Taking Standardized Patient-Based Examinations to the Next Level

Teaching and Learning in Medicine

Volumn 16, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 98-110

  Petrusa, Emil R ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLINICAL EDUCATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; CLINICAL PRACTICE; COMPETENCE; HUMAN; JOB PERFORMANCE; MEDICAL ASSESSMENT; MEDICAL PROFESSION; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; STANDARDIZATION; THEORETICAL MODEL; THEORETICAL STUDY; VALIDATION PROCESS;

EID: 1442275432     PISSN: 10401334     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1207/s15328015tlm1601_19     Document Type: Review

References (68)

1. van der Vleuten CPM, and Swanson DB. Assessment of clinical skills with standardized patients: State of the art. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1990;2:58-76.
2. Colliver JA, Williams RG. Technical issues: Test application. Academic Medicine 1993;68:454-60.
3. Petrusa ER. Clinical performance assessments. In International handbook of research in medical education. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic, 2002.
4. Furman G, Colliver JA, Galofre A. Effects of student gender and standardized-patient gender in a single case using a male and a female standardized patient. Academic Medicine 1993;68:301-3.
5. Colliver JA, Vu NV, Marcy ML, Travis TA, Robbs RS. Effects of examinee gender, standardized-patient gender, and their interaction on standardized patients' ratings of examinees' interpersonal and communication skills. Academic Medicine 1993;68:153-7.
6. Shatzer JH, Darosa D, Colliver JA, Barkmeier L. Station-length requirements for reliable performance-based examination scores. Academic Medicine 1993;68:224-9.
7. Shatzer JH, Wardrop JL, Williams RG, Hatch TF. The generalizability of performance on different-station-length standardized patient cases. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1994;6:54-8.
8. Stillman P, Swanson D, Regan MB, et al. Assessment of clinical skills of residents utilizing standardized patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1991;114:393-401.
9. Stillman PL, Regan MB, Haley HL, et al. Comparison of free-response and cued-response diagnosis scores in an evaluation of clinical competence utilizing standardized patients. Academic Medicine 1990;65:S27-8.
10. Harden RM, Stevenson M, Downie WW, Wilson GM. Assessment of clinical competence using objective structured examination. British Medical Journal 1975;1:447-51.
11. Cuschieri A, Gleeson FA, Harden RM, Wood RA. A new approach to a final examination in surgery. Use of the objective structured clinical examination. Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 1979;61:400-5.
12. Harden RM, Gleeson FA. Assessment of clinical competence using an objective structured clinical examination (OSCE). Medical Education 1979;13:41-54.
13. Newble DI, Elmslie RG, Baxter A. A problem-based criterion-referenced examination of clinical competence. Journal of Medical Education 1978;53:720-6.
14. Newble DI, Elmslie RG. A new approach to the final examinations in medicine and surgery. Lancet 1981;2:517-8.
15. Newble DI, Hoare J, Sheldrake PF. The selection and training of examiners for clinical examinations. Medical Education 1980;14:345-9.
16. Petrusa ER, Guckian JC, Perkowski LC. A multiple station objective clinical evaluation. In Proceedings of the ... Annual Conference on Research in Medical Education (pp. 211-6). 1984.
17. Petrusa ER, Blackwell TA, Rogers LP, Saydjari C, Parcel S, Guckian JC. An objective measure of clinical performance. American Journal of Medicine 1987;83:34-42.
18. Stillman PL, Swanson DB, Smee S, et al. Assessing clinical skills of residents with standardized patients. Annals of Internal Medicine 1986;105:762-71.
19. Barrows HS, Williams RG, Moy RH. A comprehensive performance-based assessment of fourth-year students' clinical skills. Journal of Medical Education 1987;62:805-9.
20. Reznick RK, Blackmore D, Dauphinee WD, Rothman AI, Smee S. Large-scale high-stakes testing with an OSCE: Report from the Medical Council of Canada. Academic Medicine 1996;71:S19-21.
21. Conn HL Jr. Assessing the clinical skills of foreign medical graduates. Journal of Medical Education 1986;61:863-71.
22. Sutnick AI, Stillman PL, Norcini JJ, et al. ECFMG assessment of clinical competence of graduates of foreign medical schools. Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates. Journal of the American Medical Association 1993;270:1041-5.
23. Online article. Retrieved from http://www.usmle.org/news/newscse.htm
24. Online article. Retrieved from http://www.nbme.org/examiner/ fallwinter2002/news.htm
25. Kassebaum DG. The measurement of outcomes in the assessment of educational program effectiveness. Academic Medicine 1990;65:293-6.
26. Online article. Retrieved from http://www.aamc.org/publications/ functionsandstructure.htm
27. Harden R. Personal communication, December 11, 2002.
28. Kern DE. Curriculum development for medical education: A six-step approach. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.
29. Norcini JJ, Shea JA. The reproducibility of standards over groups and occasions. Applied Measurement in Education 1992;5:63-72.
30. Whitcomb ME, Anderson MB. Transformation of medical students' education: Work in progress and continuing challenges. Academic Medicine 1999;74:1076-9.
31. Hunt CE, Kallenberg GA, Whitcomb ME. Trends in clinical education of medical students: Implications for pediatrics. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine 1999;153:297-302.
32. Gordon J, Hazlett C, Ten Cate O, et al. Strategic planning in medical education: Enhancing the learning environment for students in clinical settings. Medical Education 2000;34:841-50.
33. Halamek LP, Kaegi DM, Gaba DM, et al. Time for a new paradigm in pediatric medical education: Teaching neonatal resuscitation in a simulated delivery room environment. Pediatrics 2000;106:E45.
34. Smith PL, Ragan TJ. Instructional design. New York: Wiley, 1999.
35. Petrusa ER, et al. A multi-institutional trial of an objective structured clinical examination. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 1991;3:86-94.
36. Newble DI. Eight years' experience with a structured clinical examination. Medical Education 1988;22:200-4.
37. Vu NV, Barrows HS, Marcy ML, Verhulst SJ, Colliver JA, Travis T. Six years of comprehensive, clinical performance-based assessment using standardized patients at the Southern Illinois University School of Medicine. Academic Medicine 1992;67:43-50.
38. Anderson DC, Harris IB, Allen S, et al. Comparing students' feedback about clinical instruction with their performances. Academic Medicine 1991;66:29-34.
39. Ericsson, KA. The road to excellence: The acquisition of expert performance in the arts and sciences, sports, and games. 1996.
40. Schmidt HG, Boshuizen HP. On acquiring expertise in medicine. Educational Psychology Review 1993;5:205-21.
41. Poldre PA, Rothman AI, Cohen R, Dirks F, Ross JA. Judgmental-empirical approach to standard setting for an OSCE. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco, CA, April 1992.
42. De Gruijter DNM. Compromise models for establishing examination standards. Journal of Educational Measurement 1985;22:263-9.
43. Elstein AS, Shulman LS, Sprafka SA, et al. Medical problem solving: An analysis of clinical reasoning. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978.
44. Cohen R, Rothman AI, Poldre P, Ross J. Validity and generalizability of global ratings in an objective structured clinical examination. Academic Medicine 1991;66:545-8.
45. Swartz MH, Colliver JA, Bardes CL, Charon R, Fried ED, Moroff S. Global ratings of videotaped performance versus global ratings of actions recorded on checklists: A criterion for performance assessment with standardized patients. Academic Medicine 1999;74:1028-32.
46. Hodges B, Regehr G, McNaughton N, Tiberius R, Hanson M. OSCE checklists do not capture increasing levels of expertise. Academic Medicine 1999;74:1129-34.
47. Bordage G, Lemieux M. Semantic structures of diagnostic thinking of experts and novices. Academic Medicine 1991;66:S70-2.
48. Bordage G. Elaborated knowledge: A key to successful diagnostic thinking. Academic Medicine. 1994;69:883-5.
49. Bordage G, Cornell KJ, Chang RW, Gecht MR, Sinacore JM. Assessing the semantic content of clinical case presentations: Studies of reliability and concurrent validity. Academic Medicine 1997;72:S37-9.
50. Bordage G. Why did I miss the diagnosis? Some cognitive explanations and educational implications. Academic Medicine 1999;74:S138-43.
51. Dreyfus HL, Dreyfus SE. Mind over machine: The power of human intuition and expertise in the area of the computer. New York: Free Press, 1986.
52. Eruat M. Assessment of competence in the professions. Bristoal, PA: Palmer, 1993.
53. Eraut M. Developing professional knowledge and competence. Bristol, PA: Palmer, 1994.
54. Endlsey MR, Bolsted CA. Individual differences in pilot situation awareness. International Journal of Aviation Psychology 1994;4:241-64.
55. Gaba DM, Howard SK, Small SD. Situation awareness in anesthesiology. Human Factors 1995;37:20-31.
56. Artman H. Situation awareness and co-operation within and between hierarchical units in dynamic decision-making. Ergonomics 1999;42:1404-17.
57. Waag WL, Houck MR. Tools for assessing situational awareness in an operational fighter environment. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 1994;65:A13-9.
58. Paris CR, Salas E, Cannon-Bowers JA. Teamwork in multi-person systems: A review and analysis. Ergonomics 2000;43:1052-75.
59. Holzman RS, Cooper JB, Gaba DM, Philip JH, Small SD, Feinstein D. Anesthesia crisis resource management: Real-life simulation training in operating room crises. Journal of Clinical Anesthesia 1995;7:675-87.
60. Gaba DM, Howard SK, Flanagan B, Smith BE, Fish KJ, Botney R. Assessment of clinical performance during simulated crises using both technical and behavioral ratings. Anesthesiology 1998;89:8-18.
61. Spath P. Error reduction in health care: A systems approach to improving patient safety. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000.
62. Clay MC, Lane H, Willis SE, Peal M, Chakravarthi S, Poehlman G. Using a standardized family to teach clinical skills to medical students. Teaching and Learning in Medicine 2000;12:145-9.
63. Harward D. Personal communication, September 19, 2000.
64. Lesky LG, Wilkerson L. Using "standardized students" to teach a learner-centered approach to ambulatory precepting. Academic Medicine 1994;69:955-7.
65. Howard SK, Gaba DM, Fish KJ, Yang G, Sarnquist FH. Anesthesia crisis resource management training: Teaching anesthesiologists to handle critical incidents. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine 1992;63:763-70.
66. Rethans JJ, Sturmans F, van der Vleuten CPM. A method for introducing standardized (simulated) patients into general practice consultations. British Journal of General Practice 1991;41:94-6.
67. Rethans JJ, Sturmans F, Drop R, van der Vleuten CPM. Assessment of the performance of general practitioners by the use of standardized (simulated) patients. British Journal of General Practice 1991;41:97-9.
68. Gordon M. Personal communication, October 20, 2002.