Recruitment, selection and promotion of visible-minority and aboriginal police officers in selected Canadian police services

Canadian Public Administration

Volumn 43, Issue 1, 2000, Pages 46-74

  Jain, Harish C ^a   Singh, Parbudyal ^b   Agocs, Carol ^c  

^a MCMASTER UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF NEW HAVEN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF WESTERN ONTARIO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 1442354499     PISSN: 00084840     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1754-7121.2000.tb01560.x     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. In this article, the terms "aboriginal," "aboriginals" and "First Nations people" are used interchangeably, as are "racial minorities" and "visible minorities." C. Agocs, C. Burr and F. Somerset, Employment Equity: Cooperative Strategies for Organizational Change (Toronto: Prentice-Hall of Canada, 1992).
2. Statistics Canada, The Daily 13 January 1998, p. 6.
3. David Koperis, "The Saskatoon Police and the frozen bodies," The Globe and Mail 17 February 2000, pp. A1, A3.
4. A. Andrews, Review of Race Relations Practices of the Metropolitan Toronto Police Force (Toronto: Municipality of Metropolitan Toronto, 1992);
5. Quebec, Human Rights Commission, Investigation Into Relations Between Police Forces, Visible and Other Ethnic Minorities. Chaired by J. Bellemare (Montreal: Commission, 1988);
6. Alberta, Task Force on the Criminal Justice System and its Impact on the Indian and Métis People of Alberta, Justice on Trial. Chaired by R. Cawsey (Edmonton: Queen's Printer, 1991);
7. Toronto, Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, Final Report (Toronto: Queen's Printer, 1995);
8. Manitoba, Aboriginal Inquiry of Manitoba: The Justice System and Aboriginal People, Report. Chaired by A. Hamilton and C. Sinclair (Winnipeg: Queen's Printer, 1991);
9. Nova Scotia, Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution, Report. Chaired by T. Hickman (Halifax: Queen's Printer, 1989);
10. Law Reform Commission of Canada, Report on Aboriginal Peoples and Criminal Justice (Ottawa: Commission, 1991);
11. Toronto, Race Relations and Policing Task Force, Report. Chaired by C. Lewis (Toronto: Office of the Solicitor General, 1989 and 1992);
12. British Columbia, Commission of Inquiry Into Policing in British Columbia, Report. Chaired by W. Oppal (Victoria: Queen's Printer, 1994);
13. Alberta, Public Inquiry into Policing in Relation to the Blood Tribe, Report. Findings and Recommendations. Chaired by C. Rolf (Edmonton: Queen's Printer, 1991).
14. F. Henry, C. Tator, W. Mantis and T. Rees, The Colour of Democracy: Racism in Canadian Society (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1995).
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16. D. Dutton, "The Public and the Police: Training Implications of the Demand for a New Model Police Officer," in J. Yuille, ed., Police Selection and Training (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1986).
17. D. Dutton, "The Public and the Police: Training Implications of the Demand for a New Model Police Officer," in Police Selection and Training (1986). Ibid.;
18. M. Wycoff, C. Susmilch and P. Eisenbart, Reconceptualizing the Police Role: An Examination of Theoretical Issue, Information Needs, Empirical Realities, and the Potential for Revision (Washington, D.C.: The Police Foundation, 1980).
19. A. Fleras and J.L. Elliott, Multiculturalism in Canada: The Challenge of Diversity (Scarborough, Ont.: Nelson Canada, 1992).
20. A. Fleras and J.L. Elliott, Multiculturalism in Canada: The Challenge of Diversity (1992). Ibid.
21. H.C. Jain, "An Assessment of Strategies of Recruiting Visible Minority Police Officers in Canada: 1985-1990," in R.C. Macleod and David Schneiderman, eds., Police Powers in Canada: the Evolution and Practice of Authority (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994);
22. H.C. Jain, "The recruitment and selection of visible minorities in Canadian police organizations," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 31, no. 3 (Fall 1988), pp. 463-82;
23. Toronto, Race Relations and Policing Task Force, Report. Chaired by C. Lewis.
24. Jain, "An Assessment of Strategies of Recruiting Visible Minority Police Officers in Canada," in Macleod and Schneiderman, Police Powers in Canada;
25. Senaka K. Suriya, "The representation of visible minorities in Canadian police: employment equity beyond rhetoric," Police Studies 16, no. 2 (Summer 1993), pp. 44-62.
26. André Normandeau, "La police et les minorités ethniques," Journal du Collège canadien de police/Canadian Police College Journal 14, no. 3 (1990), pp. 231-46.
27. C. Lewis, "The Report of the Race Relations and Policing Task Force," Journal du Collège canadien de police/Canadian Police College Journal Ibid.
28. Fleras and Elliott, Multiculturalism in Canada.
29. C. Jayewardene and C. Talbot, Police Recruitment of Ethnic Minorities (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1990).
30. F. Milliken and L. Martins, "Searching for common threads: understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups," Academy of Management Review 21, no. 3 (July 1996), pp. 402-33;
31. B. Walker, "An approach to diversity: valuing differences," Organizational Dynamics 22, no. 1 (Summer 1993), p. 12;
32. W. Watson, K. Kumar and L. Michaelsen, "Cultural diversity's impact on interaction process and performance: comparing homogenous and diverse task groups," Academy of Management Journal 36, no. 4 (October 1993), pp. 590-602.
33. H.C. Jain, "Recruitment of racial minorities in Canadian police forces," Relations Industrielles 42, no. 4 (December 1987), pp. 790-803;
34. Jain, "An Assessment of Strategies of Recruiting Visible Minority Police Officers in Canada," in Macleod and Schneiderman, Police Powers in Canada;
35. Jain, "The recruitment and selection of visible minorities in Canadian police organizations," CANADIAN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION;
36. Suriya, "The representation of visible minorities in Canadian policy: employment equity beyond rhetoric," Police Studies.
37. Quebec, Human Rights Commission, Investigation Into Relations Between Police Forces, Visible and Other Ethnic Minorities. Chaired by J. Bellemare;
38. Toronto, Race Relations and Policing Task Force, Report. Chaired by C. Lewis;
39. Lewis, "The Report of the Race Relations and Policing Task Force," Canadian Police College Journal;
40. E. Oziewicz, "Better training on racism urged for Montreal policy: Prejudiced attitude must change, Ryan says," The Globe and Mail (Toronto) 19 January 1993, p. A4.
41. Toronto, Commission on Systemic Racism in the Ontario Criminal Justice System, Final Report;
42. Manitoba, Aboriginal Inquiry of Manitoba: The Justice System and Aboriginal People, Report. Chaired by A. Hamilton and C. Sinclair;
43. Nova Scotia, Royal Commission on the Donald Marshall Jr. Prosecution, Report. Chaired by T. Hickman;
44. Alberta, Public Inquiry into Policing in Relation to the Blood Tribe, Report. Findings and Recommendations. Chaired by C. Rolf.
45. British Columbia, Commission of Inquiry Into Policing in British Columbia, Report. Chaired by W. Oppal.
46. British Columbia, Commission of Inquiry Into Policing in British Columbia, Report. Ibid.;
47. Toronto, Race Relations and Policing Task Force, Report. Chaired by C. Lewis.
48. British Columbia, Commission of Inquiry Into Policing in British Columbia, Report, p. E-14. Chaired by W. Oppal.
49. Ellen Hochstedler, "Impediments to hiring minorities in public police agencies," Journal of Police Science and Administration 12, no. 2 (June 1984), pp. 227-40;
50. W. Lewis, "Toward representative bureaucracy: Blacks in city police organizations," Public Administration Review 49, no. 3 (May/June 1989), pp. 257-68;
51. Susan E. Martin, "Outsider within' the station house: The impact of race and gender on Black women police," Social Problems 41, no. 3 (August 1994), pp. 383-400;
52. Norma Riccucci, "Female and minority employment in city government: the role of unions," Policy Studies Journal 15, no. 1 (September 1986), pp. 3-16;
53. Brent Steel and Nicholas P. Lovrich Jr., "Equality and efficiency trade-offs in affirmative action - real or imagined? The case of women in policing," Social Science Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1987), pp. 53-70;
54. Lana Stein, "Representative local government: minorities in the municipal work force," Journal of Politics 48, no. 3 (August 1986), pp. 694-716;
55. Samuel Walker, "Racial minority and female employment in policing: the implications of 'glacial' change," Crime and Delinquency 31, no. 4 (October 1985), pp. 555-72.
56. W.S. Tarnopolsky, "Discrimination and Affirmative Action," in Harish C. Jain and D. Carroll, eds., Race and Sex Equality in the Workplace: A Challenge and an Opportunity (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1980).
57. See also H.C. Jain, "Employment Equity in Canada," Human Resource Management in Canada [newsletter] (November 1997), pp. 50,043-50,058.
58. H.C. Jain, "Employment Equity in Canada," Human Resource Management in Canada 1997), pp. 50,043-50,058. Ibid.;
59. Agocs, C. Burr and F. Somerset, Employment Equity.
60. W. Taylor, "Race Relations Interventions Within a Probation Service," in John W. Shaw, Peter Nordlie and Richard Shapiro, eds., Strategies for Improving Race Relations: The Anglo-American Experience (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1987), pp. 149-64.
61. M. Bendick Jr., "Adding Testing to the Nation's Portfolio of Information on Employment Discrimination," in Michael Fix and Margery Austin Turner, eds., A National Report Card on Discrimination in America: The Role of Testing (Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute, 1999), Chapter 3;
62. Agocs, Burr and Somerset, Employment Equity;
63. H.C. Jain, "Race and sex discrimination in employment in Canada: Theories, evidence and policies," Relations Industrielles 37, no. 2 (June 1982), pp. 344-66;
64. H.C. Jain and P.J. Sloane, Equal Employment Issues: Race and Sex Discrimination in the United States, Canada and Britain (New York: Praeger, 1981).
65. Joyce Hogan and Ann Quigley, "Physical standards for employment and the courts," American Psychologist 41, no. 11 (November 1986), pp. 1193-1217;
66. Larry T. Hoover, "Trends in police physical ability selection testing," Public Personnel Management 21, no. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 29-40;
67. Clyde A. Winters, "Socio-economic status, test bias and the selection of police," The Police Journal 65, no. 2 (April/June 1992), pp. 125-35;
68. C. Winters, "Psychology tests, suits and minority applicants," The Police Journal 62, no. 1 (January 1989), pp. 22-30.
69. Reference for court case; Winters, "Psychology tests, suits and minority applicants," The Police Journal.
70. For similar findings from focus groups with about fifty black youth in six Ontario cities, see C.E. James, "'Up to No Good': Black on the Streets and Encountering Police," in Vic Satzewich, eds., Racism and Social Inequality in Canada (Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 1998), pp. 157-76.
71. For the United States, see R.D. Gatewood and H.S. Feild, Human Resources Selection (Fort Worth, Tx.: Dryden Press, 1998).
72. For Canada, see National Capital Alliance on Race Relations v. Health Canada [1997].
73. Gatewood and Feild, Human Resources Selection;
74. Willi H. Wiesner and S. Cronshaw, "A meta-analysis investigation of the impact of interview format and degree of structure on the validity of the employment interview," Journal of Occupational Psychology 61, no. 4 (December 1988), pp. 275-90.
75. Willi H. Wiesner and S. Cronshaw, "A meta-analysis investigation of the impact of interview format and degree of structure on the validity of the employment interview," Journal of Occupational Psychology 61, no. 4 (1988), pp. 275-90. Ibid.;
76. Toronto, Race Relations and Policing Task Force, Report. Chaired by C. Lewis;
77. British Columbia, Commission of Inquiry Into Policing in British Columbia, Report. Chaired by W. Oppal.
78. Thung-Rung Lin, Gregory H. Dobbins and Jiing-Lih Farh, "A field study of race and age similarity effects on interview ratings in conventional and situational interviews," Journal of Applied Psychology 77, no. 3 (June 1992), pp. 363-71;
79. Amelia J. Prewett, Hubert S. Feild, John G. Veres III and Ph'lip M. Lewis, "Effects of race on interview ratings in a situational panel interview," Journal of Applied Psychology 81, no. 2 (April 1996), pp. 178-86.