), 289ff; and Hans Dieter Schäfer, Das gespaltene Bewusstsein: Über deutsche Kultur und Lebenswirklichkeit 1933-1945 (Munich: Carl Hanser Verlag, 1982).
41. Fehrenbach and Poiger, Transactions; Richard Pells, Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997); and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
42. Fehrenbach and Poiger, Transactions; Richard Pells, Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997); and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
43. Fehrenbach and Poiger, Transactions; Richard Pells, Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated, and Transformed American Culture since World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997); and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
44. Barbara Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market: Citizenship, Gender and Women's Movements in East Central Europe (London: Verso, 1992).
45. Kleinschmidt, Der Produktive Blick, 24.
46. Elaine Tyler May, Homeward Bound: American Families in the Cold War Era (New York: Basic Books, 1988) 10-15.
47. Frank Biess, "Survivors of Totalitarianism: Returning POWs and the Reconstruction of Masculine Citizenship in West Germany, 1945-1955," in The Miracle Years, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 57-82; Erica Carter, How German Is She? Postwar German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 20-43, 109-13; Elizabeth Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
48. Frank Biess, "Survivors of Totalitarianism: Returning POWs and the Reconstruction of Masculine Citizenship in West Germany, 1945-1955," in The Miracle Years, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 57-82; Erica Carter, How German Is She? Postwar German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 20-43, 109-13; Elizabeth Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
49. Frank Biess, "Survivors of Totalitarianism: Returning POWs and the Reconstruction of Masculine Citizenship in West Germany, 1945-1955," in The Miracle Years, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 57-82; Erica Carter, How German Is She? Postwar German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 20-43, 109-13; Elizabeth Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
50. Frank Biess, "Survivors of Totalitarianism: Returning POWs and the Reconstruction of Masculine Citizenship in West Germany, 1945-1955," in The Miracle Years, ed. Hanna Schissler (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001), 57-82; Erica Carter, How German Is She? Postwar German Reconstruction and the Consuming Woman (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997), 20-43, 109-13; Elizabeth Heineman, What Difference Does a Husband Make? Women and Marital Status in Nazi and Postwar Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); and Robert G. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood: Women and Family in the Politics of Postwar West Germany (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993).
51. Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market; and Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
52. Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market; and Susan Gal and Gail Kligman, The Politics of Gender after Socialism (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000).
53. Jennifer A. Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches: Housework, Consumption and Modernity in Germany (Oxford: Berg, 1999); and RKW, Rationalisierung in Schweden: Einflüsse und Stand der Anwendungen auf die Hauswirtschaft (Berlin: Beuth, 1956).
54. Jennifer A. Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches: Housework, Consumption and Modernity in Germany (Oxford: Berg, 1999); and RKW, Rationalisierung in Schweden: Einflüsse und Stand der Anwendungen auf die Hauswirtschaft (Berlin: Beuth, 1956).
55. Gwendolyn Wright, "Good Design and 'The Good Life': Cultural Exchange in Post-World War II American Domestic Architecture," in Across the Atlantic: Cultural Exchanges between Europe and the United States, ed. Luisa Passerini (Brussels: P.I.E-Peter Lang, 2000), 269-78.
56. Orvar Löfgren, "Materializing the Nation in Sweden and America," Ethnos 58, nos. 3/4 (1993): 190.
57. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, eds., Style and Socialism: Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Berg, 2000); see especially the essays by Crowley, Stokes, Gerchuk, and Reid.
58. Konrad Jarausch and Hannes Siegrist, eds.,Amerikanisierung und Sovietisierung in Deutschland 1945-1970 (Frankfurt: Campus Verlag, 1997).
59. Several historians have noted that both East and West Germany in the late 1940s and 1950s recovered economically not through new technology but through more productive and extensive use of labor. See Gerold Ambrosius, "Wirtschaftlicher Strukturwandel und Technikentwicklung," Joachim Radkau, "'Wirtschaftswunder' ohne technologische Innovation? Technische Modernität in den 50er Jahre," and Woflgang Mühlfriedel, "Zur technischen Entwicklung in der Industrie der DDR in den 50er Jahren, " in Schildt and Swyottek, Modernisierung im Wiederaufbau, 107-69. Less explored is that both economies inherited the same Nazi wage structures and rationalization techniques, which had begun in Weimar and were continued after 1933. In addition, some of what was imported into German industry in the 1950s as new Soviet methods was based on earlier Soviet appropriations of American methods.
60. Kate Brown, "Gridded Lives: Why Kazakhstan and Montana Are Nearly the Same Place," American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 17-18.
61. Diner, Feinbild Amerika, 105-6; Adelheid von Saldern, "Überfremdungsängste: Gegen die Amerikanisierung der deutschen Kultur in den zwanziger Jahren," in Amerikanisierung: Traum oder Alpentraum in Deutschland des 20.Jahrhunderts, ed. Alf Lütke, Inge Marssolek, and Adelheid von Saldern (Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner, 1996).
62. Diner, Feinbild Amerika, 105-6; Adelheid von Saldern, "Überfremdungsängste: Gegen die Amerikanisierung der deutschen Kultur in den zwanziger Jahren," in Amerikanisierung: Traum oder Alpentraum in Deutschland des 20.Jahrhunderts, ed. Alf Lütke, Inge Marssolek, and Adelheid von Saldern (Stuttgart, Germany: Steiner, 1996).
63. Carter, How German Is She?; and Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches.
64. Carter, How German Is She?; and Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches.
65. Ina Merkel, Utopie und Bedürfnis: Die Geschichte der Konsumkultur in der DDR (Cologne, Germany: Böhlau Verlag, 1999).
66. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997), 90, 151-83; Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 106-11, 201-29; and Karel Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 242-83.
67. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997), 90, 151-83; Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 106-11, 201-29; and Karel Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 242-83.
68. Walter L. Hixson, Parting the Curtain: Propaganda, Culture and the Cold War, 1945-1961 (New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 1997), 90, 151-83; Robert H. Haddow, Pavilions of Plenty: Exhibiting American Culture Abroad in the 1950s (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1997), 106-11, 201-29; and Karel Ann Marling, As Seen on TV: The Visual Culture of Everyday Life in the 1950s (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994), 242-83.
69. Martin Blum, "Remaking the East German Past: Ostalgie, Identity, and Material Culture," Journal of Popular Culture 34, no. 3 (2001): 229-53.
70. Nolan, Visions of Modernity.
71. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars; Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
72. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars; Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
73. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars; Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins; and Poiger, Jazz, Rock and Rebels.
74. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood; Till van Rahden, "Bringing Democracy to the Daddies: Changing Conceptions of Paternal Authority in West Germany, 1945-1970," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003; and Joe Perry, "Domesticating Manhood: Gendered Aspects of the 'TV Debate' and the West German Economic Miracle, 1953-1963," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003.
75. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood; Till van Rahden, "Bringing Democracy to the Daddies: Changing Conceptions of Paternal Authority in West Germany, 1945-1970," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003; and Joe Perry, "Domesticating Manhood: Gendered Aspects of the 'TV Debate' and the West German Economic Miracle, 1953-1963," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003.
76. Moeller, Protecting Motherhood; Till van Rahden, "Bringing Democracy to the Daddies: Changing Conceptions of Paternal Authority in West Germany, 1945-1970," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003; and Joe Perry, "Domesticating Manhood: Gendered Aspects of the 'TV Debate' and the West German Economic Miracle, 1953-1963," paper delivered at the American Historical Association, Chicago, January 2003.
77. Einhorn, Cinderella Goes to Market.
78. Detlev Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (London: Allen Lane, 1991); and Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe, and Uwe Lohein, eds., Zivilisation und Barbarei: Die Widerspruchlichen Potentiale der Moderne (Hamburg: Christains, 1991).
79. Detlev Peukert, The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity (London: Allen Lane, 1991); and Frank Bajohr, Werner Johe, and Uwe Lohein, eds., Zivilisation und Barbarei: Die Widerspruchlichen Potentiale der Moderne (Hamburg: Christains, 1991).
80. Susan Buck-Morss, Dreamworld and Catastrophe: The Passing of Mass Utopia in East and West (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2001).
81. Merkel, Utopie und Bedürfnis.
82. Harry Harootunian, Overcome by Modernity: History, Culture, and Community in Interwar Japan (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000), xvi-xvii.
83. Vivien A. Schmidt, The Futures of European Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
84. Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism, Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); and Michel Albert, Capitalism vs. Capitalism: How America's Obsession with Individual Achievement and Short-Term Profit Has Led It to the Brink of Collapse (New York: Four Wall Eight Windows, 1993).
85. Ronald Dore, Stock Market Capitalism: Welfare Capitalism, Japan and Germany versus the Anglo-Saxons (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000); and Michel Albert, Capitalism vs. Capitalism: How America's Obsession with Individual Achievement and Short-Term Profit Has Led It to the Brink of Collapse (New York: Four Wall Eight Windows, 1993).
86. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, ed. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Werner Abelshauser, Kulturkampf: Der deutsche Weg in die Neue Wirtschaft und die amerikanische Herausforderung (Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2003); and Wolfgang Streeck, "Introduction: Explorations into the Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism in Germany and Japan," in The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, ed. Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001).
87. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, ed. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Werner Abelshauser, Kulturkampf: Der deutsche Weg in die Neue Wirtschaft und die amerikanische Herausforderung (Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2003); and Wolfgang Streeck, "Introduction: Explorations into the Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism in Germany and Japan," in The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, ed. Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001).
88. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice, "An Introduction to Varieties of Capitalism," in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, ed. Peter A. Hall and David Soskice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001); Werner Abelshauser, Kulturkampf: Der deutsche Weg in die Neue Wirtschaft und die amerikanische Herausforderung (Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2003); and Wolfgang Streeck, "Introduction: Explorations into the Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism in Germany and Japan," in The Origins of Nonliberal Capitalism: Germany and Japan in Comparison, ed. Wolfgang Streeck and Kozo Yamamura (Ithaca, N. Y.: Cornell University Press, 2001).
89. Streeck, "Introduction," 2.
90. The French philosopher Michel Serres, cited in Albert, Capitalism vs. Capitalism, 75.
91. Dore, Stock Market Capitalism, 10.
92. Abelshauser, Kulturkampf, 8.
93. Leggewie, Amerikas Welt, 91-92, 109.
94. Wade Jacoby, "'Ization' by Negation? Occupation Forces, Codetermination, and Works Councils," conference paper from "The American Impact on Western Europe: Americanization and Westernization in Transatlantic Perspective," German Historical Institute, Washington, D.C., March 17-19, 1999, http://www.ghi-dc.org/conpotweb/westernpapers/jacoby.pdf.
95. Albert, Capitalism vs. Capitalism, 124-25.
96. Merkel, Utopie und Bedürfnis.
97. Maria Mitchell, "Materialism and Secularism: CDU Politicians and National Socialism, 1945-1949," Journal of Modern History 67, no. 2 (June 1995): 255-77; and Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins.
98. Maria Mitchell, "Materialism and Secularism: CDU Politicians and National Socialism, 1945-1949," Journal of Modern History 67, no. 2 (June 1995): 255-77; and Höhn, GIs and Fräuleins.
99. Der Spiegel, August 2003, 95.
100. (No Author) "Krieg aus Nächstenliebe"
101. Der Spiegel, August 2003, 99.
102. Der Spiegel, August 2003, 91.
103. Andrei S. Markovits and Philip S. Gorski, The German Left: Red, Green and Beyond (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 18-25.
104. Marilyn Young, "Dreaming of World War II, Living with Vietnam," http://www.nationinstitute.org/tomdispatch/index.mhtml?pid=354.
105. Andreas Huyssen, "Air War Legacies: From Dresden to Baghdad," New German Critique 90 (Fall 2003): 163-76; and Mary Nolan, "Air Wars, Memory Wars," Central European History, 38:1 (2005): 7-39.
106. Andreas Huyssen, "Air War Legacies: From Dresden to Baghdad," New German Critique 90 (Fall 2003): 163-76; and Mary Nolan, "Air Wars, Memory Wars," Central European History, 38:1 (2005): 7-39.
107. William Wallace, "Living with the Hegemon: European Dilemmas," in Critical Views of September 11: Analyses from around the World, ed. Eric Hershberg and Kevin W. Moore (New York: New Press, 2002), 101.
108. Petra Goedde, GIs and Germans: Culture, Gender and Foreign Relations, 1945-1949 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2003).
109. Andrei S. Markovits, "On Anti-Americanism in West Germany," New German Critique 34 (Winter 1985): 5; and Markovits and Gorski, The German Left, 25-26.
110. Andrei S. Markovits, "On Anti-Americanism in West Germany," New German Critique 34 (Winter 1985): 5; and Markovits and Gorski, The German Left, 25-26.
111. Eugene M. Blang, "A Reappraisal of Germany's Vietnam Policy, 1963-1966: Ludwig Erhard's Response to America's War in Vietnam," German Studies Review 27, no. 2 (2004): 341-60.
112. Claus Leggewie, "A Laboratory of Postindustrial Society: Reassessing the 1960s in Germany," in 1968: The World Transformed, ed. Carole Fink, Philipp Gassert, and Detlef Junker (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute and Cambridge University Press, 1999), 285-89.
113. Bernd Greiner, "Pubertätskrisen: Deutsche Amerikabilder im Umbruch der 60er Jahre," Mittelweg 36, no. 4 (2003): 32, 38-41.
114. David Ellwood, "Comparative Anti-Americanism in Western Europe," in Fehrenbach and Poiger, Transactions, 31.
115. Hope Harrison, "The Berlin Wall, Ostpolitik and Détente, " Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Supplement 1, American Détente and German Ostpolitik, 1969-1972 (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 2004). For a very critical view of Brandt and Ostpolitik, see Jeff Herf, War by Other Means: Soviet Power, West German Resistance, and the Battle of the Euromissiles (New York: Free Press, 1991), 5-6, 27-44.
116. Hope Harrison, "The Berlin Wall, Ostpolitik and Détente, " Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Supplement 1, American Détente and German Ostpolitik, 1969-1972 (Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute, 2004). For a very critical view of Brandt and Ostpolitik, see Jeff Herf, War by Other Means: Soviet Power, West German Resistance, and the Battle of the Euromissiles (New York: Free Press, 1991), 5-6, 27-44.
117. Gottfried Niedhart, "Ostpolitik: Phases, Short-term Objectives, and Grand Design," Bulletin of the German Historical Institute, Supplement 1, 130-31.
118. Markovits, "On Anti-Americanism"; and Markovits and Gorski, The German Left.
119. Markovits, "On Anti-Americanism"; and Markovits and Gorski, The German Left.
120. For a survey of the growing importance of political anti-Americanism, see Ellwood, "Comparative Anti-Americanism," 26-44.
121. On the German side, the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and the CDU made these charges, echoing those from Washington.
122. Sanford J. Ungar, "The Roots of Estrangement," in Estrangement: America and the World, ed. Sanford J. Ungar (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 14-18.
123. Markovits and Gorski, The German Left, 23.
124. Pew Global Attitudes Project, What the World Thinks in 2002, 2.
125. Pew Global Attitudes Project, America's Image Further Erodes: Europeans Want Weaker Ties, March 18, 2003. http://www.people-press.org.
126. Wallace, "Living with the Hegemon," 101.
127. Charles A. Kupchan, The End of the American Era: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Geopolitics of the Twenty-first Century (New York: Knopf, 2002), 70, 156.
128. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America, September 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc, 5.
129. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America; Anatol Levien, "The Push for War," London Review of Books 24, no. 19 (October 3, 2002); and Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty."
130. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America; Anatol Levien, "The Push for War," London Review of Books 24, no. 19 (October 3, 2002); and Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty."
131. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America; Anatol Levien, "The Push for War," London Review of Books 24, no. 19 (October 3, 2002); and Hoffmann, "The High and the Mighty."
132. Michael Ignatieff, "The Burden," New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003; http://www.newamericancentury.org; and Jay Tolson, "The New American Empire" U.S. News & World Report, January 13, 2003, 35-40.
133. Michael Ignatieff, "The Burden," New York Times Magazine, January 5, 2003; http://www.newamericancentury.org; and Jay Tolson, "The New American Empire" U.S. News & World Report, January 13, 2003, 35-40.
134. Kupchan, The End of the American Era, 157.
135. Lieven, "The Push for War."
136. Robert Kagan, "Power and Weakness," Policy Review 113 (June-July 2002), http://www.policyreview.org/JUN02/kagan.html; and Karl Zinsmeister, "Old and in the Way," American Enterprise 13, no. 8 (December 2002): 4-9.
137. Robert Kagan, "Power and Weakness," Policy Review 113 (June-July 2002), http://www.policyreview.org/JUN02/kagan.html; and Karl Zinsmeister, "Old and in the Way," American Enterprise 13, no. 8 (December 2002): 4-9.
138. See Timothy Garton Ash, "Anti-Europeanism in America," New York Review of Books, February 13, 2003, http://www.nybooks.com/articles/16059, for a review of the epithets and an assessment of the varied American forms of anti-Europeanism.
139. William Safire, "Bad Herr Dye," New York Times, January 23, 2003.
140. " 'Wir kriegen sie nur über das Geld' " Der Spiegel, March 22, 2003, www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/0,1518,241645,00.html.
141. Berghahn, America and the Intellectual Cold Wars.
142. Kagan, "Power." See also Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Knopf, 2003).
143. Kagan, "Power." See also Robert Kagan, Of Paradise and Power: America and Europe in the New World Order (New York: Knopf, 2003).
144. Leggewie emphasizes how attractive elements of the 1990s American economy were to Germans. Leggewie, Amerikas Welt, 87.
145. Kupchan, The End of the American Era, 119-59.
146. Perry Anderson, "Force and Consent," New Left Review 17 (September-October 2002): 5-30.
147. Steven Lukes, "The New Supermen," Open Democracy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/debates/article-2-50-181.jsp.
148. New York Times, March 4, 2003.
149. Markovits, "On Anti-Americanism," 4.