Women in a man's world: Gender differences in leadership at the military academy

Journal of Applied Social Psychology

Volumn 34, Issue 12, 2004, Pages 2482-2502

  Morgan, Matthew J ^a,b  

^a CHAMINADE UNIVERSITY OF HONOLULU   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 13844272383     PISSN: 00219029     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2004.tb01988.x     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Adams, J. (1980, June). Report of the admission of women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena IV). West Point, NY: United States Military Academy.
2. Adams, J., Prince, H. T., Priest, R. F., & Rice, R. W. (1980). Personality characteristics of male and female leaders at the U.S. Military Academy. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 8, 99-105.
3. Adler, N. J. (1993). Competitive frontiers: Women managers in the triad. International Studies of Management and Organization, 23, 3-23.
4. Arnett, M. D., Higgins, R. B., & Priem, A. P. (1980). Sex and the least preferred co-worker score effects in leadership. Sex Roles, 6, 139-152.
5. Atwater, L. E., Dionne, S. D., Avolio, B., Camobreco, J. F., & Lau, A. W. (1999). A longitudinal study of the leadership development process: Individual differences predicting leader effectiveness. Human Relations, 52, 1543-1562.
6. Atwater, L. E., & Yammarino, F. J. (1993). Personal attributes as predictors of superiors' and subordinates' perceptions of Military Academy leadership. Human Relations, 46, 645-663.
7. Baird, I. E. (1976). Differences in group communication: A review of relevant research. Quarterly Journal of Speech, 62, 180-192.
8. Bartol, L. M., & Butterfield, D. A. (1976). Sex effects in evaluating leaders. Journal of Applied Psychology, 61, 446-454.
9. Bartone, P. T., & Priest, R. F. (2001, June). Sex differences in hardiness and health among West Point cadets. Paper presented at the 13th annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Toronto, Canada.
10. Bartone, P. T., & Snook, S. A. (2000). Gender differences in predictors of leader performance over time. Paper presented at the 12th annual convention of the American Psychological Society, Miami, FL.
11. Bartone, P. T., Snook, S. A., & Tremble, T. R., Jr. (2002). Cognitive and personality predictors of leader performance in West Point cadets. Military Psychology, 14, 321-338.
12. Bodnar, J. W. (1999). How long does it take to change a culture? Integration at the U.S. Naval Academy. Armed Forces and Society, 25, 289-306.
13. Book, E. W. (2000). Why the best man for the job is a woman: The unique qualities of female leadership. New York, NY: Harper Business.
14. Brabeck, M. M., & Weisgerber, K. (1989). College students' perceptions of men and women choosing teaching and management: The effects of gender and sex role egalitarianism. Sex Roles, 21, 841-957.
15. Burke, W. P., Priest, R. F., & Craigie, J. (1998). Evaluation of cadet field training, 1997 (Report 98-001). West Point, NY: Office of Institutional Research.
16. Butler, E. G., & Geis, E. L. (1990). Nonverbal affect responses to male and female leaders: Implications for leadership evaluations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 48-59.
17. Chemers, M. M., Watson, C. B., & May, S. T. (2000). Dispositional affect and leadership effectiveness: A comparison of self-esteem, optimism, and efficacy. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26(3), 267-277.
18. Day, D. R., & Stoghill, R. M. (1972). Leader behavior of male and female supervisors: A comparative study. Personnel Psychology, 25, 353-360.
19. Deaux, K. (1977). The behavior of women and men. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
20. DeFleur, L. B., & Gillman, D. (1978). Cadet beliefs, attitudes, and interactions during the early phases of sex integration. Youth and Society, 10, 165-190.
21. DeGroot, G. J. (2001). A few good women: Gender stereotypes, the military, and peacekeeping. International Peacekeeping, 8(2), 23-38.
22. Dobbins, G. H., & Platz, S. J. (1986). Sex differences in leadership: How real are they? Academy of Management Review, 11, 118-127.
23. Doty, M. S., & Betz, N. E. (1979). Comparison of the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for men and women in an enterprising occupation. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 15, 207-216.
24. Eskilson, A., & Wiley, M. G. (1976). Sex composition and leadership in small groups. Sociometry, 39, 183-194.
25. Falbo, T. (1977). Multidimensional scaling of power strategies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 537-547.
26. Ferguson, K. (1984). The feminist case against bureaucracy. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
27. Finch, M. (1994). Women in combat: One commissioner reports. Minerva, 12, 1-8.
28. Francke, L. B. (1997). Ground zero: The gender wars in the military. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster.
29. Fraser, L. (1999, October). Don't eat, don't tell. Self, 200-203.
30. French, J. R. P., Jr., & Raven, B. (1959). The bases of social power. In D. P. Cartwright (Ed.), Studies in social power (pp. 150-167). Ann Arbor, MI: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan.
31. Hall, V. (1996). Dancing on the ceiling: A study of women managers in education. London, UK: Paul Chapman.
32. Heilman, M. E., Block, C. J., Martell, R. E., & Simon, M. C. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of men, women, and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 935-942.
33. Helgeson, S. (1990). The female advantage. New York, NY: Currency Doubleday.
34. Houston, J. W. (1978). New cadets and other college freshmen, Class of 1981 (Report 78-010). West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research
35. Jago, A. G., & Vroom, V. H. (1982). Sex differences in the incidence and evaluation of participative leader behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67, 776-783.
36. Johnson, P. (1978). Women and interpersonal power. In I. H. Frieze, J. E. Parsons, P. B. Johnson, D. F. Ruble, & G. N. Zellman (Eds.), Women and sex roles: A social psychological perspective (pp. 301-320). New York, NY:Norton.
37. Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York, NY: Basic Books.
38. Keegan, J. (1993). A history of warfare. New York, NY: Knopf.
39. Klein, E. B., Kossek, E. E., & Strachan, J. H. (1992). Affective reactions to leadership education: An exploration of the same-gender effect. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 28, 102-117.
40. Konrad, A. M., Corrigal, E., Lieb, P., & Ritchie, J. E. (2000). Sex differences in job attribute preferences among managers and business students. Group and Organization Management, 25, 108-131
41. Lauder, T. D., & Campbell, C. S. (2001). Abnormal eating behaviors in female Reserve Officer Training Corps cadets. Military Medicine, 166, 264-268.
42. Martin, M. (Ed.). (1988). Hard-hatted women: Stories of struggle and success in the trades. Seattle, WA: Seal Press.
43. Matthews, M. D., & Weaver, C. N. (1990, April). Demographic and attitudinal correlates of women's role in the military (USAFA TR 90-1). Proceedings, Twelfth Symposium of Psychology in the Department of Defense. Colorado Springs, CO: United States Air Force Academy.
44. McNally, J. A., Gerras, S. J., & Bullis, R. C. (1996). Teaching leadership at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point. Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 32, 175-188.
45. McNulty, P. A. F. (2001). Prevalence and contributing factors of eating disorder behaviors in active duty service women in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. Military Medicine, 166, 53-73.
46. Miller, L. L. (1998). Feminism and the exclusion of Army women from combat. Gender Issues, 16(3), 33-64.
47. Moskos, C. C., & Butler, J. S. (1996). All that we can be: Black leadership and racial integration the Army way. New York, NY: Basic Books.
48. Moss, A., & Rans, L. (1997). Executive leadership for women (Part VII, Series on leadership). Corrections Today, 59(7), 116-119.
49. Munson, C. E. (1979). Evaluation of male and female supervisors. Social Work, 24, 104-110.
50. Oakley, J. G. (2000). Gender-based barriers to senior management positions: Understanding the scarcity of female CEOs. Journal of Business Ethics, 27, 321-334.
51. Offerman, L. R. (1986). Visibility and evaluation of female and male leaders. Sex Roles, 15, 533-543.
52. O'Neill, W. L. (1998). Sex scandals in the gender-integrated military. Gender Issues, 16, 64-85.
53. Pershing, J. L. (2001). Gender disparities in enforcing the honor concept at the U.S. Naval Academy. Armed Forces and Society, 27, 419-442.
54. Peterson, J. A., & Howal, D. M. (1976). Project 60: A comparison of two types of physical training programs on the performance of 16-18-year-old women. West Point, NY: Office of Physical Education.
55. Petzel, T. P., Johnson, J. E., & Bresolin, L. (1990). Peer nominations for leadership and likability in problem-solving groups as a function of gender and task. Journal of Social Psychology, 130, 641-648.
56. Powell, G. N. (1993). Women and men in management. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
57. Priest, R. F. (1977). The intergroup contact hypothesis as applied to women at West Point (Report 77-015). West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research.
58. Priest, R. F. (1989). Interviews with men and women yearlings, Class of 1992. West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research.
59. Priest, R. F., & Houston, J. W. (1977). New cadets and other college freshmen, Class of 1980. West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research.
60. Priest, R. F., Prince, H. T., Rhone, T., & Vitters, A. G. (1977). Differences between characteristics of men and women new cadets, Class of 1980 (Report 77-010). West Point, NY: Office of the Director of Institutional Research.
61. Priest, R. F., Prince, H. T., & Vitters, A. G. (1978). The first coed class at West Point. Youth and Society, 10, 205-224.
62. Rice, R. W., Bender, L. W., & Vitters, A. G. (1980). Leader sex, follower attitudes toward women, and leader effectiveness: A laboratory experiment. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 25, 46-78.
63. Rice, R. W., Richet, L. S., & Vitters, A. G. (1977). The impact of male and female leaders on the group performance, morale, and perceptions of West Point cadets (ARI Technical Report 404). Alexandria, VA: Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
64. Rosen, B., & Jerdee, T. H. (1973). The influence of sex-role stereotypes on evaluations of male and female supervisory behavior. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57, 44-48.
65. Rosener, J. B. (1990). Ways women lead. Harvard Business Review, 68(6), 119-125.
66. Rosener, J. B. (1995). America's competitive secret: Utilizing women as a power strategy. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
67. Russel, J. E., Rush, M. C., & Herd, A. M. (1988). An examination of affective male and female leadership. Sex Roles, 18, 279-287.
68. Sayles, A. H. (1998). On diversity (Army Issues Paper 1). Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College Strategic Studies Institute.
69. Schneier, C. R., & Bartol, K. M. (1980). Sex effects in emergent leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 65, 341-345.
70. Schwager, E. H., & Evans, K. L. (1996). An exploration of the construct validity of a leadership behavior rating system (ARI Technical Report 1041). Alexandria, VA: United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences.
71. Shore, T. H. (1992). Subtle gender bias in the assessment of managerial potential. Sex Roles, 27, 499-515.
72. Snider, D. M., Priest, R. F., & Lewis, F. (2001). The civilian-military gap and professional military education at the precommissioning level. Armed Forces and Society, 27, 249-272.
73. Stauffer, R. W. (1976). Project summertime. West Point, NY: Office of Physical Education.
74. Stevens, G., Rossa, F. M., & Gardner, S. (1994). Military academies as instruments of value change. Armed Forces and Society, 20, 473-483.
75. Thomas, P. J., Perry, Z. A., & David, K. M. (1994). Fitness reports of naval warfare officers: A search for gender differences (NPRDC-TR-94-10). San Diego, CA: Navy Personnel Research and Development Center.
76. United States Military Academy. (1975). Operations Plan 75-1: Admission of women cadets. West Point, NY: Author.
77. Vitters, A. G. (1978). Report of the admission of women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena II). West Point, NY: United States Military Academy.
78. Vitters, A. G., & Kinzer, N. S. (1977). Report of the admission of women to the United States Military Academy (Project Athena I). West Point, NY: United States Military Academy.
79. Vroom, V. H. (1964). Work and motivation. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.
80. Wajcman, J. (1998). Managing like a man: Women and men in corporate management. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press.
81. Walshok, M. L. (1981). Blue collar women: Pioneers on the male frontier. New York, NY: Anchor Books.