The South Atlantic convergence zone: Intensity, form, persistence, and relationships with intraseasonal to interannual activity and extreme rainfall

Journal of Climate

Volumn 17, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 88-108

  Carvalho, Leila M V ^a   Jones, Charles ^b   Liebmann, Brant ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO   (Brazil)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^c EARTH SYSTEM RESEARCH LABORATORY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; DATA REDUCTION; HEAT CONVECTION; RAIN;

CONVERGENCE ZONES; OUTGOING LONGWAVE RADIATION (OLR);

CLIMATOLOGY;

CONVERGENCE; EXTREME EVENT; MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION; MARINE ATMOSPHERE; RAINFALL;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (SOUTH);

EID: 1442291180     PISSN: 08948755     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<0088:TSACZI>2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Ambrizzi, T., and B. J. Hoskins, 1997: Stationary Rossby-wave propagation in a baroclinic atmosphere. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 123, 919-928.
2. Barreiro, M., P. Chang, and R. Saravanan, 2002: Variability of the South Atlantic convergence zone simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Climate, 15, 745-763.
3. Carvalho, L. M. V., and C. Jones, 2001: A satellite method to identify structural properties of mesoscale convective systems based on maximum spatial correlation tracking technique (MASCOTTE). J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1683-1701.
4. Carvalho, L. M. V., C. Jones, and B. Liebmann, 2002: Extreme precipitation events in southeastern South America and large-scale convective pattern in the South Atlantic convergence zone. J. Climate, 15, 2377-2394.
5. Duchon, C. E., 1979: Lanczos filter in one and two dimensions. J. Appl. Meteor., 18, 1016-1022.
6. Grimm, A. M., 2003: The El Nin̄o impact on the summer monsoon in Brazil: Regional processes versus remote influences. J. Climate, 16, 263-280.
7. Grimm, A. M., and P. L. Silva Dias, 1995: Analysis of tropical-extratropical interactions with influence functions of a barotropic model. J. Atmos. Sci., 52, 3538-3555.
8. Hendon, H. H., and M. L. Salby, 1994: The life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Atmos. Sci., 51, 2225-2237.
9. Hoerling, M. P., and A. Kumar, 2000: Understanding and predicting extratropical teleconnections related to ENSO. El Niño and the Southern Oscillation, H. F. Diaz and V. Markgraf. Eds., Cambridge, 59-88.
10. Jackson, J. E., 1991: A User's Guide to Principal Components. Wiley, 569 pp.
11. Jones, C., 2000: Occurrence of extreme precipitation events in California and relationships with the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 13, 3576-3587.
12. Jones, C., and L. M. V. Carvalho, 2002: Active and break phases in the South America monsoon system. J. Climate, 15, 905-914.
13. Jones, C., D. E. Waliser, and C. Gautier, 1998: The influence of the Madden-Julian oscillation on ocean surface heat fluxes and sea surface temperature. J. Climate, 11, 1057-1072.
14. Kalnay, E., and Coauthors, 1996: The NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project, Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 437-471.
15. Kiladis, G. N., and K. M. Weickman, 1992: Circulation anomalies associated with tropical convection during northern winter. Mon. Wea. Rev., 120, 1900-1923.
16. Kiladis, G. N., and K. M. Weickman, 1997: Horizontal structure and seasonality of large-scale circulations associated with submonthly tropical convection. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 1997-2013.
17. Kodama, Y. M., 1992: Large-scale common features of subtropical precipitation zones (the Baiu frontal zone, the SPCZ, and the SACZ). Part I: Characteristics of subtropical frontal zones. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan., 70, 813-835.
18. Kodama, Y. M., 1993: Large-scale common features of subtropical convergence zones (the Baiu frontal zone, the SPCZ, and the SACZ). Part II: Conditions of the circulations for generating STCZs. J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, 71, 581-610.
19. Kousky, V. E., and C. F. Ropelewski, 1989: Extremes in Southern Oscillation and their relationship to precipitation anomalies with emphasis on the South American region. Rev. Bras. Meteor., 4, 351-363.
20. Lenters, J. D., and K. H. Cook, 1999: Summertime precipitation variability over South America: Role of the large-scale circulation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 127, 409-431.
21. Liebmann, B., and C. Smith, 1996: Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 77, 1570-1573.
22. Liebmann, B., G. N. Kiladis, J. A. Marengo, T Ambrizzi, and J. D. Glick, 1999: Submonthly convective variability over South America and the South Atlantic convergence zone. J. Climate, 12, 1977-1991.
23. Liebmann, B., C. Jones, and L. M. V. Carvalho, 2001: Interannual variability of daily extreme precipitation events in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. J. Climate, 14, 208-218.
24. Madden, R. A., and P. R. Julian, 1994: Observations of the 40-50 day tropical oscillation-A review. Mon. Wea. Rev., 122, 814-837.
25. Maloney, E. D., and D. L. Hartmann, 1998: Frictional moisture convergence in a composite life cycle of the Madden-Julian oscillation. J. Climate, 11, 2387-2403.
26. Marengo, J. A., and W. R. Soares, 2002: Climatology of low-level jet east of the Andes as derived from the NCEP reanalyses. Preprints, VAMOS/CLIVAR/WCRP Conf. on South American Low-Level Jet, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. [Available online at www-cima.at.fcen.uba.ar/sallj/sallj_conf_extabs.html.]
27. Nieto-Ferreira, R., T Rickenbach, D. L. Herdies, and L. M. V. Carvalho, 2003: Variability of South American convective cloud systems and tropospheric circulation during January-March 1998 and 1999. Mon. Wea. Rev., 131, 961-973.
28. Nogués-Paegle, J., and K. C. Mo, 1997: Alternating wet and dry conditions over South America during summer. Mon. Wea. Rev., 125, 279-291.
29. Nogués-Paegle, J., L. A. Byerle, and K. C. Mo, 2000: Intraseasonal modulation of South American summer precipitation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 837-850.
30. North, G. R., T. L. Bell, and R. F. Cahalan, 1982: Sampling errors in the estimation of empirical orthogonal functions. Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 699-706.
31. Rickenbach, T., R. N. Ferreira, J. Halverson, and M. A. F. Silva Dias, 2002: Modulation of convection in the southwestern Amazon basin by extratropical stationary fronts. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8040, doi:10.1029/2000JD000263.
32. Robertson, A. W., and C. R. Mechoso, 2000: Interannual and interdecadal variability of the South Atlantic convergence zone. Mon. Wea. Rev., 128, 2947-2957.
33. Ropelewski, C. F., and M. S. Halpert, 1987: Global and regional scale precipitation patterns associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation. Mon. Wea. Rev., 115, 1606-1626.
34. Satyamurti, P., C. Nobre, and P. L. Silva Dias, 1998: South America. Meteorology of the Southern Hemisphere, D. J. Karoly and D. G. Vincent, Eds., Amer. Meteor. Soc., 119-139.
35. Zhou, J., and K. M. Lau, 1998: Does a monsoon climate exist over South America? J. Climate, 11, 1020-1040.