Canada after 11 September: Security measures and "preferredimmigrants

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 72-87

  Kruger, Erin ^a   Mulder, Marlene ^a   Korenic, Bojan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

IMMIGRATION POLICY; MULTICULTURALISM; SECURITY THREAT; SOCIAL POLICY; STRATEGIC APPROACH; TERRORISM;

CANADA; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 14044275008     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-15-4-72     Document Type: Article

References (30)

1. Emphasis added. For further detail, see Alan Green and David Green, Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis (Burnaby, BC: Simon Fraser University Press, 1996), 5.
2. This idea is further examined in Peter Li, Destination Canada: Immigration Debates and Issues (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).
3. Valerie Knowles, Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-1990 (Toronto: Dundurn, 1992).
4. W. H. McConnell, "Canadian Bill of Rights," in the Canadian Encyclopedia Online, available at www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/ index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0001, accessed 13 June 2004.
5. For greater detail, see Ravi Verma and Bun C. Kwok, "Economic Adaptation of Asian Immigrants," in Race and Racism: Canada's Challenge, ed. Leo Dridger (Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2003).
6. I b i d.
7. Green and Green, 21.
8. Canadian Council for Refugees, "A Hundred Years of Immigration to Canada: A Chronology Focusing on Refugees and Discrimination," October 1999, available at www.web.net/~ccr/doceng.htm.
9. Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, Art. 27.
10. Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (DFAIT), "Canada's Actions since the September 11 Attacks Fighting Terrorism-A Top Priority," available at www.dfait.gc.ca/can-am/ menu-en.asp?act=v&mid=1&cat=10&did=1684, accessed July 2004.
11. DFAIT, "Canada's Actions against Terrorism since September 11," available at www.dfait-maeci .gc.ca/anti-terrorism/canadaactions-en.asp, accessed July 2004.
12. Martin Rudner, "The Globalization of Terrorism: Canada's Intelligence Response to the Post-September 11 Threat Environment," Canadian Issues, September 2002, 24.
13. Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada, "Securing Canada: Laying the Groundwork for Canada's First National Security Policy," May 2004, available at www.psepc-sppcc.gc.ca/national_security/ publications_e.asp.
14. If the individual is considered a concern, members of the CPAU detain the individual for an indepth interview upon arrival. Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Citizenship and Immigration: CIC's role in Public Safety," August 2003, available at www.cic.gc.ca/english/pub /sept11.htm.
15. The new fraud-resistant Permanent Resident Card was instituted in June 2002. The card is supposedly highly resistant to alteration and duplication, since it includes a laser-engraved photograph, signature, and other security features. See ibid.
16. The direct-back policy allows Canadian immigration officers to send refugee claimants back to the United States with an appointment to return later for processing. The Smart Border Declaration outlined a thirty-point action plan, based on four pillars, which provides for ongoing collaboration in identifying and addressing security risks while efficiently expediting the legitimate flow of people and goods across the Canada-US border.
17. Refugee claimants who are targeted by a security certificate are automatically detained, while permanent residents may be detained on a case-by-case basis. If the judge determines that the certificate is unreasonable, the certificate is invalidated. If, however, the judge decides that it is reasonable, then the certificate automatically becomes a removal order. The federal court's decision cannot be appealed. See Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Fact Sheet No. 6-Keeping Canada Safe: The Immigration and Refugee Protection Act," December 2003, available at www.cic. gc.ca/english/pub/index.html.
18. Colin Nickerson, "New Chill along the 'Friendly' Border," Edmonton Journal, 6 September 1998. "Tough new US rules aimed at protecting America from terrorism and smuggling may soon turn a routine trip into a nightmare for Canadians who don't have the right answers to officials' questions. What ever happened to the 'special relationship?'"
19. I b i d.
20. RCMP, "'Organized' Police Helping to Reduce the Impact of Organized Crime," Gazette 62 (2000): 48.
21. Participants in INSAC include the Canadian Revenue Agency and the Canadian Border Services Agency, Criminal Security Intelligence Service, Communications Security Establishment, Department of National Defence, Office of the Critical Infrastructure Protection and Emergency Preparedness, RCMP, Transport Canada, DFAIT, the Solicitor General of Canada, and CIC. For greater detail, see Canadian Security Intelligence Service, "Integrated National Security Assessment Centre," May 2004, available at www.csis.scrs.gc.ca/eng/backgrnd/back13_e.html.
22. See Citizenship and Immigration Canada, "Citizenship and Immigration."
23. The government of Canada continues to participate in counterterrorism efforts inside and outside Canada. For instance, Canada chaired the G8 in 2002 and plays a leading role in coordinating efforts to prevent the movement of terrorists and security threats.
24. John Biles and Humera Ibrahim, "Testing the 'Canadian Diversity Model': Hate, Bias and Fear after September 11," Canadian Issues (2002): 54-60.
25. I b i d.
26. Ipsos News Center, Research, Opinions and Insight, 2001, available at www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=1309.
27. John Biles and Humera Ibrahim, 55
28. Steven Frank, "Islam in Canada," Time, 3 May 2004, 34.
29. Baha Abu-Laban and Sharon Abu-Laban, "The Canadian Arab/Muslim Community and Public Opinion Two Years after 9/11." Paper presented at the seventh Metropolis National Conference, Montreal, Quebec, 25-8 March 2004.
30. Ipso News Centre, Research, Opinions and Insight, 2004, available at www.ipsos-na.com/news/pressrelease.cfm?id=2042.