The role of the dietitian in the intensive care unit

Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 211-216

  Taylor, Beth ^a   Renfro, Anne ^a   Mehringer, Lisa ^a  

^a BARNES JEWISH HOSPITAL   (United States)

Author keywords

Critical care; Dietitian; Intensive care unit; Nutrition support

Indexed keywords

BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL RESEARCH; DIETITIAN; ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; FLUID BALANCE; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HEALTH SERVICE; HUMAN; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT; NUTRITION; NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT; PATIENT CARE; REVIEW; SKILL; TRAINING;

EID: 14244262143     PISSN: 13631950     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/00075197-200503000-00017     Document Type: Review

References (63)

1. Russell M, Andres M, Brewer C. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Board of Directors and Task Force on Standards for Specialized Nutrition Support for Hospitalized Adult Patients. Standards for specialized nutrition support: adult hospitalized patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2002; 12:384-391.
2. Heyland DK, Dhaliwal R, Drover JW, et al. Canadian clinical practice guidelines for nutrition support in mechanically ventilated, critically ill adult patients. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2003; 27:355-373.
3. Barr J, Hecht M, Flavin KE, et al. Outcomes in critically ill patients before and after the implementation of an evidence-based nutritional management protocol. Chest 2004; 125:1446-1457.
4. Ochoa J, Magnuson B, Swintowsky M. Long-term reduction in cost of nutritional intervention achieved by a nutrition support service. Nutr Clin Pract 2000; 15:174-180.
5. Naylor CJ, Griffiths RD, Fernandez RS. Does a multidisciplinary total parenteral nutrition team improve patient outcomes? A systematic review. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2004; 28:251-258. A review of 11 studies examining the benefit of a total PN team. Many studies had small sample sizes, thus in the end the results were inconclusive except for a trend towards finanacial benefit.
6. Johansen NN, Kondrup J, Plum LM, et al. Effect of nutritional support on clinical outcome in patients at nutritional risk. Clin Nutr 2004; 23:539-550.
7. Goldstein M, Braitman LE, Levine GM. The medical and financial costs associated with termination of a nutrition support nurse. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2000; 24:323-327.
8. Woodcock N, Zeigler D, Palmer M. Enteral versus parenteral nutrition: a pragmatic study. Nutrition 2001; 17:1-12.
9. Martin CM, Doig GS, Heyland DK, et al. Multicentre, cluster-randomized clinical trial of algorithms for critical-care enteral and parenteral therapy (ACCEPT). Can Med Assoc J 2004; 170:197-204.
10. Sacks GS. Enhancing the response to parenteral nutrition in critical care. Nutr Clin Pract 2003; 19:226-234.
11. Heyland DK, Schroter-Noppe D, Drover JW, et al. Nutrition support in the critical care setting: current practice in Canadian ICUs - opportunities for improvement? J Parenter Enter Nutr 2003; 27:74-83.
12. Ibrahim EH, Mehringer L, Prentice D, et al. Early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2002; 26:174-181.
13. Correia MI, da Silva RG. The impact of early nutrition on metabolic response and postoperative ileus. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004; 7:577-583.
14. Marik P, Zaloga G. Gastric versus post-pyloric feeding: a systematic review. Crit Care 2003; 7:46-51. A meta-analysis of the nine prospective randomized controlled trials comparing gastric with post-pyloric feeding in the ICU. No clinical benefit was demonstrated in the post-pyloric group.
15. Heyland DK, Drover JW, Dhaliwal R, Greenwood J. Optimizing the benefits and minimizing the risks of enteral nutrition in the critically ill: role of small bowel feeding. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2002; 26(6 Suppl.):S51 -S55; discussion S56-S57.
16. Montejo JC, Grau T, Acosta J, et al. Multicenter, prospective, randomized, single-blind study comparing the efficacy and gastrointestinal complications of early jejunal feeding with early gastric feeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:796-800.
17. Davies AR, Froomes PR, French CJ, et al. Randomized comparison of nasojejunal and nasogastric feeding in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2002; 30:586-590.
18. Szem JW, Hydo LJ, Fischer E, et al. High-risk intrahospital transport of critically ill patients: safety and outcome of the necessary "road trip". Crit Care Med 1995; 23:1660-1666.
19. Slagt C, Innes R, Bihari D, et al. A novel method for insertion of post-pyloric feeding tubes at the bedside without endoscopic or fluoroscopic assistance: a prospective study. Intens Care Med 2004; 30:103-107.
20. Powers J, Chance R, Bortenschlager L, et al. Bedside placement of small-bowel feeding tubes in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Nurse 2003; 23:16-24.
21. Taylor B, Everett S, Muckova N. Blind bedside small bowel feeding tube placement in 1220 critically ill patients - a success story. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:A85.
22. Stone SJ, Pickett JD, Jesurum JT. Bedside placement of postpyloric feeding tubes. AACN Clin Issues 2000; 11:517-530.
23. Cresci G, Martindale R. Bedside placement of small bowel feeding tubes in hospitalized patients: a new role for the dietitian. Nutrition 2003; 19:843-846.
24. McCowen KC, Friel C, Sternberg J, et al. Hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition: effectiveness in prevention of hyperglycemia and infectious complications - a randomized clinical trial. Crit Care Med 2000; 28:3606-3611.
25. McClave SA, Lowen CC, Kleber MJ, et al. Are patients fed appropriately according to their caloric requirements? J Parenter Enter Nutr 1998; 22:375-381.
26. Burge J, Goon A, Choban P, Flancbaum L. Efficacy of hypocaloric total parenteral nutrition in hospitalized obese patients: a prospective, double-blind randomized trial. J Parenter Enter Nutr 1994; 18:203-207.
27. Choban PS, Burge JC, Scales D, Flancbaum L. Hypoenergetic nutrition support in hospitalized obese patients: a simplified method for clinical application. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 66:546-550.
28. Dickerson RN, Beschert KJ, Kudsk KA, Brown RO. Hypocaloric enteral tube feeding in critically ill obese patients. Nutrition 2002; 18:241-246.
29. Malone A. Methods of assessing energy expenditure in the intensive care unit. Nutr Clin Pract 2002; 17:21-28.
30. Breen H, Ireton-Jones C. Predicting energy needs in obese patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:284-289. This paper provides a summary of the existing research regarding the use of predictive equations and the current evidence surrounding hypocaloric feeding in the obese patient population.
31. Hart DW, Wolf SE, Herndon DN, et al. Energy expenditure and caloric balance after burn: increased feeding leads to fat rather than lean mass accretion. Ann Surg 2002; 235:152-161.
32. Griffiths RD. Nutrition support in critically ill septic patients. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2003; 6:203-210.
33. Kaushik N, O'Keefe J. Severe acute pancreatitis: nutritional management in the ICU. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:25-30. A case report that reviewed the challenges of feeding a patient with acute pancreatitis, from complications associated with providing PN to the successful provision of EN.
34. Alberda C, Snowden L, McCargar L, Gramlich L. Energy requirements in critically ill patients: how close are our estimates. Nutr Clin Pract 2002; 17:38-42.
35. Kan MN, Chang HH, Sheu WF, et al. Estimation of energy requirements for mechanically ventilated, critically ill patients using nutritional status. Crit Care 2003; 7:R108-R115.
36. Scheinkestel CD, Kar L, Marshall K, et al. Prospective randomized trial to assess caloric and protein needs of critically ill, anuric, ventilated patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. Nutrition 2003; 19:909-916.
37. Malone A. The clinical benefits and efficacy of using specialized enteral feeding formulas. Support Line 2002; 24:3-9.
38. McCowen KC, Bistrian BR. Immunonutrition: problematic or problem solving? Am J Clin Nutr 2003; 77:764-770.
39. Ochoa J, Makarenkova V, Bansal V. A rational use of immune enhancing diets: when should we use dietary arginine supplementation? Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:216-225. A very useful summary of the pros and cons of arginine supplementation, a rational approach to its use, and sound recommendations for the future.
40. Sacks GS, Genton L, Kudsk KA. Controversy of immunonutrition for surgical critical-illness patients. Curr Opin Crit Care 2003; 9:300-305.
41. Zaloga G, Siddiqui R, Colin T, Marik P. Arginine: mediator or modulator of sepsis? Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:201-205. A complete summary of the studies demonstrating the benefit of arginine-supplemented EN.
42. Gupta R, Patel K, Calder PC, et al. A randomised clinical trial to assess the effect of total enteral and total parenteral nutritional support on metabolic, inflammatory and oxidative markers in patients with predicted severe acute pancreatitis (APACHE II > or = 6). Pancreatology 2003; 3:406-413.
43. Olah A, Pardavi G, Belagyi T, et al. Early nasojejunal feeding in acute pancreatitis is associated with a lower complication rate. Nutrition 2002; 18:259-262.
44. Russell M. Acute pancreatitis: a review of pathophysiology and nutrition management. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:16-24.
45. Zhao G, Wang CY, Wang F, Xiong JX. Clinical study on nutrition support in patients with severe acute pancreatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2003; 9:2105-2108.
46. Greenwood J, Lovelace HY, McClave SA. Enteral nutrition in acute pancreatitis: a survey of practices in Canadian intensive care units. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:31-36. Although several studies in the literature support the use of EN in acute pancreatitis, this study demonstrated that this practice is still not routine in Canadian ICUs.
47. Shikora S, Johannigma J. The obese surgical patient. In: Civetta J, Taylor R, Kirby R, editors. Critical care. 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Company; 1996. pp. 1277-1286.
48. Bercault N, Boulain T, Kuteifan K, et al. Obesity-related excess mortality rate in an adult intensive care unit: a risk-adjusted matched cohort study. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:998-1003.
49. Choban P, Heckler R, Burge J, Flancbaum L. Increased incidence of nosocomial infections in obese surgical patients. Am Surg 1995; 61:1001-1005.
50. Dickerson RN, Rosato E, Mullen J. Net protein anabolism with hypocaloric parenteral nutrition in obese stress patients. Am J Clin Nutr 1986; 44:747-755.
51. McGinnis C, Fischer J, Larson G. Nutrition support in the morbidly obese, critically ill patient. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:290-296. This case report reflects some of the challenges of determining appropriate nutritional support for the obese patient. It also reveals some of the potential complications of hypocaloric feeding in this patient population.
52. Taylor BE, Huey WY, Buchman TG, et al. Treatment of hypophosphatemia using a protocol based on patient weight and serum phosphorus level in a surgical intensive care unit. J Am Coll Surg 2004; 198:198-204. This study revisited the concern of hypophosphatemia in critically ill patients and outlined a successful protocol for timely repletion.
53. Klein CJ, Moser-Veillon PB, Schweitzer A, et al. Magnesium, calcium, zinc, and nitrogen loss in trauma patients during continuous renal replacement therapy. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2002; 26:77-92; discussion 92-93.
54. Langley G, Canada T, Day L. Acid-base disorders and nutrition support treatment. Nutr Clin Pract 2003; 18:259-261.
55. Dickerson RN, Alexander KH, Minard G, et al. Accuracy of methods to estimate ionized and "corrected" serum calcium concentrations in critically ill multiple trauma patients receiving specialized nutrition support. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2004; 28:133-141.
56. McDoniel K, Taylor B, Huey W, et al. Use of clonidine to decrease intestinal fluid losses in patients with high-output short-bowel syndrome. J Parenter Enter Nutr 2004; 28:265-268. An interesting new approach to manage the fluid and electrolyte losses associated with short-bowel syndrome.
57. Van den Berghe G, Wouters P, Weekers F, et al. Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients. N Engl J Med 2001; 345:1359-1367.
58. Krinsley JS. Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients. Mayo Clin Proc 2004; 79:992-1000. A large study demonstrating the benefits of tighter blood glucose control in both medicine and surgical ICU patients.
59. Finney SJ, Zekveld C, Elia A, Evans TW. Glucose control and mortality in critically ill patients. JAMA 2003; 290:2041-2047.
60. Klein S. Nutritional therapy. In: Ahya S, Flood K, Paranjothi S, editors. The Washington manual of medical therapeutics. 30th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000. pp. 27-42.
61. Taylor B, Huey W, Buchman TG. Clinical effectiveness of a nurse driven insulin infusion protocol in the surgical ICU. Crit Care Med 2004; 31 (Suppl. S):62.
62. McCowen KC, Bistrian BR. Hyperglycemia and nutrition support: theory and practice. Nutr Clin Pract 2004; 19:235-244.
63. Jessen ME. Glucose control during cardiac surgery: how sweet it is. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 125:985-987.