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See, for example, M. Raffel, C. Willert, and J. Kompenhans, Particle Image Velocimetry (Springer Press, Berlin, 2000).
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Particle Image Velocimetry
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17
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33645061178
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note
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We also used 4 μm diameter polystyrene spheres in some of the earlier measurements and essentially the same results are obtained as far as mean velocity is concerned.
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19
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33645069838
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note
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These measurements were made in the early stage of the experiment where 4 μm diameter spheres were used. Later on 50 μm particles were used in the measurements in small cells. These two types of particles produced essentially the same result for the mean velocity. The difference is that the larger particles have a stronger light scattering intensity and thus the effect of wall reflections becomes less of a problem. The large particles also produce a higher validation rate for the velocity vectors because their image on the CCD sensor is comparable to the size of a pixel, thus for the same amount of averages they produce better statistics.
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20
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33645071841
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note
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These counter-rotating vortices can also be seen from the coarse-grained vector map Fig. 2 and instant velocity field Fig. 13, and also from animated movies (see Ref. [34]).
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25
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X. Chavanne, F. Chillà, B. Castaing, B. Hébral, B. Chabaud, and J. Chaussy, Phys. Rev. Lett. 79, 3648 (1997).
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33
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0004217219
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See, for example, H. Tennekes and J. L. Lumly, A First Course in Turbulence (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1972).
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A First Course in Turbulence
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Lumly, J.L.2
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34
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85001790459
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or from ftp.aip.org in the directory /epaps/
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See EPAPs Document No. E-PLEEE8-68-032312 for animated movies showing fluid flow in the 2D plane. A direct link to this document may be found in the online article's NTML reference section. The document may also be reached via the EPAPS homepage (http://www.aip.org/pubservs/epaps.html) or from ftp.aip.org in the directory /epaps/. See the EPAPS homepage for more information. These movies can also be viewed at www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/turbulence/movies/. The movies are made by concatenating the consecutivley measured instant velocity fields.
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EPAPS Homepage
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