메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 64, Issue 3, 2004, Pages 237-244

Primary Blepharospasm: Diagnosis and Management

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; BOTULINUM TOXIN A; BOTULINUM TOXIN B; CLONAZEPAM; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR STIMULATING AGENT; DOXORUBICIN; NEUROBLOCK; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; NICOTINE; TRIHEXYPHENIDYL;

EID: 1442284258     PISSN: 00126667     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200464030-00002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (26)

References (59)
  • 1
    • 85060839518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Classification of dystonia
    • Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven
    • Fahn S, Bressman SB, Marsden CD. Classification of dystonia. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Dystonia 3: advances in neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 121-6
    • (1998) Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology , pp. 121-126
    • Fahn, S.1    Bressman, S.B.2    Marsden, C.D.3
  • 2
    • 0020558189 scopus 로고
    • Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: Clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients
    • Jankovic J, Ford J. Blepharospasm and orofacial-cervical dystonia: clinical and pharmacological findings in 100 patients. Ann Neurol 1988; 13: 402-11
    • (1988) Ann Neurol , vol.13 , pp. 402-411
    • Jankovic, J.1    Ford, J.2
  • 4
    • 0023775142 scopus 로고
    • Ophthalmologic causes of blepharospasm
    • Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • Salorio PD, Conte RQ. Ophthalmologic causes of blepharospasm. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press 1988: 91-102
    • (1988) Advances in Neurology , pp. 91-102
    • Salorio, P.D.1    Conte, R.Q.2
  • 5
    • 0344837904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Familial blepharospasm is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene
    • Defazio G, Brancati F, Valente EM, et al. Familial blepharospasm is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and relates to a novel unassigned gene. Mov Disord 2003; 18: 207-12
    • (2003) Mov Disord , vol.18 , pp. 207-212
    • Defazio, G.1    Brancati, F.2    Valente, E.M.3
  • 6
    • 0031971433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Possible risk factors for primary adult-onset dystonia: A case-control investigation by the Italian Movement Disorders Study Group
    • Defazio G, Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G, et al. Possible risk factors for primary adult-onset dystonia: a case-control investigation by the Italian Movement Disorders Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 64: 25-32
    • (1998) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.64 , pp. 25-32
    • Defazio, G.1    Berardelli, A.2    Abbruzzese, G.3
  • 7
    • 0036460936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm
    • Defazio G, Livrea P. Epidemiology of primary blepharospasm. Mov Disord 2002; 17 (1): 7-12
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , Issue.1 , pp. 7-12
    • Defazio, G.1    Livrea, P.2
  • 8
    • 0037167549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of primary dystonia in the general community
    • Muller J, Kiechl S, Wenning GK, et al. The prevalence of primary dystonia in the general community. Neurology 2002; 59: 941-3
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 941-943
    • Muller, J.1    Kiechl, S.2    Wenning, G.K.3
  • 9
    • 0037370317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Agreement among neurologists on the clinical diagnosis of dystonia at different body sites
    • Logroscino G, Livrea P, Anaclerio D, et al. Agreement among neurologists on the clinical diagnosis of dystonia at different body sites. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74 (3): 348-50
    • (2003) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.74 , Issue.3 , pp. 348-350
    • Logroscino, G.1    Livrea, P.2    Anaclerio, D.3
  • 10
    • 0028299003 scopus 로고
    • Electromyographic features of levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles in blepharospasm
    • Aramideh M, Ongerboer de Visser BW, Devriese BB, et al. Electromyographic features of levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles in blepharospasm. Brain 1994; 117: 27-38
    • (1994) Brain , vol.117 , pp. 27-38
    • Aramideh, M.1    Ongerboer De Visser, B.W.2    Devriese, B.B.3
  • 11
    • 0024432015 scopus 로고
    • Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: Innervation and structure of primate levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles
    • Porter JD, Burns LA, May PJ. Morphological substrate for eyelid movements: innervation and structure of primate levator palpebrae superioris and orbicularis oculi muscles. J Comp Neurol 1989; 287: 64-81
    • (1989) J Comp Neurol , vol.287 , pp. 64-81
    • Porter, J.D.1    Burns, L.A.2    May, P.J.3
  • 13
    • 0035836012 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eyelid movement disorders and electromyography
    • Aramideh M, Koelman JH, Speelman JD, et al. Eyelid movement disorders and electromyography. Lancet 2001; 357: 805-6
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 805-806
    • Aramideh, M.1    Koelman, J.H.2    Speelman, J.D.3
  • 14
    • 0021915290 scopus 로고
    • Apraxia of eyelid opening
    • Boghen D. Apraxia of eyelid opening. Neurology 1985; 35: 423-7
    • (1985) Neurology , vol.35 , pp. 423-427
    • Boghen, D.1
  • 15
    • 0023713237 scopus 로고
    • Blepharospasm: A form of focal dystonia
    • Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • Fahn S. Blepharospasm: a form of focal dystonia. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1988: 125-33
    • (1988) Advances in Neurology , pp. 125-133
    • Fahn, S.1
  • 17
    • 0344474537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The 'geste antagonistique' induces transient modulation of the blink reflex in human patients with blepharospasm
    • Gomez-Wong E, Marti MJ, Cossu G, et al. The 'geste antagonistique' induces transient modulation of the blink reflex in human patients with blepharospasm. Neurosci Lett 1998; 251: 125-8
    • (1998) Neurosci Lett , vol.251 , pp. 125-128
    • Gomez-Wong, E.1    Marti, M.J.2    Cossu, G.3
  • 18
    • 0023690663 scopus 로고
    • The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm
    • Elston JS, Marsden CD, Grandas F, et al. The significance of ophthalmological symptoms in idiopathic blepharospasm. Eye 1988; 2: 435-9
    • (1988) Eye , vol.2 , pp. 435-439
    • Elston, J.S.1    Marsden, C.D.2    Grandas, F.3
  • 19
    • 0028950638 scopus 로고
    • Spread of symptoms in idiopathic torsion dystonia
    • Greene P, Kang UJ, Fahn S. Spread of symptoms in idiopathic torsion dystonia. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 143-52
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 143-152
    • Greene, P.1    Kang, U.J.2    Fahn, S.3
  • 20
    • 0032823454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for spread of primary adult-onset blepharospasm: A multicentre investigation by the Italian Movement Disorders Study Group
    • Defazio G, Berardelli A, Abbruzzese G, et al. Risk factors for spread of primary adult-onset blepharospasm: a multicentre investigation by the Italian Movement Disorders Study Group. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1999; 67: 613-9
    • (1999) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.67 , pp. 613-619
    • Defazio, G.1    Berardelli, A.2    Abbruzzese, G.3
  • 21
    • 0023673283 scopus 로고
    • Etiology and differential diagnosis of blepharospasm
    • Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • Jankovic J. Etiology and differential diagnosis of blepharospasm. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1988: 103-16
    • (1988) Advances in Neurology , pp. 103-116
    • Jankovic, J.1
  • 22
    • 0023760765 scopus 로고
    • Hemifacial spasm: Differential diagnosis, mechanism and treatment
    • Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • Digre K, Corbett JJ. Hemifacial spasm: differential diagnosis, mechanism and treatment. In: Jankovic J, Tolosa E, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1988: 151-76
    • (1988) Advances in Neurology , pp. 151-176
    • Digre, K.1    Corbett, J.J.2
  • 23
    • 0030817272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Important concepts for treating ocular surface and tear disorders
    • Tseng SCG, Tsubota K. Important concepts for treating ocular surface and tear disorders. Am J Opthalmol 1997; 124: 825-35
    • (1997) Am J Opthalmol , vol.124 , pp. 825-835
    • Tseng, S.C.G.1    Tsubota, K.2
  • 25
    • 0023675165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary dystonia
    • Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven
    • Calne DB, Lang AE. Secondary dystonia. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Dystonia 3: advances in neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 9-33
    • (1998) Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology , pp. 9-33
    • Calne, D.B.1    Lang, A.E.2
  • 26
    • 0031772508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tardive blepharospasm
    • Sachdev P. Tardive blepharospasm. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 947-51
    • (1998) Mov Disord , vol.13 , pp. 947-951
    • Sachdev, P.1
  • 27
    • 84934746184 scopus 로고
    • The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp, and torticollis or axial dystonia)
    • Eldridge R, Fahn S, editors. New York: Raven Press
    • Marsden CD. The problem of adult-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia and other isolated dyskinesias in adult life (including blepharospasm, oromandibular dystonia, dystonic writer's cramp, and torticollis or axial dystonia). In: Eldridge R, Fahn S, editors. Advances in neurology. New York: Raven Press, 1976: 1-10
    • (1976) Advances in Neurology , pp. 1-10
    • Marsden, C.D.1
  • 28
    • 0023675320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychogenic dystonia
    • Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven
    • Fahn S, Williams DT. Psychogenic dystonia. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Dystonia 3: advances in neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 431-55
    • (1998) Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology , pp. 431-455
    • Fahn, S.1    Williams, D.T.2
  • 29
    • 0025160754 scopus 로고
    • The clinical usefulness botulinum toxin A in treating neuralgic disorders: Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology
    • American Academy of Neurology Assessment. The clinical usefulness botulinum toxin A in treating neuralgic disorders: report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 1990; 40: 1332-6
    • (1990) Neurology , vol.40 , pp. 1332-1336
  • 30
    • 0024729961 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin therapy of eye muscle disorders: Safety and effectiveness
    • American Academy of Ophthalmology. Botulinum toxin therapy of eye muscle disorders: safety and effectiveness. Ophthalmology 1989; 96 Pt 2: 37-41
    • (1989) Ophthalmology , vol.96 , Issue.2 PART , pp. 37-41
  • 31
    • 0023142826 scopus 로고
    • Botulinum A toxin for cranial cervical dystonia: A double-blind placebo-controlled study
    • Jankovic J, Oman J. Botulinum A toxin for cranial cervical dystonia: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Neurology 1987; 37: 616-23
    • (1987) Neurology , vol.37 , pp. 616-623
    • Jankovic, J.1    Oman, J.2
  • 32
    • 0035076018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin: Evidence-based medicine in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
    • Jost WH, Kohl A. Botulinum toxin: evidence-based medicine in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 2001; 248 Suppl. 1: 21-4
    • (2001) J Neurol , vol.248 , Issue.1 SUPPL. , pp. 21-24
    • Jost, W.H.1    Kohl, A.2
  • 34
    • 0037172880 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin improves lid opening delays in blepharospasm-associated apraxia of eyelid opening
    • Forget R, Tozlovanu V, Iancu A, et al. Botulinum toxin improves lid opening delays in blepharospasm-associated apraxia of eyelid opening. Neurology 2002; 58: 1843-6
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.58 , pp. 1843-1846
    • Forget, R.1    Tozlovanu, V.2    Iancu, A.3
  • 35
    • 0027976367 scopus 로고
    • Histologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum toxin injection
    • Borodic GE, Ferrante R, Pearce LB, et al. Histologic assessment of dose-related diffusion and muscle fiber response after therapeutic botulinum toxin injection. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 31-9
    • (1994) Mov Disord , vol.9 , pp. 31-39
    • Borodic, G.E.1    Ferrante, R.2    Pearce, L.B.3
  • 36
    • 0031609749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose standardization of botulinum toxin
    • Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong M, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven Publishers
    • Van den Bergh PYK, Lison DF. Dose standardization of botulinum toxin. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong M, editors. Dystonia 3: advances in neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven Publishers, 1998: 231-5
    • (1998) Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology , pp. 231-235
    • Van Den Bergh, P.Y.K.1    Lison, D.F.2
  • 37
    • 0029067256 scopus 로고
    • The blepharospasm disability scale: An instrument for the assessment of functional health in blepharospasm
    • Lindeboom R, De Haan R, Aramideh M, et al. The blepharospasm disability scale: an instrument for the assessment of functional health in blepharospasm. Mov Disord 1995; 10: 444-9
    • (1995) Mov Disord , vol.10 , pp. 444-449
    • Lindeboom, R.1    De Haan, R.2    Aramideh, M.3
  • 38
    • 0037235223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin a treatment in patients suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye
    • Horwath-Winter J, Berglorff J, Floegel I, et al. Botulinum toxin A treatment in patients suffering from blepharospasm and dry eye. Br J Opthalmol 2003; 87: 54-6
    • (2003) Br J Opthalmol , vol.87 , pp. 54-56
    • Horwath-Winter, J.1    Berglorff, J.2    Floegel, I.3
  • 39
    • 0035755825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: Stability of duration of effect and dosage over time
    • Drummond GT, Hinz BJ. Botulinum toxin for blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm: stability of duration of effect and dosage over time. Can J Opthalmol 2001; 36: 398-403
    • (2001) Can J Opthalmol , vol.36 , pp. 398-403
    • Drummond, G.T.1    Hinz, B.J.2
  • 40
    • 0038318929 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum neurotoxin type A: Long-term results
    • Calace P, Cortese G, Piscopo R, et al. treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum neurotoxin type A: long-term results. Eur J Opthalmol 2003; 13: 331-6
    • (2003) Eur J Opthalmol , vol.13 , pp. 331-336
    • Calace, P.1    Cortese, G.2    Piscopo, R.3
  • 41
    • 0031254721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin improve blepharospasm in previously unresponsive patients
    • Kowal L. Pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin improve blepharospasm in previously unresponsive patients [letter]. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1997; 63: 556
    • (1997) J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry , vol.63 , pp. 556
    • Kowal, L.1
  • 42
    • 0028345811 scopus 로고
    • Development of resistance to botulinum toxin A in patients with torticollis
    • Greene P, Fahn S, Diamond B. Development of resistance to botulinum toxin A in patients with torticollis. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 213-7
    • (1994) Mov Disord , vol.9 , pp. 213-217
    • Greene, P.1    Fahn, S.2    Diamond, B.3
  • 43
    • 0028803612 scopus 로고
    • Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections
    • Jankovic J, Schwartz K. Response and immunoresistance to botulinum toxin injections. Neurology 1995; 45: 1743-6
    • (1995) Neurology , vol.45 , pp. 1743-1746
    • Jankovic, J.1    Schwartz, K.2
  • 44
    • 0033735851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm
    • Dressler D. Complete secondary botulinum toxin therapy failure in blepharospasm. J Neurol 2000; 247: 809-10
    • (2000) J Neurol , vol.247 , pp. 809-810
    • Dressler, D.1
  • 45
    • 0036764845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Secondary nonresponsiveness to new bulk botulinum toxin A (BCB2024)
    • Racette BA, Stambuk M, Perlmutter JS. Secondary nonresponsiveness to new bulk botulinum toxin A (BCB2024). Mov Disord 2002; 17: 1098-100
    • (2002) Mov Disord , vol.17 , pp. 1098-1100
    • Racette, B.A.1    Stambuk, M.2    Perlmutter, J.S.3
  • 46
    • 27644573604 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neutralizing botulinum toxin type A antibodies: Clinical observations in patients with cervical dystonia
    • Rollnik JD, Wohlfarth K, Dengler R, et al. Neutralizing botulinum toxin type A antibodies: clinical observations in patients with cervical dystonia. Neurol Clin Neurophysiol 2001; 2001 (3): 2-4
    • (2001) Neurol Clin Neurophysiol , vol.2001 , Issue.3 , pp. 2-4
    • Rollnik, J.D.1    Wohlfarth, K.2    Dengler, R.3
  • 47
    • 1442287022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
    • Colosimo C, Chianese M, Giovannelli M, et al. Botulinum toxin type B in blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neuroophthalmol 2003; 23: 11-5
    • (2003) J Neuroophthalmol , vol.23 , pp. 11-15
    • Colosimo, C.1    Chianese, M.2    Giovannelli, M.3
  • 48
    • 0036161164 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of preseptal and pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm
    • Cakmur R, Ozturk V, Uzunel F, et al. Comparison of preseptal and pretarsal injections of botulinum toxin in the treatment of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 2002; 249 (1): 64-8
    • (2002) J Neurol , vol.249 , Issue.1 , pp. 64-68
    • Cakmur, R.1    Ozturk, V.2    Uzunel, F.3
  • 49
    • 0030803938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diplopia following subcutaneous injections of botulinum A toxin for facial spasms
    • Wutthiphan S, Kowal I, O'Day J, et al. Diplopia following subcutaneous injections of botulinum A toxin for facial spasms. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1997; 34: 229-3
    • (1997) J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus , vol.34 , pp. 229-233
    • Wutthiphan, S.1    Kowal, I.2    O'Day, J.3
  • 50
    • 0037069257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blepharospasm: Recent advances
    • Hallett M. Blepharospasm: recent advances. Neurology 2002; 59: 1306-132
    • (2002) Neurology , vol.59 , pp. 1306-2132
    • Hallett, M.1
  • 51
    • 0030060843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of risperidone in idiopathic segmental dystonia
    • Zudas A, Cianchetti C. Efficacy of risperidone in idiopathic segmental dystonia. Lancet 1996; 347: 127-8
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 127-128
    • Zudas, A.1    Cianchetti, C.2
  • 52
    • 0018399824 scopus 로고
    • Meige disease: Striatal dopaminergic preponderance
    • Tolosa ES, Lai C. Meige disease: striatal dopaminergic preponderance. Neurology 1979; 29: 1126-30
    • (1979) Neurology , vol.29 , pp. 1126-1130
    • Tolosa, E.S.1    Lai, C.2
  • 53
    • 0023808442 scopus 로고
    • Analysis of open label trial in torsion dystonia using high dose of anticholinergics and other drugs
    • Greene P, Shale H, Fahn S. Analysis of open label trial in torsion dystonia using high dose of anticholinergics and other drugs. Mov Disord 1988; 3: 46-60
    • (1988) Mov Disord , vol.3 , pp. 46-60
    • Greene, P.1    Shale, H.2    Fahn, S.3
  • 54
    • 0031609926 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical therapy and botulinum toxin in dystonia: Classification of dystonia
    • Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven
    • Jankovic J. Medical therapy and botulinum toxin in dystonia: classification of dystonia. In: Fahn S, Marsden CD, DeLong MR, editors. Dystonia 3: advances in neurology. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1998: 169-83
    • (1998) Dystonia 3: Advances in Neurology , pp. 169-183
    • Jankovic, J.1
  • 55
    • 0021342675 scopus 로고
    • Cranial dystonia: Double-blind crossover study with anticholinergics
    • Nutt JG, Hammerstad JP, deGarmo P, et al. Cranial dystonia: double-blind crossover study with anticholinergics. Neurology 1984; 34: 215-7
    • (1984) Neurology , vol.34 , pp. 215-217
    • Nutt, J.G.1    Hammerstad, J.P.2    DeGarmo, P.3
  • 56
    • 0029934321 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of blepharospasm with nicotine nasal spray
    • Jul 6
    • Dursun SM, Hewitt S, King AL, et al. Treatment of blepharospasm with nicotine nasal spray [letter]. Lancet 1996 Jul 6; 348 (9019): 60
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , Issue.9019 , pp. 60
    • Dursun, S.M.1    Hewitt, S.2    King, A.L.3
  • 57
    • 0031964004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nicotine nasal spray is not reliable treatment for blepharospasm: Results of a pilot study
    • Dressler D, Scaravilli T, Bhatia KP, et al. Nicotine nasal spray is not reliable treatment for blepharospasm: results of a pilot study. Mov Disord 1998; 13: 190
    • (1998) Mov Disord , vol.13 , pp. 190
    • Dressler, D.1    Scaravilli, T.2    Bhatia, K.P.3
  • 58
    • 0031911117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long term efficacy of local doxorubicin chemomyectomy in patients with blepharospasm ad hemifacial spasm
    • Wirtschafter JD, McLoon LK. Long term efficacy of local doxorubicin chemomyectomy in patients with blepharospasm ad hemifacial spasm. Ophthalmology 1998; 105: 342-6
    • (1998) Ophthalmology , vol.105 , pp. 342-346
    • Wirtschafter, J.D.1    McLoon, L.K.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.