Of borders and business: Canadian corporate proposals for North American "deep integration"

Studies in Political Economy

Volumn , Issue 74, 2004, Pages 79-100

  Gabriel, Christina ^a   Macdonald, Laura ^a  

^a CARLETON UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 13744250018     PISSN: 07078552     EISSN: 19187033     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/19187033.2004.11675138     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. This paper was written with the financial assistance of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada, Grant #410 2000 1466. We thant Rianne Mahon, Bill Carroll, Andrew Jackson, and Eric Helleiner for their helpful suggestions. Research Council of Canada, Grant #410 2000 1466. We thant Rianne Mahon, Bill Carroll, Andrew Jackson, and Eric Helleiner for their helpful suggestions. Research Council of Canada, Grant #410 2000 1466. We thant Rianne Mahon, Bill Carroll, Andrew Jackson, and Eric Helleiner for their helpful suggestions.
2. Thomas d'Aquino, Canadian Council of Chief Executives. Presentation to CCCE's AGM: Security and Prosperity. The Dymnamics of a New Canada-United States Partnership in North America (14 January 2003), p. 6.
3. Ibid., p. 10.
4. However see, for example, Alan Ernst, "From Liberal Continentalism to Neoconservatism: North American Free Trade and the Politics of the C.D. Howe Institute," Studies in Political Economy 39 (Autumn 1992), pp. 109-140.
5. William K. Carroll, Corporate Power in a Globalizing World (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2004).
6. William K. Carroll and Murray Shaw, "Consolidating a Neoliberal Policy Bloc in Canada, 1976 to 1996," Canadian Public Policy 27/2 (2001), pp. 195-217.
7. David Langille, "The Business Council on National Issues and the Canadian State," Studies in Political Economy 24 (Autumn 1987), p. 41.
8. In this article, we are not able to discuss in detail the economic changes in ownership and production strategies. Our focus is on changes in the political strategies of large transnationalized Canadian businesses in the post-NAFTA, post 9/11 era.
9. See Jeffrey M. Ayres, Defying Conventional Wisdom. Political Movements and Popular Contention against North American Free Trade (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1998).
10. Mustapha Kamal Pasha and David L. Blaney, "Elusive Paradise: The Promise and Peril of Global Civil Society," Alternatives 23 (1998), p. 418, our emphasis.
11. Ibid., p. 418.
12. Ibid., p. 433.
13. Laura Macdonald, "Globalising Civil Society: Interpreting International NGOs in Central America," Millennium: Journal of International Studies 23/2 (Summer 1994), pp. 267-85.
14. Maude Barlow and Bruce Campbell. Straight Through the Heart: How the Liberals Abandoned the Just Society (Toronto: HarperCollins, 1995).
15. McQuaig, Linda. Shooting the Hippo: Death by Deficit and Other Canadian Myths (Toronto: Viking, 1995).
16. Murray Dobbin, The Myth of the Good Corporate Citizen: Democracy Under the Rule of Big Business (Toronto: Stoddart, 1998).
17. William K. Carroll and Murray Shaw, "Consolidating a Neoliberal Policy Bloc in Canada, 1976 to 1996," Canadian Public Policy 27/2 (2001) p. 199.
18. Ibid., pp. 210, 212.
19. Ibid., p. 212.
20. Thomas Paul d'Aquino and David Stewart-Patterson, Northern Edge. How Canadians Can Triumph in a Global Economy (Toronto: Stoddart, 2001), p. 275.
21. Ibid., pp. 3-4.
22. See Langille, "Business Council on National Issues," and Stephen McBride, Paradigm Shift. Globalization and the Canadian State (Halifax: Fernwood, 2001).
23. Neil Bradford, "The Policy Influence of Economic Ideas," in Mike Burke, Colin Mooers, John Shields, (eds.), Restructuring and Resistance: Canadian Public Policy in an Age of Global Capitalism (Halifax: Fernwood, 2000), p. 62.
24. Ibid., p. 62.
25. Janine Brodie, "Regions and Regionalism," in James Bickerton and Alain Gagnon, (eds.), Canadian Politics 2nd ed. (Peterborough: Broadview, 1994), pp. 420-21.
26. D. Wayne Taylor, Allan A. Warrack and Mark C. Baetz, Business and Government in Canada: Partners for the Future (Scarborough: Prentice Hall, 1999).
27. Bradford, "Policy Influence of Economic Ideas," p. 66-67.
28. Ibid., p. 67.
29. Langille, "Business Council on National Issues," p. 47.
30. See Bruce Doern and Brian W Tomlin, Faith and Fear: The Free Trade Story (Toronto: Stoddart, 1991).
31. Economist Tom Courchene, an advocate of a North American currency, calls the new attitudes amongst Canadians "market nationalism:" "We want their economy but not their values." James Ferrabee: "We have stopped worrying about our identity and started worrying about our options in North America," (November 2002). Accessed at http://www.irpp.org/ferrabeee/archieve /1102.htm. on 21 January 2003.
32. Alan M. Rugman, John Kirton and Julie A. Soloway, "Canadian Corporate Strategy in a North American Region," The American Review of Canadian Studies (Summer 1997), p. 199.
33. Trade and Economic Analysis Division, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, "NAFTA 10 - A Preliminary Report," (Ottawa: Minister of Public Works, 2003), p. 3, http://www:dfait-maecd.gc/ca/eet/pdf/NAFTA@10-2003-en.pdf.
34. Rugman et al., "Canadian corporate strategy," p. 215.
35. Cited in Langille, "Business Council on National Issues," p. 67.
36. Mark Rupert, "Globalisation and contested common sense in the United States," in Stephen Gill and James H. Mittelman, (eds.), Innovation and Transformation in International Studies (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 143.
37. Ibid., p. 143.
38. Doern and Tomlin, Faith and Fear, pp. 105-8.
39. Christina Gabriel and Laura Macdonald, "Chrétien and North America: Between Integration and Autonomy," Review of Constitutional Studies 9/1 and 2 (Forthcoming 2004).
40. Anne Golden, President and CEO, Conference Board of Canada Presentation: "Imperatives for Change - Canada in 2010." Presented to the Canadian Club of Toronto, Royal York Hotel (21 May 2002), pp, 2-3.
41. On the "hollowing out" debate, see COMPAS Opinion and Market Research, "Canadian-Owned Companies and the 'Hollowing Out' Debate," CIBC/The Canadian Chamber of Commerce Weekly CEO and Other Business Leaders Poll by COMPAS in the Financial Post (27 May 2002), accessed at http://www.compas.ca/html/archivesdocument.asp? offset=40&compasID=328 on 2003/03/18.
42. Harry W. Arthurs, "The Hollowing Out of Corporate Canada?" in J. Jenson and B. Santos, (eds.), Globalizing Institutions: Case Studies in Social Regulation and lnnovation (London, Ashgate Press, 2000), pp. 29-51.
43. Drew Hasselback, "More Canadian firms set sights on US: Survey results provide counterpoint to 'hollowing out,' " Financial Post (21 May 2002), accessed on 18 March 2003 at http://www.pollara.ca/new/LIBRARY/SURVEYS/ustrade.htm.
44. Alison Azer, "The Changing Corporate Landscape and its Effect on Charitable Giving." Paper produced for the Canadian Centre for Social Entrepreneurship (January 2003), accessed 17 June 2004 at http://www.bus.ualberta.ca/ccse/Publications/Publications /The%20Changing%20Corporate%20Landscape%20%20final.pdf.
45. Deborah Waller Meyers, "Border Management at the Millennium," The American Review of Canadian Studies 30/2 (Summer 2000), p. 258.
46. Public Policy Forum, "Making the 'Northern' Border Work in an Integrated North America," Outcomes Report - Roundtable on Borders, Transportation and Trade (Toronto: 10 and 11 April 2001), p. 18.
47. Peter Andreas, "A Tale of Two Borders: The US-Canada and US-Mexico Lines after 9-11," in Peter Andreas and Thomas J. Biersteker, (eds.), The Rebordering of North America (New York and London: Routledge, 2003), p. 8.
48. See Chris Sands, "Fading Power or Rising Power: 11 September and Lessons from the section 110 Experience," in Norman Hillmer and Maureen Appel Molot, (eds.), Canada Among Nations 2002: A Fading Power (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2002), pp. 61-2.
49. Pacquette cited by Lamar Smith, "Plugging our Porus Border," in The Globe and Mail (24 January 2000), p. A15.
50. Meyers, "Border Management," p. 261.
51. See Jeffrey Ayres and Sydney Tarrow, "The Shifting Grounds for Transnational Civic Activity," After September 11: Perspectives from the Social Science Research Council (New York: SSRC, Spring 2002), http://www.ssrc.org/sept 11.
52. For a review of the various positions on North American integration, see Danielle Goldfarb, Beyond Labels: Comparing Proposals for Closer Canada-US Economic Relations The Border Papers No. 76 (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 2003).
53. Members include: Business Council on National Issues, Canadian Association of Importers and Exporters Inc., Canadian Chamber of Commerce, Canadian Federation of Business, IBM Canada, Pratt and Whitney Canada, and Proctor and Gamble. For complete list, see Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders, Rethinking our Borders: A Plan for Action (December 2001), p. i.
54. McBride, Paradigm Shift, p. 77.
55. d'Aquino and Stewart-Patterson, Northern Edge, p. 10.
56. Ibid., p. 330.
57. See Christina Gabriel and Laura Macdonald, "Beyond the Continentalist/Nationalist Divide: Politics in a North America 'Without Borders?' " in Wallace Clement and Leah F. Vosko, (eds.), Changing Canada: Political Economy as Transformation (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2003).
58. Cited in Michael Hart and William Dymond, "Common Borders, Shared Destinies: Canada and the United States and Deepening Integration" (Ottawa: Centre for Trade Policy and Law, 2001), p. 15. http://www.carleton.ca/ctpl/borders/hartdymondweb.htm.
59. Thomas d'Aquino, Canadian Council of Chief Executives, "Security and Prosperity," p. 1.
60. Third Report, House of Commons Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade (2002), p. 27.
61. Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders, Rethinking our Borders. A Plan for Action (December 2001), pp. 3-4.
62. Coalition for Secure and Trade-Efficient Borders Media Release, "Business calls for integrated approach - security and trade are linked," (1 November 2001), p. 1.
63. Coalition for Secure and Trade Efficient Borders, Rethinking our Borders ..., pp. 3-4.
64. Ibid., p. 4.
65. Ibid., p. 13.
66. Ibid., pp. 15-16.
67. Ibid., p. 18.
68. Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Media Communique: "Leaders from Canada and the United States Call for a Zone of Confidence Between the Two Countries," (26 November 2001). http://www.ceocouncil.ca/English/Media/Communique.
69. See Christina Gabriel, Jimena Jimenez, and Laura Macdonald, "Toward North American 'Smart Borders:' Convergence or Divergence in Border Control Policies." Paper presented to International Studies Association Meetings (Portland: 2003).
70. Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Security and Prosperity: Towards a New Canada-United States Partnership in North America. Profile of the North American Security and Prosperity Initiative (NASPI) (January 2003), p. 4.
71. Ibid., pp. 5-6.
72. Canadian Council of Chief Executives, Media Communique: "Canadian Council of Chief Executives Establishes CEO Action Group to Drive North American Initiative," (3 April 2003), http://www.ceocouncil.ca/English/Media/Communique.
73. Wendy Dobson, Shaping the Future of the North American Space: A Framework for Action Commentary 162 (Ottawa: C.D. Howe Institute, 2002).
74. Wendy Dobson, "The Next Big Idea: Trade Can Brush in a New Border," in The Globe and Mail (21 January 2003), p. A15.
75. Speech by Anne Golden, "Renewing the Relationship: Canada and the United States in the 21st Century," Great Lakes Security Summit (Toronto: 8 April 2002), p. 11.
76. Ibid., pp. 14-17.
77. Wendy Dobson, "The Next Big Idea: Trade Can Brush in a New Border," p. A15.
78. Canadian Council of Chief Executives, The North American Security and Prosperity Initiative. Background, Questions and Answers (March 2003), p. 3.
79. Indeed a recent report from the C. D. Howe Institute has stated, "If the Canadian government is to make an informed decision about pursuing closer economic relations with the United States, a constructive next step would be to move beyond labels to a deeper assessment of the desirability, feasibility and details of these proposals." Danielle Goldfarb, Beyond Labels, p. 15.
80. Wendy Dobson, Shaping the Future of the North American Economic Space, pp. 18-19.
81. Wendy Dobson, "The Next Big Idea: Trade Can Brush in a New Border," p. A15.
82. See Gary Hufbauer and Jeffrey Schott, The Prospects for Deeper North American Economic Integration Commentary No. 195 (Ottawa: C. D. Howe Institute, 2004).
83. Andrew Jackson, Why the 'Big Idea' is a Bad Idea: A Critical Perspective on Deeper Economic Integration with the United States (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2003), p. 8.
84. Bruce Campbell, From Deep Integration to Reclaiming Sovereignty: Managing Canada-US Economic Relations Under NAFTA (Ottawa: Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2003), p. 3.
85. Ibid., p. 7.