메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 763-777

Biology, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. (Russian olive) in western North America

Author keywords

Biological invasions; Elaeagnus angustifolia; Riparian vegetation

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT; ECOLOGY; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN VEGETATION;

EID: 1442266612     PISSN: 02775212     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0763:BEAMOE]2.0.CO;2     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (125)

References (160)
  • 1
    • 1442338161 scopus 로고
    • Forest tree nursery herbicide studies in the Northern Great Plains: Herbicide phytotoxicity tables
    • Ft. Collins, CO, USA. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-125
    • Abrahamson, L. P. 1986. Forest tree nursery herbicide studies in the Northern Great Plains: herbicide phytotoxicity tables. p. 58-67. In Proceedings: Intermountain Nurseryman's Association Meeting, 1985, Ft. Collins, CO, USA. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-125.
    • (1986) Proceedings: Intermountain Nurseryman's Association Meeting, 1985 , pp. 58-67
    • Abrahamson, L.P.1
  • 3
    • 0001507960 scopus 로고
    • Injury and death or recovery of trees in prairie climate
    • Albertson, F. W. and J. E. Weaver. 1945. Injury and death or recovery of trees in prairie climate. Ecological Monographs 15:304-433.
    • (1945) Ecological Monographs , vol.15 , pp. 304-433
    • Albertson, F.W.1    Weaver, J.E.2
  • 4
    • 1442289100 scopus 로고
    • anonymous. University of Illinois Extension, Department of Crop Sciences, Champaign, Illinois, USA. Report on Plant Disease No. 606
    • anonymous. 1987. Phomopsis canker and dieback of Russian olive. University of Illinois Extension, Department of Crop Sciences, Champaign, Illinois, USA. Report on Plant Disease No. 606.
    • (1987) Phomopsis Canker and Dieback of Russian Olive
  • 5
    • 0027431582 scopus 로고
    • Seedlings from large seeds tolerate defoliation better: A test using phylogenetically independent contrasts
    • Armstrong, D. P. and M. Westoby. 1993. Seedlings from large seeds tolerate defoliation better: a test using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Ecology 74:1092-1100.
    • (1993) Ecology , vol.74 , pp. 1092-1100
    • Armstrong, D.P.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 6
    • 1442338146 scopus 로고
    • Fusicoccum elaeagni, the cause of a canker and dieback of Russian olive, redescribed and redisposed to the genus Phomopsis
    • Arnold, R. H. and J. C. Carter. 1974. Fusicoccum elaeagni, the cause of a canker and dieback of Russian olive, redescribed and redisposed to the genus Phomopsis. Mycologia 66:191-197.
    • (1974) Mycologia , vol.66 , pp. 191-197
    • Arnold, R.H.1    Carter, J.C.2
  • 7
    • 0032455856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluvial disturbance patches and cottonwood recruitment along the upper Missouri River, Montana
    • Auble, G. T. and M. L. Scott. 1998. Fluvial disturbance patches and cottonwood recruitment along the upper Missouri River, Montana. Wetlands 18:546-556.
    • (1998) Wetlands , vol.18 , pp. 546-556
    • Auble, G.T.1    Scott, M.L.2
  • 8
    • 0002114150 scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds
    • H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (eds.) Academic Press, New York, NY, USA
    • Baker, H. G. 1965. Characteristics and modes of origin of weeds. p. 147-168. In H. G. Baker and G. L. Stebbins (eds.) The Genetics of Colonizing Species. Academic Press, New York, NY, USA.
    • (1965) The Genetics of Colonizing Species , pp. 147-168
    • Baker, H.G.1
  • 9
    • 0000607891 scopus 로고
    • Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California
    • Baker, H. G. 1972. Seed weight in relation to environmental conditions in California. Ecology 53:997-1010.
    • (1972) Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 997-1010
    • Baker, H.G.1
  • 10
    • 1442289105 scopus 로고
    • Dynamics of productivity of floodplain communities in the Amu Darya delta in conditions of the territory's varying hydrological regime
    • Bakhiev, A. B. and S. E. Treshkin. 1994. Dynamics of productivity of floodplain communities in the Amu Darya delta in conditions of the territory's varying hydrological regime. Russian Journal of Ecology 25:322-325.
    • (1994) Russian Journal of Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 322-325
    • Bakhiev, A.B.1    Treshkin, S.E.2
  • 11
    • 1442313751 scopus 로고
    • Improved methods for testing the viability of Russian olive seed
    • Belcher, E. W. and R. P. Karrfalt. 1979. Improved methods for testing the viability of Russian olive seed. Journal of Seed Technology 4:57-64.
    • (1979) Journal of Seed Technology , vol.4 , pp. 57-64
    • Belcher, E.W.1    Karrfalt, R.P.2
  • 12
    • 0004681049 scopus 로고
    • Acetylene-reducing activity and nitrogen inputs in a bluff of Elaeagnus angustifolia L
    • Bermúdez de Castro, F., Y. Aranda, and M. F. Schmitz. 1990. Acetylene-reducing activity and nitrogen inputs in a bluff of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. Orsis 5:85-89.
    • (1990) Orsis , vol.5 , pp. 85-89
    • Bermúdez de Castro, F.1    Aranda, Y.2    Schmitz, M.F.3
  • 13
    • 0344445832 scopus 로고
    • In vitro propagation and nodulation by Frankia of actinorhizal Russian olive (Elaeagnus agustifolia L.)
    • Bertrand, L. J. and M. Lalonde. 1985. In vitro propagation and nodulation by Frankia of actinorhizal Russian olive (Elaeagnus agustifolia L.). Plant and Soil 87:143-152.
    • (1985) Plant and Soil , vol.87 , pp. 143-152
    • Bertrand, L.J.1    Lalonde, M.2
  • 14
    • 0030433443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A taxonomic, biogeographical and ecological overview of invasive woody plants
    • Bingelli, P. 1996. A taxonomic, biogeographical and ecological overview of invasive woody plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 7:121-124.
    • (1996) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.7 , pp. 121-124
    • Bingelli, P.1
  • 16
    • 1442338151 scopus 로고
    • Control of Russian olive by aerial applications of herbicides
    • Bovey, R. W. 1965. Control of Russian olive by aerial applications of herbicides. Journal of Range Management 18:194-195.
    • (1965) Journal of Range Management , vol.18 , pp. 194-195
    • Bovey, R.W.1
  • 17
    • 0002029050 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Life history, ecology, and conservation of riparian cottonwoods in North America
    • R. F. Stettler, H. D. Bradshaw Jr., P. E. Heilman, and T. M. Hinckley (eds.) NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON, Canada
    • Braatne, J. H., S. B. Rood, and P. E. Heilman. 1996. Life history, ecology, and conservation of riparian cottonwoods in North America. p. 57-85. In R. F. Stettler, H. D. Bradshaw Jr., P. E. Heilman, and T. M. Hinckley (eds.) Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
    • (1996) Biology of Populus and Its Implications for Management and Conservation , pp. 57-85
    • Braatne, J.H.1    Rood, S.B.2    Heilman, P.E.3
  • 18
    • 0022851330 scopus 로고
    • Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Montana
    • Bradley, C. E. and D. G. Smith. 1986. Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1433-1442.
    • (1986) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.64 , pp. 1433-1442
    • Bradley, C.E.1    Smith, D.G.2
  • 19
    • 0002631281 scopus 로고
    • Tamarix spp. (salt cedar), an invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi-arid riparian habitats of western U.S.A
    • L. C. de Waal, L. E. Child, P. M. Wade, and J. H. Brock (eds.) Wiley, New York, NY, USA
    • Brock, J. H. 1994. Tamarix spp. (salt cedar), an invasive exotic woody plant in arid and semi-arid riparian habitats of western U.S.A. p. 27-44. In L. C. de Waal, L. E. Child, P. M. Wade, and J. H. Brock (eds.) Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants. Wiley, New York, NY, USA.
    • (1994) Ecology and Management of Invasive Riverside Plants , pp. 27-44
    • Brock, J.H.1
  • 20
    • 4444337785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasion, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) in the southwestern U.S.A
    • U. Starfinger, K. Edwards, I. Kowarik, and M. Williamson (eds.) Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands
    • Brock, J. H. 1998. Invasion, ecology and management of Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian olive) in the southwestern U.S.A. p. 372. In U. Starfinger, K. Edwards, I. Kowarik, and M. Williamson (eds.) Plant Invasions: Ecological Mechanisms and Human Responses. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
    • (1998) Plant Invasions: Ecological Mechanisms and Human Responses , pp. 372
    • Brock, J.H.1
  • 22
    • 0000741908 scopus 로고
    • Comparison of phreatophyte communities on the Rio Grande in New Mexico
    • Campbell, C. J. and W. A. Dick-Peddie. 1964. Comparison of phreatophyte communities on the Rio Grande in New Mexico. Ecology 45:492-502.
    • (1964) Ecology , vol.45 , pp. 492-502
    • Campbell, C.J.1    Dick-Peddie, W.A.2
  • 23
    • 1442338158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlling Russian Olives within cottonwood gallery forests along the Middle Rio Grande floodplain (New Mexico)
    • Caplan, T. 2002. Controlling Russian Olives within cottonwood gallery forests along the Middle Rio Grande floodplain (New Mexico). Ecological Restoration 20:138-139.
    • (2002) Ecological Restoration , vol.20 , pp. 138-139
    • Caplan, T.1
  • 24
    • 0000569703 scopus 로고
    • Comparisons of sites infested and not infested with saltcedar (Tamarix pentandra) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
    • Carman, J. G. and J. D. Brotherson. 1982. Comparisons of sites infested and not infested with saltcedar (Tamarix pentandra) and Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). Weed Science 30:360-364.
    • (1982) Weed Science , vol.30 , pp. 360-364
    • Carman, J.G.1    Brotherson, J.D.2
  • 25
    • 1442338147 scopus 로고
    • USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, USA. Research Note NC-204
    • Carmean, W. H. 1976. Soil conditions affect growth of hardwoods in shelterbelts. USDA Forest Service, North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN, USA. Research Note NC-204.
    • (1976) Soil Conditions Affect Growth of Hardwoods in Shelterbelts
    • Carmean, W.H.1
  • 26
    • 0346326902 scopus 로고
    • Comparative rooting of stem cuttings of selected woody landscape shrub and tree taxa to varying concentrations of IBA in talc, ethanol, and glycol carriers
    • Chong, C., O. B. Allen, and H. W. Barnes. 1992. Comparative rooting of stem cuttings of selected woody landscape shrub and tree taxa to varying concentrations of IBA in talc, ethanol, and glycol carriers. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 10:245-250.
    • (1992) Journal of Environmental Horticulture , vol.10 , pp. 245-250
    • Chong, C.1    Allen, O.B.2    Barnes, H.W.3
  • 27
    • 0001013061 scopus 로고
    • Naturalization of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) in Utah
    • Christensen, E. M. 1963. Naturalization of Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) in Utah. American Midland Naturalist 70:133-137.
    • (1963) American Midland Naturalist , vol.70 , pp. 133-137
    • Christensen, E.M.1
  • 28
    • 1442264633 scopus 로고
    • Leaf phtosynthetic characteristics of seedlings of actinorhizal Alnus spp. and Elaeagnus spp
    • Côté, B., R. M. Carlson, and J. O. Dawson. 1988. Leaf phtosynthetic characteristics of seedlings of actinorhizal Alnus spp. and Elaeagnus spp. Photosynthesis Research 16:211-218.
    • (1988) Photosynthesis Research , vol.16 , pp. 211-218
    • Côté, B.1    Carlson, R.M.2    Dawson, J.O.3
  • 29
    • 0006594915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative ecology of the native and alien flora of the British Isles
    • J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Crawley, M. J., P. H. Harvey, and A. Purvis. 1997. Comparative ecology of the native and alien flora of the British Isles. p. 36-53. In J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Plant Life Histories: ecology, phylogeny, and evolution. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1997) Plant Life Histories: Ecology, Phylogeny, and Evolution , pp. 36-53
    • Crawley, M.J.1    Harvey, P.H.2    Purvis, A.3
  • 31
    • 0000554266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two ways to be an invader, but one is more suitable for ecology
    • Daehler, C. C. 2001. Two ways to be an invader, but one is more suitable for ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 82:101-102.
    • (2001) Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , vol.82 , pp. 101-102
    • Daehler, C.C.1
  • 32
    • 0002277610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Disturbance and biological invasions: Direct effects and feedbacks
    • L. R. Walker (ed.) Elsevier, New York, NY, USA
    • D'Antonio, C. M., T. L. Dudley, and M. Mack. 1999. Disturbance and biological invasions: direct effects and feedbacks. p. 413-452. In L. R. Walker (ed.) Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Elsevier, New York, NY, USA.
    • (1999) Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground , pp. 413-452
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Dudley, T.L.2    Mack, M.3
  • 33
    • 0027011403 scopus 로고
    • Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change
    • D'Antonio, C. M. and P. M. Vitousek. 1992. Biological invasions by exotic grasses, the grass/fire cycle, and global change. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 23:63-87.
    • (1992) Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics , vol.23 , pp. 63-87
    • D'Antonio, C.M.1    Vitousek, P.M.2
  • 34
    • 0001100068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eight ways to be a colonizer; two ways to be an invader: A proposed nomenclature scheme for invasion ecology
    • Davis, M. A. and K. Thompson. 2000. Eight ways to be a colonizer; two ways to be an invader: a proposed nomenclature scheme for invasion ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America: 226-230.
    • (2000) Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , pp. 226-230
    • Davis, M.A.1    Thompson, K.2
  • 35
    • 2342559669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • "Newcomers" invade the field of invasion ecology: Question field's future
    • Davis, M. A. and K. Thompson. 2001. "Newcomers" invade the field of invasion ecology: question field's future. Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America. 83:196-197.
    • (2001) Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America , vol.83 , pp. 196-197
    • Davis, M.A.1    Thompson, K.2
  • 36
    • 0003159175 scopus 로고
    • Interplanting woody nurse crops promotes differential growth of black walnut saplings
    • West Lafayette, IN, USA
    • Dawson, J. O. and J. W. V. Sambeek. 1993. Interplanting woody nurse crops promotes differential growth of black walnut saplings. p. 455-464. In 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
    • (1993) 9th Central Hardwood Forest Conference , pp. 455-464
    • Dawson, J.O.1    Sambeek, J.W.V.2
  • 37
    • 0028174798 scopus 로고
    • A multi-scale assessment of the occurrence of exotic plants in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington
    • DeFarrari, C. M. and R. J. Naiman. 1994, A multi-scale assessment of the occurrence of exotic plants in the Olympic Peninsula, Washington. Journal of Vegetation Science 5:247-258.
    • (1994) Journal of Vegetation Science , vol.5 , pp. 247-258
    • DeFarrari, C.M.1    Naiman, R.J.2
  • 39
    • 1442264635 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elaeagnus angustifolia
    • J. M. Randall and J. Marinelli (eds.) Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY, USA
    • Dieter, L. 1996. Elaeagnus angustifolia. p. 53. In J. M. Randall and J. Marinelli (eds.) Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
    • (1996) Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden , pp. 53
    • Dieter, L.1
  • 42
    • 0029104204 scopus 로고
    • Regeneration of Elaeagnus angustifolia from leaf segments of in vitro-derived shoots
    • Economou, A. S. and E. M. Maloupa. 1995. Regeneration of Elaeagnus angustifolia from leaf segments of in vitro-derived shoots. Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture 40:285-288.
    • (1995) Plant Cell, Tissue, and Organ Culture , vol.40 , pp. 285-288
    • Economou, A.S.1    Maloupa, E.M.2
  • 43
    • 1442338157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) control experiment underway (Washington)
    • Edelen, W. J. and W. A. Crowder. 1997. Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) control experiment underway (Washington). Restoration and Management Notes 15:198-199.
    • (1997) Restoration and Management Notes , vol.15 , pp. 198-199
    • Edelen, W.J.1    Crowder, W.A.2
  • 44
    • 0032462404 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande
    • Everitt, B. L. 1998. Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande. Wetlands 18:658-668.
    • (1998) Wetlands , vol.18 , pp. 658-668
    • Everitt, B.L.1
  • 46
    • 51849182584 scopus 로고
    • On the adaptive value of large seeds for tropical moist forest trees: A review and synthesis
    • Foster, S. A. 1986. On the adaptive value of large seeds for tropical moist forest trees: a review and synthesis. The Botanical Review 52:260-299.
    • (1986) The Botanical Review , vol.52 , pp. 260-299
    • Foster, S.A.1
  • 47
    • 0022914154 scopus 로고
    • The susceptibility of natural communities to invasion
    • Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia
    • Fox, M. D. and B. J. Fox. 1986. The susceptibility of natural communities to invasion. p. 57-66. In The Ecology of Biological Invasions: an Australian perspective. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra, Australia.
    • (1986) The Ecology of Biological Invasions: an Australian Perspective , pp. 57-66
    • Fox, M.D.1    Fox, B.J.2
  • 49
    • 0000009917 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Water management and cottonwood forest dynamics along prairie streams
    • F. L. Knopf and F. B. Samson (eds.) Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA
    • Friedman, J. M., M. L. Scott, and G. T. Auble. 1997. Water management and cottonwood forest dynamics along prairie streams. p. 49-71. In F. L. Knopf and F. B. Samson (eds.) Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates. Springer-Verlag, New York, NY, USA.
    • (1997) Ecology and Conservation of Great Plains Vertebrates , pp. 49-71
    • Friedman, J.M.1    Scott, M.L.2    Auble, G.T.3
  • 50
    • 0028973671 scopus 로고
    • Restoration of riparian forest using irrigation, artificial disturbance, and natural seedfall
    • Friedman, J. M., M. L. Scott, and J. William, M. Lewis. 1995. Restoration of riparian forest using irrigation, artificial disturbance, and natural seedfall. Environmental Management 19:547-557.
    • (1995) Environmental Management , vol.19 , pp. 547-557
    • Friedman, J.M.1    Scott, M.L.2    William, J.3    Lewis, M.4
  • 52
    • 0032424368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico
    • Glenn, E., R. Tanner, S. Mendez, T. Kehret, D. Moore, J. Garcia, and C. Valdes. 1998. Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico. Journal of Arid Environments 40: 281-294.
    • (1998) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.40 , pp. 281-294
    • Glenn, E.1    Tanner, R.2    Mendez, S.3    Kehret, T.4    Moore, D.5    Garcia, J.6    Valdes, C.7
  • 53
    • 0032677235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dam nation: A geographic census of American dams and their large-scale hydrologic impacts
    • Graf, W. L. 1999. Dam nation: a geographic census of American dams and their large-scale hydrologic impacts. Water Resources Research 35:1305-1311.
    • (1999) Water Resources Research , vol.35 , pp. 1305-1311
    • Graf, W.L.1
  • 54
    • 0003909769 scopus 로고
    • Great Plains Flora Association. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA
    • Great Plains Flora Association. 1977. Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
    • (1977) Atlas of the Flora of the Great Plains
  • 55
    • 0003909770 scopus 로고
    • Great Plains Flora Association. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
    • Great Plains Flora Association. 1986. Flora of the Great Plains. University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
    • (1986) Flora of the Great Plains
  • 56
    • 0000950680 scopus 로고
    • Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight
    • Grime, J. P. and D. W. Jeffrey. 1965. Seedling establishment in vertical gradients of sunlight. Journal of Ecology 53:621-634.
    • (1965) Journal of Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 621-634
    • Grime, J.P.1    Jeffrey, D.W.2
  • 58
    • 0000056862 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of seed dormancy in Elaeagnus angustifolia by endogenous growth substances
    • Hamilton, D. F. and P. L. Carpenter. 1976. Regulation of seed dormancy in Elaeagnus angustifolia by endogenous growth substances. Canadian Journal of Botany 54:1068-1073.
    • (1976) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.54 , pp. 1068-1073
    • Hamilton, D.F.1    Carpenter, P.L.2
  • 59
    • 0004699647 scopus 로고
    • U. S. Experiment Station, Brookings, SD, USA. Bulletin 72
    • Hansen, N. E. 1901. Ornamentals for South Dakota. U. S. Experiment Station, Brookings, SD, USA. Bulletin 72.
    • (1901) Ornamentals for South Dakota
    • Hansen, N.E.1
  • 61
    • 0006046029 scopus 로고
    • Planting the Elaeagnus Russian and autumn olive for nectar
    • Hayes, B. 1976. Planting the Elaeagnus Russian and autumn olive for nectar. American Bee Journal 116:74,82.
    • (1976) American Bee Journal , vol.116 , pp. 7482
    • Hayes, B.1
  • 62
    • 0002168651 scopus 로고
    • Propagation from seed. Part 6: Hardseededness - A critical factor
    • Heit, C. E. 1967. Propagation from seed. Part 6: hardseededness- a critical factor. American Nurseryman 125:10-12,-88-96.
    • (1967) American Nurseryman , vol.125 , Issue.10-12 , pp. 88-96
    • Heit, C.E.1
  • 64
    • 0027047592 scopus 로고
    • Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: Implications for conservation
    • Hobbs, R. J. and L. F. Huenneke. 1992. Disturbance, diversity, and invasion: implications for conservation. Conservation Biology 6: 324-337.
    • (1992) Conservation Biology , vol.6 , pp. 324-337
    • Hobbs, R.J.1    Huenneke, L.F.2
  • 66
    • 0001289530 scopus 로고
    • On the imminent decline of Rio Grande cottonwoods in central New Mexico
    • Howe, W. H. and F. L. Knopf. 1991. On the imminent decline of Rio Grande cottonwoods in central New Mexico. The Southwestern Naturalist 36:218-224.
    • (1991) The Southwestern Naturalist , vol.36 , pp. 218-224
    • Howe, W.H.1    Knopf, F.L.2
  • 67
    • 0028813930 scopus 로고
    • Micro-propagation of Elaeagnus angustifolia from mature trees
    • Iriondo, J. M., M. de la Iglesia, and C. Perez. 1995. Micro-propagation of Elaeagnus angustifolia from mature trees. Tree Physiology 15:691-693.
    • (1995) Tree Physiology , vol.15 , pp. 691-693
    • Iriondo, J.M.1    de la Iglesia, M.2    Perez, C.3
  • 69
    • 1442338150 scopus 로고
    • Nitrogen fixation by Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia): Field and laboratory studies
    • (abstract). Davis, CA, USA
    • Johnson, G. V. 1995. Nitrogen fixation by Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia): field and laboratory studies (abstract). In 10th International Conference on Frankia and Actinhorizal Plants. Davis, CA, USA.
    • (1995) 10th International Conference on Frankia and Actinhorizal Plants
    • Johnson, G.V.1
  • 70
    • 0027028211 scopus 로고
    • Dams and riparian forests: Case study from the upper Missouri river
    • Johnson, W. C. 1992. Dams and riparian forests: case study from the upper Missouri river. Rivers 3:229-242.
    • (1992) Rivers , vol.3 , pp. 229-242
    • Johnson, W.C.1
  • 71
    • 0029471870 scopus 로고
    • Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho
    • Johnson, W. C., M. D. Dixon, R. Simons, S. Jenson, and K. Larson. 1995. Mapping the response of riparian vegetation to possible flow reductions in the Snake River, Idaho. Geomorphology 13:159-173.
    • (1995) Geomorphology , vol.13 , pp. 159-173
    • Johnson, W.C.1    Dixon, M.D.2    Simons, R.3    Jenson, S.4    Larson, K.5
  • 73
    • 0034957306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of physical disturbance and granivory on establishment native and alien riparian treees in Colorado, U.S.A
    • Katz, G. L., J. M. Friedman, and S. W. Beatty. 2001. Effects of physical disturbance and granivory on establishment native and alien riparian treees in Colorado, U.S.A. Diversity and Distributions 7:1-14.
    • (2001) Diversity and Distributions , vol.7 , pp. 1-14
    • Katz, G.L.1    Friedman, J.M.2    Beatty, S.W.3
  • 74
    • 1442338149 scopus 로고
    • Effect of salt stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity in Elaeagnus angustifolia
    • Kefu, Z. and P. J. C. Harris. 1992. Effect of salt stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity in Elaeagnus angustifolia. Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports 10:165-166.
    • (1992) Nitrogen Fixing Tree Research Reports , vol.10 , pp. 165-166
    • Kefu, Z.1    Harris, P.J.C.2
  • 75
    • 1442313804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • European starlings disseminate viable Russian-olive seeds
    • Kindschy, R. R. 1998. European starlings disseminate viable Russian-olive seeds. Northwestern Naturalist 79:119-120.
    • (1998) Northwestern Naturalist , vol.79 , pp. 119-120
    • Kindschy, R.R.1
  • 76
    • 0033767361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leaf variations in Elaeagnus angustifolia related to environmental heterogeneity
    • Klich, M. G. 2000. Leaf variations in Elaeagnus angustifolia related to environmental heterogeneity. Environmental and Experimental Botany 44:171-183.
    • (2000) Environmental and Experimental Botany , vol.44 , pp. 171-183
    • Klich, M.G.1
  • 77
    • 0021554772 scopus 로고
    • Naturalization of Russian-olive: Implications to Rocky Mountain wildlife
    • Knopf, F. L. and T. T. Olson. 1984. Naturalization of Russian-olive: implications to Rocky Mountain wildlife. Wildlife Society Bulletin 12:289-298.
    • (1984) Wildlife Society Bulletin , vol.12 , pp. 289-298
    • Knopf, F.L.1    Olson, T.T.2
  • 78
    • 1442313754 scopus 로고
    • Tubercularia canker of Siberian elm and Russian-olive
    • J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129
    • Krupinsky, J. M. and J. A. Walla. 1986. Tubercularia canker of Siberian elm and Russian-olive. p. 40-41. In J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129.
    • (1986) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains , pp. 40-41
    • Krupinsky, J.M.1    Walla, J.A.2
  • 79
    • 0032770279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasibility and diversity of plant communities: From patterns to processes
    • Lavorel, S., A.-H. Prieur-Richard, and K. Grigulis. 1999. Invasibility and diversity of plant communities: from patterns to processes. Diversity and Distributions 5:41-49.
    • (1999) Diversity and Distributions , vol.5 , pp. 41-49
    • Lavorel, S.1    Prieur-Richard, A.-H.2    Grigulis, K.3
  • 80
    • 0028179878 scopus 로고
    • The role of seed size in seedling establishment in dry soil conditions - Experimental evidence from semi-arid species
    • Leishman, M. R. and M. Westoby. 1994. The role of seed size in seedling establishment in dry soil conditions-experimental evidence from semi-arid species. Journal of Ecology 82:249-258.
    • (1994) Journal of Ecology , vol.82 , pp. 249-258
    • Leishman, M.R.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 81
    • 0033509406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Russian olive invasion into cottonwood forests along a regulated river in north-central Montana
    • Lesica, P. and S. Miles. 1999. Russian olive invasion into cottonwood forests along a regulated river in north-central Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany 77:1077-1083.
    • (1999) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.77 , pp. 1077-1083
    • Lesica, P.1    Miles, S.2
  • 82
    • 0035128309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Natural history and invasion of Russian olive along eastern Montana rivers
    • Lesica, P. and S. Miles. 2001. Natural history and invasion of Russian olive along eastern Montana rivers. Western North American Naturalist 61:1-10.
    • (2001) Western North American Naturalist , vol.61 , pp. 1-10
    • Lesica, P.1    Miles, S.2
  • 83
    • 1442264631 scopus 로고
    • U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Agriculture Handbook No. 212
    • Little, E. L. 1961. Sixty trees from foreign lands. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, DC, USA. Agriculture Handbook No. 212.
    • (1961) Sixty Trees from Foreign Lands
    • Little, E.L.1
  • 84
    • 1442264630 scopus 로고
    • Temporal variation of the total nitrogen concentration in aereal organs of nitrogen fixing and non-fixing riparian species
    • Llinares, F., D. Munoz-Mingarro, N. Acero, and A. Probanza. 1992. Temporal variation of the total nitrogen concentration in aereal organs of nitrogen fixing and non-fixing riparian species. Orsis 7: 125-130.
    • (1992) Orsis , vol.7 , pp. 125-130
    • Llinares, F.1    Munoz-Mingarro, D.2    Acero, N.3    Probanza, A.4
  • 85
    • 1442338148 scopus 로고
    • Microbial inhibition and nitrification potential in soils incubated with Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf litter
    • Llinares, F., D. Munoz-Mingarro, J. M. Pozuelo, B. Ramos, and F. Bermúdez de Castro. 1994. Microbial inhibition and nitrification potential in soils incubated with Elaeagnus angustifolia L. leaf litter. Geomicrobiology Journal 11:149-156.
    • (1994) Geomicrobiology Journal , vol.11 , pp. 149-156
    • Llinares, F.1    Munoz-Mingarro, D.2    Pozuelo, J.M.3    Ramos, B.4    Bermúdez de Castro, F.5
  • 86
    • 0032817888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility
    • Lonsdale, W. M. 1999. Global patterns of plant invasions and the concept of invasibility. Ecology 80:1522-1536.
    • (1999) Ecology , vol.80 , pp. 1522-1536
    • Lonsdale, W.M.1
  • 87
    • 1442338117 scopus 로고
    • Etiology and epidemiological observations of Elaeagnus leaf spot caused by Septoria eleagni
    • Lorenzini, G., G. Vannacci, and E. Triolo. 1984. Etiology and epidemiological observations of Elaeagnus leaf spot caused by Septoria eleagni. Phytopathologische Zeitschrift. 110:134-142.
    • (1984) Phytopathologische Zeitschrift , vol.110 , pp. 134-142
    • Lorenzini, G.1    Vannacci, G.2    Triolo, E.3
  • 88
    • 0032080406 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes
    • Mack, M. C. and C. M. D'Antonio. 1998. Impacts of biological invasions on disturbance regimes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 13:195-198.
    • (1998) Trends in Ecology and Evolution , vol.13 , pp. 195-198
    • Mack, M.C.1    D'Antonio, C.M.2
  • 90
    • 0020450556 scopus 로고
    • Evolution in steppe with few large hooved mammals
    • Mack, R. N. and J. N. Thompson. 1982. Evolution in steppe with few large hooved mammals. The American Midland Naturalist 119:757-773.
    • (1982) The American Midland Naturalist , vol.119 , pp. 757-773
    • Mack, R.N.1    Thompson, J.N.2
  • 91
    • 0028177215 scopus 로고
    • Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape
    • McIntyre, S. and S. Lavorel. 1994. Predicting richness of native, rare, and exotic plants in response to habitat and disturbance variables across a variegated landscape. Conservation Biology 8:521-531.
    • (1994) Conservation Biology , vol.8 , pp. 521-531
    • McIntyre, S.1    Lavorel, S.2
  • 92
    • 0000768189 scopus 로고
    • The initiation, development and structure of root nodules in Elaeagnus angustfolia L. (Elaeagnaceae)
    • Miller, I. M. and D. D. Baker. 1985. The initiation, development and structure of root nodules in Elaeagnus angustfolia L. (Elaeagnaceae). Protoplasma 128:107-119.
    • (1985) Protoplasma , vol.128 , pp. 107-119
    • Miller, I.M.1    Baker, D.D.2
  • 94
    • 0038316153 scopus 로고
    • Salt tolerance and protoplasmic salt hardiness of various woody and herbaceous ornamental plants
    • Monk, R. W. and H. H. Wiebe. 1961. Salt tolerance and protoplasmic salt hardiness of various woody and herbaceous ornamental plants. Plant Physiology 36:478-482.
    • (1961) Plant Physiology , vol.36 , pp. 478-482
    • Monk, R.W.1    Wiebe, H.H.2
  • 95
    • 1442338116 scopus 로고
    • Phomopsis canker and dieback of Elaeagnus angustifolia
    • Morehart, A. L., R. B. Carroll, and M. Stuart. 1980. Phomopsis canker and dieback of Elaeagnus angustifolia. Plant Disease 64: 66-69.
    • (1980) Plant Disease , vol.64 , pp. 66-69
    • Morehart, A.L.1    Carroll, R.B.2    Stuart, M.3
  • 97
    • 1442313710 scopus 로고
    • Phomopsis canker of Russian-olive
    • J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129
    • Morton, H. L. and J. M. Krupinsky. 1986. Phomopsis canker of Russian-olive. p. 44-45. In J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129.
    • (1986) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains , pp. 44-45
    • Morton, H.L.1    Krupinsky, J.M.2
  • 99
    • 0000261574 scopus 로고
    • Agency subsidization of a rapidly spreading exotic
    • Olson, T. E. and F. L. Knopf. 1986a. Agency subsidization of a rapidly spreading exotic. Wildlife Society Bulletin: 492-493.
    • (1986) Wildlife Society Bulletin , pp. 492-493
    • Olson, T.E.1    Knopf, F.L.2
  • 100
    • 0001891340 scopus 로고
    • Naturalization of Russian-olive in the western United States
    • Olson, T. E. and F. L. Knopf. 1986b. Naturalization of Russian-olive in the western United States. Western Journal of Applied Forestry 1:65-69.
    • (1986) Western Journal of Applied Forestry , vol.1 , pp. 65-69
    • Olson, T.E.1    Knopf, F.L.2
  • 101
    • 0034973605 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A managed flood on the Colorado River: Background, objectives, design, and implementation
    • Patten, D. T., D. A. Harpman, M. I. Voita, and T. J. Randle. 2001. A managed flood on the Colorado River: background, objectives, design, and implementation. Ecological Applications 11:635-643.
    • (2001) Ecological Applications , vol.11 , pp. 635-643
    • Patten, D.T.1    Harpman, D.A.2    Voita, M.I.3    Randle, T.J.4
  • 102
    • 0034793643 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Plains cottonwood's last stand: Can it survive invasion of Russian olive onto the Milk River, Montana floodplain?
    • Pearce, C. M. and D. G. Smith. 2001. Plains cottonwood's last stand: can it survive invasion of Russian olive onto the Milk River, Montana floodplain? Environmental Management 28:623-637.
    • (2001) Environmental Management , vol.28 , pp. 623-637
    • Pearce, C.M.1    Smith, D.G.2
  • 103
    • 1442338122 scopus 로고
    • Botryodiplodia disease of Russian-olive
    • J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129
    • Peterson, G. W. and H. L. Morton. 1986. Botryodiplodia disease of Russian-olive. p. 42-43. In J. W. Riffle and G. W. Peterson (eds.) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains. USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-129.
    • (1986) Diseases of Trees in the Great Plains , pp. 42-43
    • Peterson, G.W.1    Morton, H.L.2
  • 104
    • 1442264598 scopus 로고
    • Drying-up of Russian olive on the west coast of the Caspian under the influence of Yaroshevskii's engraver and pathogenic microflora
    • Petrov, A. V. and E. P. Kuz'michev. 1994. Drying-up of Russian olive on the west coast of the Caspian under the influence of Yaroshevskii's engraver and pathogenic microflora. Russian Forest Sciences 3:40-44.
    • (1994) Russian Forest Sciences , vol.3 , pp. 40-44
    • Petrov, A.V.1    Kuz'michev, E.P.2
  • 105
    • 0013359643 scopus 로고
    • Effects of a DCPA/Napropamide herbice tank mix on germinants of seven hardwood species in nursery beds
    • Porterfield, J. D., J. D. Odell, and G. R. Huffman. 1993. Effects of a DCPA/Napropamide herbice tank mix on germinants of seven hardwood species in nursery beds. Tree Planter's Notes:149-153.
    • (1993) Tree Planter's Notes , pp. 149-153
    • Porterfield, J.D.1    Odell, J.D.2    Huffman, G.R.3
  • 106
    • 1442338118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Ft. Collins, CO, USA. Fact Sheet no. 2.942
    • Pottorff, L. P. and W. R. Jacobi. 1998. Russian-olive decline and gummosis. Colorado State University Cooperative Extension, Ft. Collins, CO, USA. Fact Sheet no. 2.942.
    • (1998) Russian-olive Decline and Gummosis
    • Pottorff, L.P.1    Jacobi, W.R.2
  • 107
    • 0034025165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Invasions: Perspective of diverse plant communities
    • Prieur-Richard, A.-H. and S. Lavorel. 2000. Invasions: perspective of diverse plant communities. Austral Ecology 25:1-7.
    • (2000) Austral Ecology , vol.25 , pp. 1-7
    • Prieur-Richard, A.-H.1    Lavorel, S.2
  • 108
    • 0012541413 scopus 로고
    • Great Plains Agricultural Council. University of Nebraska Experiment Station, Lincoln, NE, USA. Publication No.16
    • Read, R. A. 1958. The Great Plains shelterbelt in 1954. Great Plains Agricultural Council. University of Nebraska Experiment Station, Lincoln, NE, USA. Publication No.16.
    • (1958) The Great Plains Shelterbelt in 1954
    • Read, R.A.1
  • 109
    • 0027833871 scopus 로고
    • Control of seedling emergence by ground cover and seed predation in relation to seed size for some old-field species
    • Reader, R. J. 1993. Control of seedling emergence by ground cover and seed predation in relation to seed size for some old-field species. Journal of Ecology 81:169-175.
    • (1993) Journal of Ecology , vol.81 , pp. 169-175
    • Reader, R.J.1
  • 110
    • 84989693594 scopus 로고
    • Leakage of UV-absorbing substances as a measure of salt injusry in leaf tissue of woody species
    • Redmann, R. E., J. Haraldson, and L. V. Gusta. 1986. Leakage of UV-absorbing substances as a measure of salt injusry in leaf tissue of woody species. Physiologia Plantarum 67:87-91.
    • (1986) Physiologia Plantarum , vol.67 , pp. 87-91
    • Redmann, R.E.1    Haraldson, J.2    Gusta, L.V.3
  • 111
    • 0001539618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy and seed size
    • J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Rees, M. 1997. Evolutionary ecology of seed dormancy and seed size. p. 121-142. In J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Plant Life Histories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1997) Plant Life Histories , pp. 121-142
    • Rees, M.1
  • 112
    • 0035088777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States
    • Reichard, S. H. and P. White. 2001. Horticulture as a pathway of invasive plant introductions in the United States. BioScience 51: 103-112.
    • (2001) BioScience , vol.51 , pp. 103-112
    • Reichard, S.H.1    White, P.2
  • 113
    • 3042874175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What attributes make some plant species more invasive?
    • Rejmánek, M. and D. M. Richardson. 1996. What attributes make some plant species more invasive? Ecology 77:1655-1661.
    • (1996) Ecology , vol.77 , pp. 1655-1661
    • Rejmánek, M.1    Richardson, D.M.2
  • 116
    • 0033772695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Precribing flood regimes to sustain riparian ecosystems along meandering rivers
    • Richter, B. D. and H. E. Richter. 2000. Precribing flood regimes to sustain riparian ecosystems along meandering rivers. Conservation Biology 14:1467-1478.
    • (2000) Conservation Biology , vol.14 , pp. 1467-1478
    • Richter, B.D.1    Richter, H.E.2
  • 117
    • 1442289080 scopus 로고
    • First report of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on Elaeagnus angustifolia
    • Riffle, J. W. 1977. First report of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on Elaeagnus angustifolia. Mycologia 69:1200-1203.
    • (1977) Mycologia , vol.69 , pp. 1200-1203
    • Riffle, J.W.1
  • 119
    • 0028978327 scopus 로고
    • Instream flows and the decline of riparian cottonwoods along the St. Mary River, Alberta
    • Rood, S. B., J. M. Mahoney, D. E. Reid, and L. Zilm. 1995. Instream flows and the decline of riparian cottonwoods along the St. Mary River, Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany 73:1250-1260.
    • (1995) Canadian Journal of Botany , vol.73 , pp. 1250-1260
    • Rood, S.B.1    Mahoney, J.M.2    Reid, D.E.3    Zilm, L.4
  • 120
    • 0033560466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processing of native and exotic leaf litter in two Idaho (U.S.A.) streams
    • Roger, T. V., M. T. Monaghan, and G. W. Minshall. 1999. Processing of native and exotic leaf litter in two Idaho (U.S.A.) streams. Hydrobiologia 400:123-128.
    • (1999) Hydrobiologia , vol.400 , pp. 123-128
    • Roger, T.V.1    Monaghan, M.T.2    Minshall, G.W.3
  • 121
    • 0030302260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seedling survival under deep shade in relation to seed size
    • Saverimuttu, T. and M. Westoby. 1996. Seedling survival under deep shade in relation to seed size. Journal of Ecology 84:681-689.
    • (1996) Journal of Ecology , vol.84 , pp. 681-689
    • Saverimuttu, T.1    Westoby, M.2
  • 122
    • 0003870153 scopus 로고
    • National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Botany No. 7(3). National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
    • Scoggan, H. J. 1979. The Flora of Canada, Part 4 Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae). National Museum of Natural Sciences Publications in Botany No. 7(3). National Museums of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
    • (1979) The Flora of Canada, Part 4 Dicotyledoneae (Loasaceae to Compositae)
    • Scoggan, H.J.1
  • 123
    • 0028994985 scopus 로고
    • Germination and establishment of native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia)
    • Shafroth, P. B., G. T. Auble, and M. L. Scott. 1995. Germination and establishment of native plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides Marshall subsp. monilifera) and the exotic Russian-olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia). Conservation Biology 9:169-175.
    • (1995) Conservation Biology , vol.9 , pp. 169-175
    • Shafroth, P.B.1    Auble, G.T.2    Scott, M.L.3
  • 124
    • 0029103808 scopus 로고
    • Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States
    • Shafroth, P. B., J. M. Friedman, and L. S. Ischinger. 1995. Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in southwestern United States. Great Basin Naturalist 55:58-65.
    • (1995) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.55 , pp. 58-65
    • Shafroth, P.B.1    Friedman, J.M.2    Ischinger, L.S.3
  • 125
    • 0033369887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clonal variability in photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Populus deltoides under saline irrigation
    • Singh, M., M. Jain, and R. C. Pant. 1999. Clonal variability in photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Populus deltoides under saline irrigation. Photosynthetica 36:605-609.
    • (1999) Photosynthetica , vol.36 , pp. 605-609
    • Singh, M.1    Jain, M.2    Pant, R.C.3
  • 126
    • 80051963975 scopus 로고
    • (ed.). Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, USSR
    • Shishkin, B. K. (ed.). 1949. Flora of the U.S.S.R. Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow, USSR.
    • (1949) Flora of the U.S.S.R.
    • Shishkin, B.K.1
  • 127
    • 0032871566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decomposition and nitrogen release from foliage of cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and Rusian-Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in a riparian ecosystem
    • Simons, S. B. and T. R. Seastedt. 1999. Decomposition and nitrogen release from foliage of cottonwood (Populus deltoides) and Rusian-Olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia) in a riparian ecosystem. Southwestern Naturalist 44:256-260.
    • (1999) Southwestern Naturalist , vol.44 , pp. 256-260
    • Simons, S.B.1    Seastedt, T.R.2
  • 128
    • 0000948423 scopus 로고
    • The number of species of insects associated with various trees
    • Southwood, T. R. E. 1961. The number of species of insects associated with various trees. Journal of Animal Ecology 30:1-8.
    • (1961) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.30 , pp. 1-8
    • Southwood, T.R.E.1
  • 129
    • 0013680026 scopus 로고
    • Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lincoln, NE, USA, Nebraska Conservation Bulletin 37
    • Sprackling, J. A. and R. A. Read. 1979. Tree root systems in eastern Nebraska. Institute of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lincoln, NE, USA, Nebraska Conservation Bulletin 37.
    • (1979) Tree Root Systems in Eastern Nebraska
    • Sprackling, J.A.1    Read, R.A.2
  • 131
    • 1442313749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elaeagnus umbellata
    • J. M. Randall and J. Marinelli (eds.) Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY, USA
    • Sternberg, G. 1996. Elaeagnus umbellata. p. 54. In J. M. Randall and J. Marinelli (eds.) Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
    • (1996) Invasive Plants: Weeds of the Global Garden , pp. 54
    • Sternberg, G.1
  • 132
    • 0004196615 scopus 로고
    • The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA
    • Steyermark, J. A. 1963. Flora of Missouri. The Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.
    • (1963) Flora of Missouri
    • Steyermark, J.A.1
  • 133
    • 1442338144 scopus 로고
    • Alkali tolerance of drought-hardy trees and shrubs in the seed and seedling stage
    • Stoecketer, J. H. 1946. Alkali tolerance of drought-hardy trees and shrubs in the seed and seedling stage. Minnesota Academy of Science 14:79-83.
    • (1946) Minnesota Academy of Science , vol.14 , pp. 79-83
    • Stoecketer, J.H.1
  • 134
    • 0031696341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Riparian zones as havens for exotic plant species in the central grasslands
    • Stohlgren, T. J., K. A. Bull, Y. Otsuki, C. A. Villa, and M. Lee. 1998. Riparian zones as havens for exotic plant species in the central grasslands. Plant Ecology 138:113-125.
    • (1998) Plant Ecology , vol.138 , pp. 113-125
    • Stohlgren, T.J.1    Bull, K.A.2    Otsuki, Y.3    Villa, C.A.4    Lee, M.5
  • 136
    • 0035555999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding bird use of and nesting success in exotic Russian olive in New Mexico
    • Stoleson, S. H. and D. M. Finch, 2001. Breeding bird use of and nesting success in exotic Russian olive in New Mexico. Wilson Bulletin 113:452-455.
    • (2001) Wilson Bulletin , vol.113 , pp. 452-455
    • Stoleson, S.H.1    Finch, D.M.2
  • 137
    • 0034792254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Restoration of riparian vegetation in the south-western United States: Importance of flow regimes and fluvial dynamism
    • Stromberg, J. C. 2001. Restoration of riparian vegetation in the south-western United States: importance of flow regimes and fluvial dynamism. Journal of Arid Environments 49:17-34.
    • (2001) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.49 , pp. 17-34
    • Stromberg, J.C.1
  • 138
    • 0000589124 scopus 로고
    • Mortality and age of black cottonwood stands along diverted and undiverted streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California
    • Stromberg, J. C. and D. T. Patten. 1992. Mortality and age of black cottonwood stands along diverted and undiverted streams in the eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Madrono 39:205-223.
    • (1992) Madrono , vol.39 , pp. 205-223
    • Stromberg, J.C.1    Patten, D.T.2
  • 139
    • 0008580859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exotic pest plant introduction in the American southwest
    • Tellman, B. 1997. Exotic pest plant introduction in the American southwest. Desert Plants: 3-10.
    • (1997) Desert Plants , pp. 3-10
    • Tellman, B.1
  • 141
    • 1442289098 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, KS, USA. Extention Plant Pathology Fact Sheet
    • Tisserat, N. 2002. Phomopsis canker of Russian olive. Kansas State University, Department of Plant Pathology, Manhattan, KS, USA. Extention Plant Pathology Fact Sheet.
    • (2002) Phomopsis Canker of Russian Olive
    • Tisserat, N.1
  • 142
    • 0028086964 scopus 로고
    • Vulnerability to drough-induced cavitation of riparian cottonwoods in Alberta: A possible factor in the decline of an ecosystem?
    • Tyree, M. T., K. J. Kolb, S. B. Rood, and S. Patino. 1994. Vulnerability to drough-induced cavitation of riparian cottonwoods in Alberta: a possible factor in the decline of an ecosystem? Tree Physiology 14:455-466.
    • (1994) Tree Physiology , vol.14 , pp. 455-466
    • Tyree, M.T.1    Kolb, K.J.2    Rood, S.B.3    Patino, S.4
  • 143
    • 0028065890 scopus 로고
    • Field study of plant survival as affected by amendments to bentonite soil
    • Uresk, D. W. and T. Yamamoto. 1994. Field study of plant survival as affected by amendments to bentonite soil. Great Basin Naturalist 54:156-161.
    • (1994) Great Basin Naturalist , vol.54 , pp. 156-161
    • Uresk, D.W.1    Yamamoto, T.2
  • 144
    • 1442338145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • (USDA, NRCS). United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database
    • (USDA, NRCS). United States Department of Agriculture. Natural Resources Conservation Service. Plants Database. http://plants.usda.gov
  • 145
    • 1442313748 scopus 로고
    • Birds that feed on Russian olive
    • VanDersal, W. K. 1939. Birds that feed on Russian olive. Auk:483-484.
    • (1939) Auk , pp. 483-484
    • VanDersal, W.K.1
  • 146
    • 0034797736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tolerance of five riparian plants from the lower Colorado River to salinity, drought and inundation
    • Vandersande, M. W., E. P. Glenn, and J. L. Walworth. 2001. Tolerance of five riparian plants from the lower Colorado River to salinity, drought and inundation. Journal of Arid Environments 49:147-159.
    • (2001) Journal of Arid Environments , vol.49 , pp. 147-159
    • Vandersande, M.W.1    Glenn, E.P.2    Walworth, J.L.3
  • 147
    • 0028162284 scopus 로고
    • Beyond global warming: Ecology and global change
    • Vitousek, P. M. 1994. Beyond global warming: ecology and global change. Ecology 75:1861-1876.
    • (1994) Ecology , vol.75 , pp. 1861-1876
    • Vitousek, P.M.1
  • 150
    • 0000320106 scopus 로고
    • Saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) seed production, seedling establishment, and response to inundation
    • Warren, D. K. and R. M. Turner. 1975. Saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) seed production, seedling establishment, and response to inundation. Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science 10:135-144.
    • (1975) Journal of the Arizona Academy of Science , vol.10 , pp. 135-144
    • Warren, D.K.1    Turner, R.M.2
  • 151
    • 1442313707 scopus 로고
    • Growth response of 15 container-grown landscape plants to Uniconazole
    • Warren, S. L., 1990. Growth response of 15 container-grown landscape plants to Uniconazole. Journal of Environmental Horticulture 8:151-153.
    • (1990) Journal of Environmental Horticulture , vol.8 , pp. 151-153
    • Warren, S.L.1
  • 153
    • 0002453141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative ecology of seed size and dispersal
    • J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK
    • Westoby, M., M. Leishman, and J. Lord. 1997. Comparative ecology of seed size and dispersal. p. 143-162. In J. Silvertown, M. Franco, and J. L. Harper (eds.) Plant Life Histories. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
    • (1997) Plant Life Histories , pp. 143-162
    • Westoby, M.1    Leishman, M.2    Lord, J.3
  • 156
    • 1442313711 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wisconsin State Herbarium. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
    • Wisconsin State Herbarium. Wisconsin Vascular Plants and Lichens. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA. http://www.botany.wisc.edu/wisflora
    • Wisconsin Vascular Plants and Lichens
  • 158
    • 58149233160 scopus 로고
    • A preliminary study on the eco-physiological characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. in Min-Qin region of Gansu Province
    • Zhang, Y. 1981. A preliminary study on the eco-physiological characteristics of Elaeagnus angustifolia L. in Min-Qin region of Gansu Province. Acta Botanica Sinica 23:393-400.
    • (1981) Acta Botanica Sinica , vol.23 , pp. 393-400
    • Zhang, Y.1
  • 159
    • 0007862410 scopus 로고
    • Seasonal changes in nodular nitrogenase activity of Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus angustifolia
    • Zitzer, S. F. and J. O. Dawson. 1989. Seasonal changes in nodular nitrogenase activity of Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus angustifolia. Tree Physiology 5:185-194.
    • (1989) Tree Physiology , vol.5 , pp. 185-194
    • Zitzer, S.F.1    Dawson, J.O.2
  • 160
    • 0027084828 scopus 로고
    • Soil properties and actinorhizal vegetation influence nodulation of Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus angustifolia by Frankia
    • Zitzer, S. F. and J. O. Dawson. 1992. Soil properties and actinorhizal vegetation influence nodulation of Alnus glutinosa and Elaeagnus angustifolia by Frankia. Plant and Soil 140:197-204.
    • (1992) Plant and Soil , vol.140 , pp. 197-204
    • Zitzer, S.F.1    Dawson, J.O.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.