The Shanghai co-operation organization: China's changing influence in Central Asia

China Quarterly

Volumn , Issue 180, 2004, Pages 989-1009

  Chung, Chien Peng ^a  

^a LINGNAN UNIVERSITY   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GEOPOLITICS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POWER RELATIONS; REGIONAL POLITICS;

ASIA; CENTRAL ASIA; CHINA; EASTERN HEMISPHERE; EURASIA; FAR EAST; WORLD;

EID: 13844310444     PISSN: 03057410     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0305741004000712     Document Type: Article

References (75)

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2. Renmin ribao (People's Daily) (Beijing), 16 June 2001;
3. Xinhua Monthly (Beijing), 31 December 2001.
4. Ma Ying, Quyu zhuyi yu fazhanzhong guojia (Regionalism and Developing Countries) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2002), p. 216.
5. Renmin ribao (Beijing), 15 June 2001. Translation mine.
6. Renmin ribao (Beijing), 8 June 2002. Translation mine.
7. Professor Lu Zhongwei, President of the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations in Beijing, China, as quoted in Xu Tao, "On the SCO under new situation" Contemporary International Relations, Vol. 12, No. 6 (June 2002), p. 23.
8. Ma Ying, Regionalism and Developing Countries, pp. 224-25.
9. Cynics will note that this concept is really nothing new, but a refurbishment of the so-called "Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence" enunciated by then Premier Zhou Enlai at the Bandung Conference of Afro-Asian Nations in April 1955.
10. Pang Zhongying, "Shanghai hezuo zuzhi yu xin diqu zhuyi," ("Shanghai Co-operation Organization and new regionalism," Luntan tongxun (China Reform Forum Newsletter), No.9 (2002), pp. 9-14;
11. Liu Xiaolin, " Quyu hezuo zuzhi de xin moxing," ("The new model of regional co-operative organizations,")Luntan tongxun, No. 9 (2002), pp. 15-22;
12. Zhang Shengjun, "Shanghai hezuo zuzhi yu 21 shiji woguo zhoubian anquan zhanlüe," ("Shanghai Co-operation Organization and the 21st century strategic security of our country's surrounding regions,") Luntan tongxun, No. 9 (2002), pp. 22-26.
13. Ma Ying,Regionalism and Developing Countries, pp. 31-32,quoting Ronald D. Palmer and Kishore Mabhubani.
14. Straits Times (Singapore), 21 July 2001.
15. Pan Guang, "Xin xingshi xia de Shanghai hezuo zuzhi: tiaozhan, jiyu he fazhan qianjing," ("The Shanghai Co-operation Organization under a new situation: challenges, opportunities and future developments,")Guoji wenti yanjiu (Studies ofInternational Issues),No. 2 (2001), p. 38.
16. Ibid. p. 39.
17. Sergei Blagov, "Shanghai Co-operation Organization prepares for a new role," Eurasia Insight, 30 April 2002.
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20. According to a statement released by the People's Republic of China State Council Information Office on 21 January 2002, Uighur separatists were responsible for 200 terrorist incidents in Xinjiang from 1990 to 2001, causing 162 deaths and more than 440 people injured.
21. Jason Leow, "Beijing pumps $55b. into western region," Straits Times (Singapore), 13 November 2002.
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23. Chen Lianbi, "San ge 'jiduan zhuyi' yu zhong Ya anquan," ("Three 'extremisms' and Central Asian security,")Dong'Ou zhong Ya yanjiu (Eastern European and Central Asian Studies), No. 5 (2002).
24. Gao Qiufu, "Terrorist forces resurge in Central Asia," Beijing Review, 22 August 2002, p.8.
25. Charles Fairbanks, "Bases of debate - America in Central Asia: being there," National Interest, Summer 2002, p. 40.
26. Sally Buzbee, "United States expanded influence likely to remain in Central Asia," Associated Press, 12 March 2002.
27. Kaiser, "US cultivates unlikely allies in Central Asia."
28. Ahmed Rashid, "Trouble ahead," Far Eastern Economic Review, 9 May 2002, p. 18.
29. Yu Xuehui and Xu Tao, "Meiguo junshi liliang jinru zhong Ya jiqi yingxiang," ("American military might entering Central Asia and its implications,") Dong'Ou zhongYa yanjiu (Eastern European and Central Asian Studies), No. 3 (2002), p. 41.
30. Willy Wo-lap Lam, "China opposes US presence in Central Asia," CNN. com, 22 April 2002, http://www.enn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/ east/04/22/china.iran/index.html.
31. Renmin ribao (Beijing), 8 June 2001.
32. "Shanghai Five expands to combat Islamic radicals," Jane's Terrorism and Security Monitor, 1 July 2002.
33. Shahram Akbarzadeh, "Tashkent caught between the United States and the Shanghai Co-operation Organization," SAIS Central Asia - Caucasus Analyst, 5 June 2002, http://www.cacianalyst.org/ 2002-06-05/20020522_UZBEKISTAN-US_SCO.htm.
34. See also Pauline Jones Luong and Erika Weinthal, Νew friends, new fears in Central Asia,"Foreign Affairs, Vol. 81, No. 2, p. 70;
35. Boris Rumer, "The powers in Central Asia," Survival, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn 2002), pp. 64-65;
36. William D. Singleton and John McConnell, "From Tamerlane to terrorism: the shifting basis of Uzbek foreign policy," " Harvard Asia Quarterly", bttp://www.fas.harvar.../ ~asiatr/haq/200101/0101a004.htm.
37. Uyghur American Association, http://www.uyghuramerican.org/; East Turkestan Information Center, http://www.uygur.org/adres/uygur/ organization.htm;
38. Michael Sheridan, "China hides its Muslim separatist war," The Times (London) 10 December 2000.
39. Jeremy Bransten, "Kazakhstan: exiled Uighurs step up fight against Beijing,Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 14 October 1997, http:// www.rferl.org/nca/features/1997/10/F.RU.971014135113.html.
40. Deng Hao, "Zhongguo yu zhong Ya guojia guanxi: huimou yu qianzhan," ("China's relations with Central Asian countries: past and future,") in Li Yu and Lu Ting'en (eds.), Zhongguo yu zhoubian jiuyiyi hou de guoji jushi (China and its Neighbours in the post "9-11" International Situation) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 2002), pp. 235-36.
41. Mark Berniker, "China's Uighur policy draws critics in Kazakhstan," Eurasianet.org, 29 January 2002, http:/ /www.eurasianet.org/departments/rights/articles/eav012902.shtml.
42. Dru C. Gladney, "China's minorities: the case of Xinjiang and the Uyghur people," unpublished paper.
43. Sean L. Yom, "Uighurs flex their muscles," Asia Times (Taiwan), 23 January 2003, http://www.atimes.com/china/DA23Ad01.html.
44. Nadia Usaeva,, "Kyrgyzstan: trial focuses attention on possible Uighur Repression," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 31 August 2001, http://www.rferl.com/nca/features/2001/08/31082001115924. asp.
45. Zhang Zhenguo and Liao Qinian, "'9-11' shijian dui Mei-E zhengdou zhong Ya taishi de yingxiang" ("The '9-11 incident and the situation and influence of US-Russian rivalry in Central Asia") in Li and Lu,China and its Neighbours, p. 358
46. Wang Chuanqian, "Quanmian renshi ge jieduan Xinjiang jingji fazhan de tezheng," ("Completely comprehend the various stages of the characteristics of economic development in Xinjiang") Xinjiang shehui kexue (Xinjiang Social Sciences), No. 4 (2002), p. 17.
47. Centre for Ethnic and Religious Studies, China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Shanghai hezuo zuzhi - xin anquan guan yu xin jizhi (Shanghai Co-operation Organization - New Security Concepts and New Mechanisms) (Beijing: Shishi chubanshe, 2001), p. 41.
48. Zhang Zhenguo, "Tan woguo dui zhorig Ya wu guo de waijiao zhengce," ("Discussing our country's foreign policy towards the five Central Asian states,") in Li and Lu, China and its Neighbours, p. 252.
49. Birgit Brauer, "China loses out in Central Asia," Transatlantic International Politik, Vol. 3 (2002), p. 83.
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53. Renmin ribao (Beijing), 20 April 1994
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55. "Rejoining the Silk Road: North-east and Central Asia exploring new connections," AsiaInt, September 2003, p. 6.
56. Deng Hao, "Mei-E zai zhong Ya zhengdou de xinjushi," (" The new situation of US-Russian rivalry in Central Asia,") Guoji wenti yanjiu (Studies of International Issues), No. 2 (2001).
57. Interview with Professor Xu Tao, Research Fellow at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Beijing, 10 December 2002.
58. Joseph Cirincione and Husain Haqqani, Τhe Asian nuclear arc," Los Angeles Times, 28 September 2003. Iran's nuclear energy programme was a beneficiary of Chinese assistance in its early stages, although that aid had since been suspended under US pressure.
59. See Robert S. Ross, "The 1995-96 Taiwan Strait confrontation: coercion, credibility and the use of force," International Security, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Fall 2000), p. 99.
60. New York Times, 9 January 2002.
61. Mike Allen and Phillip P. Pan, "China vows to help in terror fight," Washington Post, 19 October 2002.
62. These three supposed pillars of current Sino-American co-operation were suggested to me by several scholars at the China Institute of Contemporary International Relations in Beijing and the Shanghai Institute of International Studies during my interviews with them in July 2002.
63. Sun Zhuangzhi, Zhong Ya xin geju yu diqu anquan (Central Asia's New Chessboard and Regional Security) (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe. 2001), p. 274.
64. Conversation with Dr Yevgeny Volk, Co-ordinator of the Moscow Office of the Heritage Foundation, on 6 January 2003.
65. Vasily Bubnov, "Shanghai Co-operation Organization: what is it for?" Pravda On-line, 7 June 2002, http://english.pravda.r-u/main/ 2002/06/07/29950.html.
66. Pan Guang, "China-Central Asia-Russia relations and the role of SCO in the war on terrorism," SIIS (Shanghai Institute of International Studies") Journal, Vol. 9, No. 2 (May 2000), p. 15.
67. Sun Zhuangzhi, Central Asia's New Chessboard, p. 228.
68. Antoine Blua and Bruce Pannier, "Russia: Shanghai group aims to increase economic co-operation," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 12 June 2002, http://www.rferl.org/nca/features/2002/06/12062002134601.asp.
69. Pravda (Moscow), 7 June 2002.
70. China Daily (Beijing), 29 May 2002.
71. Zbgniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chessboard: American Primacy and Its Geostrategic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997), pp. 123-24,
72. Xinhua News Agency, 11 October 2002.
73. See also Jing Ban, "Zhongguo yu Jierjisi jinmingtian kuajing fankong yanxi," ("China and Kyrgrzstan cross-border anti-terrorist exercise today and tomorrow,")Shijie luntan junshi luntan (World Forum Military Forum),11 October 2002, http://216.40.227.4 /wmf/posts/3603482.shtml;
74. BBC News,"China-Kyrgyzstan conduct joint anti-terrorist manoeuvring exercises," 11 October 2002, http://216.40.227.4/wmf/ posts/3603142.shtml.
75. "Foreign observers attend Chinese war games for the first time," Renmin ribao (Beijing), 26 August 2003.