Europe's immigration problem, and ours

Mediterranean Quarterly

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 203-218

  Leiken, Robert S ^a  

^a Nixon Center   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACCULTURATION; CULTURAL CONFLICT; ETHNIC MINORITY; IMMIGRANT POPULATION;

EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; EUROPE; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

EID: 13944250696     PISSN: 10474552     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1215/10474552-15-4-203     Document Type: Article

References (36)

1. Keith Johnson and David Crawford, "A New Breed of Islamic Warrior Is Emerging," Wall Street Journal, 29 March 2004.
2. For approximate percentages of population, see Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), World Factbook (Washington, DC: CIA, 2003),
3. esp. "Field Listings: Religion," available at www.cia.gov/cia/ publications/factbook/fields/2l22.html, accessed 10 February 2004. Reliable counts of Muslim population are rarely possible. For example, religious allegiance cannot be registered in French census data or government documents. Accurate sampling is further frustrated by the fact that national origin, frequently employed to determine the extent of Muslim immigration, cannot account for the degree of Islamic observance among those sociologically identified as Muslim. German figures are more accurate.
4. This is an updated and expanded version of an earlier study of mine, the results of which are available in appendix A of Robert S. Leiken, Bearers of Global Jihad? Immigration and National Security after 9 /11 available at www.nixoncenter.org.
5. Processus d'Enrolement des Jeunes Musulmans dans le Jihad (Paris: Directorate for Territorial Security, 2003).
6. James Risen and David Johnston, "Split at CIA and FBI on Iraqi Ties to al Qaeda," New York Times, 2 February 2003.
7. Vital Statistics for 2000 (New York City: Department of Health, 2003), 43, where a special report on 11 September deaths can be found, available at www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/doh/pdf/vs/2000sum.pdf. 7.
8. Rohan Gunaratna, presentation to the Nixon Center Immigration and National Security Forum, "Al Qaeda: Status and Future Prospects," Washington, DC, 1 December 2003. Overview available at www.nixoncenter.org/ index.cfm?action=showpage&page=immigratNatlSecur.html.
9. According to news reports, half of the deceased in Madrid were immigrants; in the World Trade Center disaster, 18 percent of the deceased were immigrants.
10. Those breaking the law to find work and those intending mayhem against civilians are different classes of offenders, even if their paths may cross. Most, though not all, terrorists enter the country legally. Several of those detained in the United States in connection with terrorists acts before 11 September had violated immigration law, but nearly all of those had overstayed legal visas. Two had entered illegally from Canada, but none had arrived via Mexico, whence most illegals but few Muslims come. However, illegal immigration in high numbers creates a market for fraudulent documents. That is one way the paths of illegal immigration and terrorism may cross. Illegal Salvadorans provided false documentation for several of the 11 September hijackers. See Robert A. Leiken, Enchilada Lite: A Post-9/11 Mexican Migration Agreement (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2002), 17;
11. Steven A. Camarota, "The Open Door: How Militant Islamic Terrorists Entered and Remained in the United States, 1993-2001" (Washington, DC: Center for Immigration Studies, 2002), available at www.cis.org /articles/2002/Paper21/terrorism.html.
12. "Al Qaeda inc." refers to al Qaeda and organizations affiliated or working with al Qaeda. These organizations often work with al Qaeda on an ad hoc basis and possess no permanent links or connections to bin Laden et al. Al Qaeda is not a centralized organization but a network of networks. Especially after 11 September, al Qaeda and company comprise organizations inspired by bin Laden and his circle. They take strategic leadership from them though they may pursue independent tactics. See Robert A. Leiken, Bearers, chap. 3.
13. See Muazzafar A. Chishti et al., America's Challenge: Domestic Security, Civil Liberties and National Unity after September 11 (Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute, 2003), hereafter referred to as MPI 2003.
14. The same is true of Susan Martin and Philip Martin's excellent policy paper, "International Migration and Terrorism: Prevention, Prosecution and Protection," Georgetown Immigration Law Journal 18, no. 2 (2004).
15. Wanda J. DeMarzo et al., "Suspected Dirty Bomber's Violent History Led Him to Terrorists," Miami Herald, 12 June 2002.
16. Craig S. Smith, "Europe Fears Islamic Converts May Give Cover for Extremism," New York Times, 19 July 2004.
17. Craig S. Smith, "Europe's Chief on Terrorism to Reassure U.S. on Efforts," New York Times, 10 May 2004.
18. John Henley, "France to Train Imams in French Islam," Guardian, 23 April 2004.
19. Thomas Fuller, "Foreign Workers Face Turning Tide; Backlash in Europe," International Herald Tribune, 24 December 2002;
20. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Standardized Unemployment Rates (Paris: OECD, 2003);
21. Patrick Collier, UK Home Office, e-mail correspondence with the author, London, 9 March 2004.
22. Craig S. Smith, "Europe Fears Islamic Converts May Give Cover for Extremism."
23. John Henley.
24. General Intelligence and Security Service (Netherlands), Recruitment for the Jihad in the Netherlands: From Incident to Trend (The Hague: Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, December 2002).
25. "Footballer Jailed at Terror Trial," CNN.com, 30 September 2003, available at www.cnn.com, accessed 30 September 2003;
26. Daniel McGrory, "A Haven for Faithful Hijacked by Extremists," Times (London), 21 January 2003;
27. "Police Raid London Mosque in Connection with Find of Poison Ricin," Associated Press, 20 January 2003.
28. According to published reports, confirmed by interviews with French intelligence officials, in 1999 the French Directorate for Territorial Security learned that Moussaoui had gone to Afghanistan and suspected him of having trained in one of bin Laden's camps. The French claim they warned their British counterparts. See also, Andrew Gumbel et al., "The '20th Hijacker' Had Been a Suspect for Years-But He Was Ignored by Intelligence Agencies," Independent (London), 11 December 2001;
29. Patrick J. McDonnell, "The Entrepreneur Who Saw Road to Profit in al Qaeda," Los Angeles Times, 22 September 2002;
30. Chris Hedges, "A Powerful Combatant in France's War on Terror," New York Times, 24 November 2001.
31. Assif Shameen, "Secrets of the Mosque: A Rare Look inside the Religious Centers That Have Made Britain a Hotbed of Radical Islamic Agitation," Time International, 6 May 2002.
32. Jeevan Vasagar et al., "The Violation of a Place of Worship, or a Vital Blow in the War against Terrorism?" Guardian (London), 21 January 2003.
33. Faisal Bodi, "Like Catholics during the Troubles, British Muslims Are Being Persecuted in the Name of Security," Guardian (London), 21 January 2003.
34. Nafi Daiouf, "Expelled from Italy, Senegalese Imam Vows to Make Rome a Muslim State," Associated Press, 20 November 2003.
35. Patrick McGowan, "Cleric 'Incited Muslims to Kill Hindus and Jews,'" Evening Standard, 22 January 2003.
36. John Henley.