New standards in the chemotherapy of metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer

Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 53-62

  Sava, Teodoro ^a   Basso, Umberto ^b   Porcaro, Antonio ^c   Cetto, Gian Luigi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF VERONA   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF PADOVA   (Italy)

^c UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL OF VERONA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Hormone refractory prostate cancer; Microtubule inhibitor; Mitoxantrone; Prostate specific antigen

Indexed keywords

ANDROGEN; BORTEZOMIB; CISPLATIN; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DOCETAXEL; DOXORUBICIN; EPIRUBICIN; EPOTHILONE DERIVATIVE; ESTRAMUSTINE; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; HYDROCORTISONE; METHOTREXATE; MICROTUBULE PROTEIN; MITOMYCIN C; MITOXANTRONE; NAVELBINE; OBLIMERSEN; PACLITAXEL; PREDNISONE; PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN; PROTEIN BAK; PROTEIN BCL 2; SURAMIN; TAXANE DERIVATIVE; TOPOTECAN; UNINDEXED DRUG; VINBLASTINE; VINCA ALKALOID;

ALOPECIA; ANALGESIA; BONE MARROW TOXICITY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER HORMONE THERAPY; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER PAIN; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; CYTOTOXICITY; DIARRHEA; DISEASE COURSE; DISEASE SEVERITY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG FATALITY; DRUG FEVER; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG POTENTIATION; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERANCE; DYSPNEA; EDEMA; FATIGUE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASE; HUMAN; IN VITRO STUDY; MALE; METASTASIS; NAIL DISEASE; NAUSEA AND VOMITING; NEUROPATHY; NEUTROPENIA; PROGNOSIS; PROSTATE CANCER; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK REDUCTION; SINGLE DRUG DOSE; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STOMATITIS; THROMBOEMBOLISM;

EID: 14244251251     PISSN: 14737140     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14737140.5.1.53     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J. Clin. 54(1), 8-29 (2004).
2. Crawford ED, Eisenberger MA, McLeod DC et al. A controlled trial of leuprolide with and without flutamide in prostatic carcinoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 321(7), 419-424 (1989).
3. Prostate Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group. Maximum androgen blockade in advanced prostate cancer: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet 355(9214), 1491-1498 (2000).
4. Trachtenberg J, Pont A. Ketoconazole therapy for advanced prostate cancer. Lancet 2(8400), 433-435 (1984).
5. Tannock I, Gospodarowicz M, Meakin W. Treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer with low-dose prednisone: evaluation of pain and quality of life as pragmatic indices of response. J. Clin. Oncol. 7(5), 590-597 (1989).
6. Geller J, Albert JD. Adrenal androgen blockade in relapsed prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 21(10), 1127-1131 (1985).
7. Fossa SD, Hosbach G, Paus E. Flutamide in hormone-resistant prostatic cancer. J. Urol. 144(6), 1411-1414 (1990).
8. Droz JP, Kattan J, Bonnay M. High-dose continuous-infusion fosfestrol in hormone-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer 71(Suppl. 3A), 1123-1130 (1993).
9. Hudes G. Estramustine-based chemotherapy. Semin. Urol. Oncol. 15(1), 13-19 (1997).
10. Sasagawa I, Satomi S. Effect of high-dose medroxyprogesterone acetate on plasma hormone levels and pain relief in patients with advanced prostatic cancer. Br. J. Urol. 65(3), 278-281 (1990).
11. Scher HI, Kelly WK. Flutamide withdrawal syndrome: its impact on clinical trials in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 11(8), 1566-1572 (1993).
12. Bubley GJ, Carducci M, Dahut W et al. Eligibility and response guidelines for Phase II clinical trials in androgen-independent prostate cancer: recommendations from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(11), 3461-3467 (1999).
13. Yagoda A, Watson RC, Natale RB et al. A critical analysis of response criteria in patients with prostatic cancer treated with cis-diamminedichloride platinum II. Cancer 44(5), 1553-1562 (1979).
14. Qazi R, Khandekar J. Phase II study of cisplatin for metastatic prostatic carcinoma. An Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group study. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 6(2), 203-205 (1983).
15. Soloway MS, Beckley S, Brady MF et al. A comparison of estramustine phosphate versus cis-platinum alone versus estramustine phosphate plus cis-platinum in patients with advanced hormone refractory prostate cancer who had had extensive irradiation to the pelvis or lumbosacral area. J. Urol. 129 (1), 56-61 (1983).
16. Chlebowski RT, Hestorff R, Sardoff L et al. Cyclophosphamide (NSC 26271) versus the combination of adriamycin (NSC 123127), 5-fluorouracil (NSC 19893), and cyclophosphamide in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer: a randomized trial. Cancer 42(6), 2546-2452 (1978).
17. Loening SA, Scott WW, deKernion J et al. A comparison of hydroxyurea, methyl-chloroethyl-cyclohexy-nitrosourea and cydophosphamide in patients with advanced carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 125(6), 812-816 (1981).
18. Raghavan D, Cox K, Pearson BS et al. Oral cyclophosphamide for the management of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Br. J. Urol. 72(5 Pt 1), 625-628 (1993).
19. Hellerstedt B, Pienta KJ, Redman BG et al. Phase II trial of oral cyclophosphamide, prednisone, and diethylstilbestrol for androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 98(8), 1603-1610 (2003).
20. Scher H, Yagoda A, Watson RC et al. Phase II trial of doxorubicin in bidimensionally measurable prostatic adenocarcinoma. J. Urol. 131(6), 1099-102 (1984).
21. DeWys WD, Begg CB, Brodovsky H et al. A comparative clinical trial of adriamycin and 5-fluorouracil in advanced prostatic cancer: prognostic factors and response. Prostate 4(1), 1-11 (1983).
22. Scher HI, Sternberg C, Heston WD et al. Etoposide in prostatic cancer: experimental studies and Phase II trial in patients with bidimensionally measurable disease. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 18(1), 24-26 (1986).
23. Walther PJ, Williams SD, Troner M et al. Phase II study of etoposide far carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Treat. Rep. 70(6), 771-772 (1986).
24. Hussain MH, Pienta KJ, Redman BG et al. Oral etoposide in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer 74(1), 100-103 (1994).
25. Osborne CK, Drelichman A, Von Hoff DD et al. Mitoxantrone: modest activity in a Phase II trial in advanced prostate cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep. 67(12), 1133-1135 (1983).
26. Loening SA, Beckley S, Brady MF et al. Comparison of estramustine phosphate, methotrexate and cis-platinum in patients with advanced, hormone refractory prostate cancer. J. Urol. 129(5 , 1001-1006 (1983).
27. Newling DW, Fossa SD, Tunn UW et al. Mitomycin C versus estramustine in the treatment of hormone resistant metastatic prostate cancer: the final analysis of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer, genitourinary group prospective randomized Phase III study (30865). J. Urol. 150(6), 1840-1844 (1993).
28. Hudes GR, Kosierowski R, Greenberg R et al. Phase II study of topotecan in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Invest. New Drugs. 13(3), 235-240 (1995).
29. Small EJ, Meyer M, Marshall ME et al. Suramin therapy for patients with symptomatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of a randomized Phase III trial comparing suramin plus hydrocortisone to placebo plus hydrocortisone. J. Clin. Oncol. 18(7), 1440-1450 (2000).
30. Eagan RT, Hahn RG, Myers RP. Adriamycin (NSC-123127) versus 5-fluorouracil (NSC-19893) and cyclophosphamide (NSC-26271) in the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep. 60(1), 115-117 (1976).
31. Muss HB, Howard V, Richards F II et al. Cyclophosphamide versus cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil in advanced prostatic cancer: a randomized trial. Cancer 47(8), 1949-1953 (1981).
32. Smalley RV, Bartolucci AA, Hemstreet G et al. A Phase II evaluation of a 3-drug combination of cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin and 5-fluorouracil and of 5-fluorouracil in patients with advanced bladder carcinoma or stage D prostatic carcinoma. J. Urol. 125(2), 191-195 (1981).
33. Herr HW. Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil combination chemotherapy versus chloroethyl-cyclohexy-nitrosourea in the treatment of metastatic prostatic cancer. J. Urol. 127(3), 462-465 (1982).
34. Stephens RL, Vaughn C, Lane M et al. Adriamycin and cyclophosphamide versus hydroxyurea in advanced prostatic cancer. A randomized Southwest Oncology Group study. Cancer 53(3), 406-410 (1984).
35. Kasimis BS, Miller JB, Kaneshiro CA et al. Cyclophosphamide versus 5-fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and mitomycin C (FAM′) in the treatment of hormone-resistant metastatic carcinoma of the prostate: a preliminary report of a randomized trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 3(3), 385-392 (1985).
36. Torti FM, Shortliffe LD, Carter SK et al. A randomized study of doxorubicin versus doxorubicin plus cisplatin in endocrine-unresponsive metastatic prostatic carcinoma. Cancer 56(11), 2580-2586 (1985).
37. Murphy GP, Priore RL, Scardino PT. Hormone-refractory metastatic prostatic cancer treated with methotrexate, cyclophosphamide plus adriamycin, cis-platinum plus 5-fluorouracil plus cyclophosphamide. National Prostatic Cancer Project randomized trial. Urology 32(1), 33-40 (1988).
38. Sella A, Kilbourn R, Amato R et al. Phase II study of ketoconazole combined with weekly doxorubicin in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 12(4), 683-688 (1994).
39. Millikan R, Baez L, Banerjee T et al. Randomized Phase 2 trial of ketoconazole and ketoconazole/doxorubicin in androgen independent prostate cancer. Urol. Oncol. 6(3), 111-115 (2001).
40. Rubben H, Bex A, Otto T. Systemic treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. World J. Urol. 19(2), 99-110 (2001).
41. Fossa SD, Miller A. Treatment of advanced carcinoma of the prostate with estramustine phosphate. J. Urol. 115(4), 406-408 (1976).
42. Perry CM, McTavish D. Estramustine phosphate sodium. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic efficacy in prostate cancer. Drugs Aging 7(1), 49-74 (1995).
43. Murphy GP, Slack NH, Mittelman A. Use of estramustine phosphate in prostate cancer by the National Prostatic Cancer Project and by Roswell Park Memorial Institute. Urology 23(Suppl. 6), 54-63 (1984).
44. Pienta KJ, Fisher EI, Eisenberger MA et al. A Phase II trial of estramustine and etoposide in hormone refractory prostate cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial (SWOG 9407). Prostate 46(4), 257-261 (2001).
45. Kitamura T, Nishimatsu H, Hamamoto T et al. EMP combination chemotherapy and low-dose monotherapy in advanced prostate cancer. Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 2(1), 59-71 (2002).
46. Dimopoulos MA, Panopoulos C, Bamia C et al. Oral estramustine and oral etoposide for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urology 50(5), 754-758 (1997).
47. Pienta KJ, Redman B, Hussain M et al. Phase II evaluation of oral estramustine and oral etoposide in hormone-refractory adenocarcinoma of the prostate. J. Clin. Oncol. 12(10), 2005-2012 (1994).
48. Maulard-Durdux C, Dufour B, Hennequin C et al. Phase II study of the oral cyclophosphamide and oral etoposide combination in hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma patients. Cancer 77(6), 1144-1148 (1996).
49. Bracarda S, Tonato M, Rosi P et al. Oral estramustine and cyclophosphamide in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate carcinoma: a Phase II study. Cancer 88(6), 1438-1444 (2000).
50. Nishimura K, Nonomura N, Ono Y et al. Oral combination of cyclophosphamide, uracil plus tegafur and estramustine for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncology 60(1), 49-54 (2001).
51. Culine S, Kattan J, Zanetta S et al. Evaluation of estramustine phosphate combined with weekly doxorubicin in patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(5), 470-474 (1998).
52. Haas NB, Manola J, Hudes G et al. Phase II pilot study of combined chemohormonal therapy with doxorubicin and estramustine in metastatic prostate cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 23(6), 589-592 (2000).
53. Samelis GF, Skarlos D, Bafaloukos D et al. The combination of estramustine and mitoxantrone in hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Phase II feasibility study conducted by the Hellenic Co-operative Oncology Group. Urology 61(6), 1211-1215 (2003).
54. Hernes EH, Fossa SD, Vaage S et al. Epirubicin combined with estramustine phosphate in hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Phase II study. Br. J. Cancer 76(1), 93-99 (1997).
55. Tannock IF, Osoba D, Stockler MR et al. Chemotherapy with mitoxantrone plus prednisone or prednisone alone for symptomatic hormone-resistant prostate cancer: a Canadian randomized trial with palliative end points. J. Clin. Oncol. 14(6), 1756-1764 (1996).
56. Kantoff PW, Halabi S, Conaway M et al. Hydrocortisone with or without mitoxantrone in men with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: results of the cancer and leukemia group B 9182 study. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(8), 2506-2513 (1999).
57. Dexeus F, Logothetis CJ, Samuels ML et al. Continuous infusion of vinblastine for advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Treat. Rep. 69(7-8), 885-886 (1985).
58. Soloway MS, deKernion JB, Gibbons RP et al. Comparison of estramustine phosphate and vincristine alone or in combination for patients with advanced, hormone refractory, previously irradiated carcinoma of the prostate. J. Urol. 125(5), 664-667 (1981).
59. Jones WG, Fossa SD, Denis L et al. An EORTC Phase II study of vindesine in advanced prostate cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Clin. Oncol. 19(5), 583-588 (1983).
60. Fields-Jones S, Koletsky A, Wilding G et al. Improvements in clinical benefit with vinorelbine in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Phase II trial. Ann. Oncol. 10(11), 1307-1310 (1999).
61. Morant R, Hsu Schmitz SF, Bernhard J et al. Vinorelbine in androgen-independent metastatic prostatic carcinoma--a Phase II study. Eur. J. Cancer 38(12), 1626-1632 (2002).
62. Seidman AD, Scher HI, Petrylak D et al. Estramustine and vinblastine: use of prostate specific antigen as a clinical trial end point for hormone refractory prostatic cancer. J. Urol. 147(3 Pt 2), 931-934 (1992).
63. Hudes GR, Greenberg R, Krigel RL et al. Phase II study of estramustine and vinblastine, two microtubule inhibitors, in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 10(11), 1754-1761 (1992).
64. Hudes G, Einhorn L, Ross E et al. Vinblastine versus vinblastine plus oral estramustine phosphate for patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group and Fox Chase Network Phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(10), 3160-3166 (1999).
65. Albrecht W, Van Poppel H, Horenblas S et al. Randomized Phase II trial assessing estramustine and vinblastine combination chemotherapy vs. estramustine alone in patients with progressive hormone-escaped metastatic prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 90(1), 100-105 (2004).
66. Carles J, Domenech M, Gelabert-Mas A et al. Phase II study of estramustine and vinorelbine in hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma patients. Acta Oncol. 37(2), 187-191 (1998).
67. Smith MR, Kaufman D, Oh W et al. Vinorelbine and estramustine in androgen-independent metastatic prostate cancer: a Phase II study. Cancer 89(8), 1824-1828 (2000).
68. Sweeney CJ, Monaco FJ, Jung SH et al. A Phase II Hoosier Oncology Group study of vinorelbine and estramustine phosphate in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Ann. Oncol. 13(3), 435-440 (2002).
69. Colleoni M, Graiff C, Vicario G et al. Phase II study of estramustine, oral etoposide, and vinorelbine in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Am. J. Clin. Oncol. 20(4), 383-386 (1997).
70. Millikan R, Thall PF, Lee SJ et al. Randomized, multicenter, Phase II trial of two multicomponent regimens in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(5), 878-883 (2003).
71. Amato RJ, Bui C, Logothetis CJ. Estramustine in combination with vinblastine and mitomycin-C for patients with progressive androgen independent adenocarcinoma of the prostate. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 2(2), 83-87 (1999).
72. Kraus LA, Samuel SK, Schmid SM et al. The mechanism of action of docetaxel (Taxotere) in xenograft models is not limited to Bcl-2 phosphorylation. Invest. New Drugs 21(3), 259-268 (2003).
73. Haldar S, Basu A, Croce CM. Bcl2 is the guardian of microtubule integrity. Cancer Res. 57(2), 229-233 (1997).
74. Roth BJ, Yeap BY, Wilding G et al. Taxol in advanced, hormone-refractory carcinoma of the prostate. A Phase II trial of the Eastern Co-operative Oncology Group. Cancer 72(8), 2457-2460 (1993).
75. Trivedi C, Redman B, Flaherty LE et al. Weekly 1-hour infusion of paclitaxel. Clinical feasibility and efficacy in patients with hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. Cancer 89(2), 431-436 (2000).
76. L and Bak expression. Clin. Cancer Res. 3(11), 2039-2046 (1997).
77. Hudes GR, Nathan F, Khater C et al. Phase II trial of 96-hour paclitaxel plus oral estramustine phosphate in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 15(9), 3156-3163 (1997).
78. Haas N, Roth B, Garay C et al. Phase I trial of weekly paclitaxel plus oral estramustine phosphate in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Urology 58(1), 59-64 (2001).
79. Vaishampayan U, Fontana J, Du W et al. An active regimen of weekly paclitaxel and estramustine in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Urology 60(6), 1050-1054 (2002).
80. Kuzel TM, Kies MS, Wu N et al. Phase I trial of oral estramustine and 3-hr infusional paclitaxel for the treatment of hormone refractory prostate cancer. Cancer Invest. 20(5-6), 634-643 (2002 ).
81. Vaughn DJ, Brown AW Jr, Harker WG et al. Multicenter Phase II study of estramustine phosphate plus weekly paclitaxel in patients with androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 100(4), 746-750 (2004).
82. Berry WR, Hathrnm JW, Dakhil SR et al. Phase II randomized trial of weekly paclitaxel with or without estramustine phosphate in progressive, metastatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Prostate Cancer 3(2), 104-111 (2004).
83. Smith DC, Esper P, Strawderman M et al. Phase II trial of oral estramustine, oral etoposide, and intravenous paclitaxel in hormone-refractory promwo cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(6), 1664-1671 (1999).
84. Meluch AA, Greco FA, Morrissey LH et al. Weekly paclitaxel, estramustine phosphate, and oral etoposide in the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma: results of a Minnie Pearl Cancer Research Network Phase II trial. Cancer 98(10), 2192-2198 (2003).
85. DiPaola RS. Approaches to the treatment of patients with hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Semin. Oncol. 26(5 Suppl. 17), 24-27 (1999).
86. Berry W, Dakhil S, Gregurich MA et al. Phase II trial of single-agent weekly docetaxel in hormone-refractory, symptomatic, metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Semin. Oncol. 28(4 Suppl. 15), 8-15 (2001).
87. Beer TM, Pierce WC, Lowe BA et al. Phase II study of weekly docetaxel in symptomatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Ann. Oncol. 12(9), 1273-1279 (2001).
88. Petrioli R, Pozzessere D, Messinese S et al. Weekly low-dose docetaxel in advanced hormone-resistant prostate cancer patients previously exposed to chemotherapy. Oncology 64(4), 300-305 (2003 ).
89. Gravis G, Bladou F, Salem N et al. Weekly administration of docetaxel for symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate carcinoma. Cancer 98(8), 1627-1634 (2003).
90. Kojima T, Shimazui T, Onozawa M et al. Weekly administration of docetaxel in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a pilot study on Japanese patients. Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol. 34(3), 137-141 (2004).
91. Ferrero JM, Foa C, Thezenas S et al. A weekly schedule of docetaxel fbr metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Oncology 66(4), 281-287 (2004).
92. Petrylak DP, Macarthur RB, O'Connor J et al. Phase I trial of docetaxel with estramustine in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 17(3), 958-967 (1999).
93. Kreis W, Budman DR, Fetten J et al. Phase I trial of the combination of daily estramustine phosphate and intermittent docetaxel in patients with metastatic hormone refractory prostate carcinoma. Ann. Oncol. 10(1), 33-38 (1999).
94. Sinibaldi VJ, Carducci MA, Moore-Cooper S et al. Phase II evaluation of docetaxel plus one-day oral estramustine phosphate in the treatment of patients with androgen independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 94(5), 1457-1465 (2002).
95. Weitzman AL, Shelton G, Zuech N et al. Dexamethasone does not significantly contribute to the response rate of docetaxel and estramustine in androgen independent prostate cancer. J. Urol. 163(3), 834-837 (2000).
96. Savarese DM, Halabi S, Hars V et al. Phase II study of docetaxel, estramustine, and low-dose hydrocortisone in men with hormone-reftactory prostate cancer: a final report of CALGB 9780. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J. Clin. Oncol. 19(9), 2509-2516 (2001).
97. Williams JF, Muenchen HJ, Kamradt JM et al. Treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer using antimicrotubule agents docetaxel and estramustine in combination: an experimental study. Prostate 44 (4), 275-278 (2000).
98. Petrylak DP, Tangen CM, Hussain MHA et al. Docetaxel and estramustine compared with mitoxantrone and prednisone for advanced refractory prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(15), 1513-1520 (2004).
99. Tannock IK, de Wit R, Berry WR et al. Docetaxel plus prednisone or mitoxantrone plus prednisone for advanced prostate cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 351(15), 1502-1512 (2004).
100. Eymard J-C, Joly F, Priou F et al. Phase II randomized trial of docetaxel plus estramustine (DE) versus docetaxel (D) in patients (pts) with hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC): a final report. J. Clin. Oncol. Proc. 22(14 Suppl), 4603 (2004).
101. Beer TM, Garzotto M, Henner WD et al. Multiple cycles of intermittent chemotherapy in metastatic androgen-independent prostate cancer. Br. J. Cancer 91(8), 1425-1427 (2004).
102. Vordos D, Paule B, Vacherot F et al. Docetaxel and zoledronic acid in patients with metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Br. J. Urol. Int. 94(4), 524-527 (2004).
103. Beer TM, Eilers KM, Garzotto M et al. Quality of life and pain relief during treatment with calcitriol and docetaxel in symptomatic metastatic androgen-independent prostate carcinoma. Cancer 100(4), 758-763 (2004).
104. Dahut WL, Gulley JL, Arlen PM et al. Randomized Phase II trial of docetaxel plus thalidomide in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(13), 2532-2539 (2004).
105. Millikan R, Thall PF, Lee SJ et al. Randomized, multicenter, Phase II trial of two multicomponent regimens in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(5), 878-883 (2003).
106. Tolcher AW, Kuhn J, Schwartz G et al. A Phase I pharmacokinetic and biological correlative study of oblimersen sodium (genasense, g3139), an antisense oligonucleotide to the Bcl-2 mRNA, and of docetaxel in patients with hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10(15), 5048-5057 (2004).
107. Milowsky MI, Nanus DM, Kostakoglu L et al. Phase I trial of yttrium-90-labeled antiprostate-specific membrane antigen monoclonal antibody J591 for androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(13), 2522-2531 (2004).
108. Papandreou CN, Daliani DD, Nix D et al. Phase I trial of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in patients with advanced solid tumors with observations in androgen-independent prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 22(11), 2108-2121 (2004).
109. Stadler WM, Cao D, Vogelzang NJ et al. A randomized Phase II trial of the antiangiogenic agent SU5416 in hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 10(10), 3365-3370 (2004).
110. Smaletz O, Galsky M, Scher HI et al. Pilot study of epothilone B analog (BMS-247550) and estramustine phosphate in patients with progressive metastatic prostate cancer following castration. Ann. Oncol. 14(10), 1518-1524 (2003).
111. Taplin ME, Bubley GJ, Rajeshkumar B et al. Docetaxel, estramustine, and short-term androgen withdrawal for patients with biochemical failure after definitive local therapy for prostate cancer. Semin. Oncol. 28(4 Suppl. 15), 32-39 (2001).
112. George DJ, Kantoff PW. Prognostic indicators in hormone refractory prostate cancer. Urol. Clin. North Am. 26(2), 303-310 (1999).
113. Halabi S, Small EJ, Kantoff PW et al. Prognostic model for predicting survival in men with hormone-refractory metastatic prostate cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 21(7), 1232-1237 (2003).
114. Crawford ED, Pauler DK, Tangen CM et al. Three-month change in PSA as a surrogate end point for mortality in advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC): data from Southwest Oncology Group Study S9916. J. Clin. Oncol. Proc. 22(14 Suppl.), 4505 (2004).