Who demonstrates? antistate rebels, conventional participants, or everyone?

Comparative Politics

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2005, Pages

  Norris, Pippa ^a   Walgrave, Stefaan ^a   Van Aelst, Peter ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 13644260138     PISSN: 00104159     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/20072882     Document Type: Review

References (61)

1. A. Etzioni, Demonstration Democracy (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1977); H. Pross, Protestgessellschaft (Munich: Artemis and Winkler, 1992); Mary Kaldor, "'Civilising' Globalisation? The Implications of the 'Battle in Seattle,'" Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29 (2000).
2. A. Etzioni, Demonstration Democracy (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1977); H. Pross, Protestgessellschaft (Munich: Artemis and Winkler, 1992); Mary Kaldor, "'Civilising' Globalisation? The Implications of the 'Battle in Seattle,'" Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29 (2000).
3. A. Etzioni, Demonstration Democracy (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1977); H. Pross, Protestgessellschaft (Munich: Artemis and Winkler, 1992); Mary Kaldor, "'Civilising' Globalisation? The Implications of the 'Battle in Seattle,'" Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 29 (2000).
4. Dieter Rucht, Ruud Koopmans, and Friedhelm Neidhardt, eds., Acts of Dissent: New Developments in the Study of Protest (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999).
5. See, for example, Bert Klandermans, The Social Psychology of Protest (Oxford: Blackwell, 1995).
6. Michel Crazier, Samuel P. Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission (New York: New York University Press, 1975).
7. Gustave Le Bon, Psychologie des foules (Paris: 1895); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970).
8. Gustave Le Bon, Psychologie des foules (Paris: 1895); Ted Robert Gurr, Why Men Rebel (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970).
9. See Joseph S. Nye, "Introduction: The Decline of Confidence in Government," in Joseph. S. Nye, Philip D. Zelnikow, and David C. King, eds., Why People Don't Trust Government (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).
10. Barbara G. Farah, Samuel H. Barnes, and Felix Heunis, "Political Dissatisfaction," in Samuel H. Barnes, Max Kaase et al., Political Action: Mass Participation in Five Western Democracies (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1979).
11. Jacques Thomassen, "Economic Crisis, Dissatisfaction and Protest," in M. Kent Jennings and Jan W. Van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1990). See, also, Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics, 3rd ed. (Chatham: Chatham House, 2002); R. Koopman, "New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe," West European Politics, 19 (1996), 28-50; Peter van Aelst, Stefaan Walgrave, and Kristof Decoster, "Politick wantrouwen en protest: Over het democratisch kapitaal van Belgische betogers," Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 20 (1999), 441-70.
12. Jacques Thomassen, "Economic Crisis, Dissatisfaction and Protest," in M. Kent Jennings and Jan W. Van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1990). See, also, Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics, 3rd ed. (Chatham: Chatham House, 2002); R. Koopman, "New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe," West European Politics, 19 (1996), 28-50; Peter van Aelst, Stefaan Walgrave, and Kristof Decoster, "Politick wantrouwen en protest: Over het democratisch kapitaal van Belgische betogers," Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 20 (1999), 441-70.
13. Jacques Thomassen, "Economic Crisis, Dissatisfaction and Protest," in M. Kent Jennings and Jan W. Van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1990). See, also, Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics, 3rd ed. (Chatham: Chatham House, 2002); R. Koopman, "New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe," West European Politics, 19 (1996), 28-50; Peter van Aelst, Stefaan Walgrave, and Kristof Decoster, "Politick wantrouwen en protest: Over het democratisch kapitaal van Belgische betogers," Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 20 (1999), 441-70.
14. Jacques Thomassen, "Economic Crisis, Dissatisfaction and Protest," in M. Kent Jennings and Jan W. Van Deth, eds., Continuities in Political Action (New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1990). See, also, Russell Dalton, Citizen Politics, 3rd ed. (Chatham: Chatham House, 2002); R. Koopman, "New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe," West European Politics, 19 (1996), 28-50; Peter van Aelst, Stefaan Walgrave, and Kristof Decoster, "Politick wantrouwen en protest: Over het democratisch kapitaal van Belgische betogers," Tijdschrift voor Sociologie, 20 (1999), 441-70.
15. Frank Parkin, Middle Class Radicalism (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1968).
16. For a fuller discussion, see Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action; Christopher A. Rootes, "On the Future of Protest Politics in Western Democracies: A Critique of Barnes, Kaase et al., Political Action," European Journal of Political Research, 9 (1981), 421-32; Richard Topf, "Beyond Electoral Participation," in Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds., Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
17. For a fuller discussion, see Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action; Christopher A. Rootes, "On the Future of Protest Politics in Western Democracies: A Critique of Barnes, Kaase et al., Political Action," European Journal of Political Research, 9 (1981), 421-32; Richard Topf, "Beyond Electoral Participation," in Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds., Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
18. For a fuller discussion, see Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action; Christopher A. Rootes, "On the Future of Protest Politics in Western Democracies: A Critique of Barnes, Kaase et al., Political Action," European Journal of Political Research, 9 (1981), 421-32; Richard Topf, "Beyond Electoral Participation," in Hans-Dieter Klingemann and Dieter Fuchs, eds., Citizens and the State (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).
19. Pippa Norris, ed., Critical Citizens: Global Support for Democratic Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).
20. Peter Van Aelst and Stefaan Walgrave, "Who Is That (Wo)Man in the Street? From the Normalization of Protest to the Normalization of the Protester," European Journal of Political Research, 39 (2001), 461-86.
21. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Russell J. Dalton, "Citizens, Protest and Democracy," special issue of The Annals of Political and Social Sciences (July 1993); Dalton, Citizen Politics', Russell J. Dalton, "Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior," Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 912-40.
22. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Russell J. Dalton, "Citizens, Protest and Democracy," special issue of The Annals of Political and Social Sciences (July 1993); Dalton, Citizen Politics', Russell J. Dalton, "Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior," Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 912-40.
23. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Russell J. Dalton, "Citizens, Protest and Democracy," special issue of The Annals of Political and Social Sciences (July 1993); Dalton, Citizen Politics', Russell J. Dalton, "Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior," Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 912-40.
24. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Russell J. Dalton, "Citizens, Protest and Democracy," special issue of The Annals of Political and Social Sciences (July 1993); Dalton, Citizen Politics', Russell J. Dalton, "Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior," Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 912-40.
25. Ronald Inglehart, The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977); Ronald Inglehart, Modernization and Postmodernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1997); Russell J. Dalton, "Citizens, Protest and Democracy," special issue of The Annals of Political and Social Sciences (July 1993); Dalton, Citizen Politics', Russell J. Dalton, "Citizen Attitudes and Political Behavior," Comparative Political Studies, 33 (2000), 912-40.
26. See Pippa Norris, Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ch. 10; W. Lance Bennet, "The Uncivic Culture: Communication, Identity and the Rise of Lifestyle Politics," PS: Political Science and Politics, 31 (1998); 741-61.
27. See Pippa Norris, Democratic Phoenix: Reinventing Political Activism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), ch. 10; W. Lance Bennet, "The Uncivic Culture: Communication, Identity and the Rise of Lifestyle Politics," PS: Political Science and Politics, 31 (1998); 741-61.
28. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Russell J. Dalton and Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Claus Offe, "New Social Movements Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics," Social Research, 52 (1985), 818-68; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
29. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Russell J. Dalton and Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Claus Offe, "New Social Movements Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics," Social Research, 52 (1985), 818-68; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
30. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Russell J. Dalton and Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Claus Offe, "New Social Movements Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics," Social Research, 52 (1985), 818-68; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
31. Doug McAdam, John D. McCarthy, and Mayer N. Zald, eds., Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996); Russell J. Dalton and Manfred Kuechler, Challenging the Political Order: New Social and Political Movements in Western Democracies (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1990); Claus Offe, "New Social Movements Challenging the Boundaries of Institutional Politics," Social Research, 52 (1985), 818-68; Alberto Melucci, Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996).
32. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Sidney Verba, Kay Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
33. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Sidney Verba, Kay Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
34. Sidney Verba and Norman Nie, Participation in America: Political Democracy and Social Equality (New York: Harper and Row, 1972); Sidney Verba, Norman Nie, and Jae-on Kim, Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Sidney Verba, Kay Schlozman, and Henry E. Brady, Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995).
35. Alan Marsh and Max Kaase, "Background of Political Action," in Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action, ch. 4.
36. Alan Marsh, Protest and Political Consciousness (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1977); Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action.
37. Alan Marsh, Protest and Political Consciousness (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1977); Barnes, Kaase, et al., Political Action.
38. Peter Van Aelst and Stefaan Walgrave, "De stille revolutie op straat: Betogen in België in de jaren '90," Res Publica, 41 (1999), 41-64.
39. We are most grateful to the principal investigators Jaak Billiet and Marc Swyngedouw, of the Interuniversity Centre for Political Opinion Research, sponsored by the Federal Services for Technical, Cultural and Scientific Affairs (ISPO) at the Department of Sociology of the University of Leuven, for access to the 1999 General Election Study of Flanders-Belgium.
40. Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim, The Modes of Democratic Participation: A Cross-National Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971); Verba and Nie, Participation in America; Verba, Nie, and Kim, Participation and Political Equality; Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality.
41. Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim, The Modes of Democratic Participation: A Cross-National Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971); Verba and Nie, Participation in America; Verba, Nie, and Kim, Participation and Political Equality; Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality.
42. Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim, The Modes of Democratic Participation: A Cross-National Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971); Verba and Nie, Participation in America; Verba, Nie, and Kim, Participation and Political Equality; Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality.
43. Sidney Verba, Norman H. Nie, and Jae-on Kim, The Modes of Democratic Participation: A Cross-National Analysis (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1971); Verba and Nie, Participation in America; Verba, Nie, and Kim, Participation and Political Equality; Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality.
44. Peter Mair, "Party Membership in Twenty European Democracies 1980-2000," Party Politics, 1 (2001), 5-22.
45. Lieven De Winter, Donatella Della Porta, and Kris Deschouwer, "Comparing Similar Countries: Italy and Belgium," Res Publica, 38 (1996), 215-35.
46. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000); Robert D. Putnam, ed., The Dynamics of Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
47. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000); Robert D. Putnam, ed., The Dynamics of Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
48. Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995); Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000); Robert D. Putnam, ed., The Dynamics of Social Capital (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
49. See Van Aelst and Walgrave, "Who Is That (Wo)Man in the Street?"
50. The movement against drugs can not be considered automatically as belonging to the New Right, which in western Europe is usually associated with antiimmigrant movements and neo-Nazi events. Nevertheless, the antidrugs demonstration was classified as a New Right gathering because the participants displayed an overwhelming sympathy for the Flemish-Belgian extreme right party, Vlaams Blok.
51. P. Favre, O. Filiieule, and N. Mayer, "La fin d'une étrange lacune de la sociologie des mobilisations: L'étude par sondage des manifestants: Fundaments théoriques et solutions techniques," Revue Française de Science Politique, 47 (1997), 3-28.
52. Van Aelst and Walgrave, "De stille revolutie op straat."
53. I b i d.
54. Dieter Rucht, "The Structure and Culture of Collective Protest in Germany since 1950," in D. Meyer, ed., The Social Movement Society (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); Donatella Della Porta and Howard Reiter, eds., Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1998); Olivier Fillieule, Stratégies de la rue: Les manifestations en France (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 1997).
55. Dieter Rucht, "The Structure and Culture of Collective Protest in Germany since 1950," in D. Meyer, ed., The Social Movement Society (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); Donatella Della Porta and Howard Reiter, eds., Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1998); Olivier Fillieule, Stratégies de la rue: Les manifestations en France (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 1997).
56. Dieter Rucht, "The Structure and Culture of Collective Protest in Germany since 1950," in D. Meyer, ed., The Social Movement Society (New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 1998); Donatella Della Porta and Howard Reiter, eds., Policing Protest: The Control of Mass Demonstrations in Western Democracies (Minneapolis: University of Minneapolis Press, 1998); Olivier Fillieule, Stratégies de la rue: Les manifestations en France (Paris: Presses de Sciences Po, 1997).
57. Noms, Democratic Phoenix, ch. 10.
58. This latter estimate was confirmed by the 1999 Belgian General Election Study, in which 39 percent of citizens reported having demonstrated.
59. Doug McAdam, "Micromobilisation Contexts and the Recruitment to Activism," in Bert Klandermans, Hanspeter Kriesi, and Sydney Tarrow, eds., From Structure to Action (Greenwich: JAI-Press, 1988), pp. 125-54.
60. Verba, Schlozman, and Brady, Voice and Equality.
61. Van Aelst and Walgrave, "Who Is That (Wo)Man in the Street?"