System for determination of ultrasonic wave speeds and their temperature dependence in liquids and in vitro tissues

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Volumn 117, Issue 2, 2005, Pages 646-652

  Yost, William T ^a   Macias, Brandon R ^b   Cao, Peihong ^b   Hargens, Alan R ^b   Ueno, Toshiaki ^b  

^a NASA LANGLEY RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DIFFRACTION; LIQUIDS; THERMAL EFFECTS; TISSUE; TRANSDUCERS;

NONLINEAR RESPONSES; OFF-RESONANCE OPERATION; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; WAVE SPEED;

ULTRASONIC WAVES;

ARTICLE; DIFFRACTION; INTERFEROMETRY; LIQUID; MEASUREMENT; PRESSURE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; TEMPERATURE; TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE; TISSUE; TRANSDUCER; ULTRASOUND; WAVEFORM;

ACOUSTICS; HUMANS; OSCILLOMETRY; RHEOLOGY; SIGNAL PROCESSING, COMPUTER-ASSISTED; TEMPERATURE; TRANSDUCERS; ULTRASONOGRAPHY; WATER;

EID: 13544273919     PISSN: 00014966     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1121/1.1848176     Document Type: Article

References (19)

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2. R. J. Blume, "Instrument for continuous high resolution measurement of changes in the velocity of ultrasound," Rev. Sci. Instrum. 34, 1400-1407 (1963).
3. J. S. Heyman, "Pulsed phase-locked loop strain monitor," U.S. Patent No. 4,363,242 (1982).
4. E. J. Chern, J. S. Heyman, and J. H. Cantrell, Jr., "Determination of material stress from the temperature dependence of the acoustic natural velocity," in Proceedings IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, New York, 1981).
5. J. S. Heyman, S. G. Allison, K. Salama, and S. L. Chu, "Effects of Carbon Content on Stress and Temperature Dependences of Ultrasonic Velocity in Steels," ASM Proceedings, Nondestructive Evaluation: Application to Materials Processing, Philadelphia, PA., 3-4 October, 1984, pp. 177-184.
6. M. Namkung, D. Utrata, and R. DeNale, "Effect of uniaxial stress magnetic field-induced domain wall motion," Proc. IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium Vol. 2, 983 (1991).
7. E. C. Everbach and R. E. Apfel, "An interferometric technique for B/A measurement," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98, 3428-3438 (1995).
8. The relationship between the electrical properties of a thin disk resonator is covered well in V. M. Ristic, Principles of Acoustic Devices (Wiley, New York, 1983), pp. 142-145.
9. J. Williams and J. Lamb, "On the measurement of ultrasonic velocity in solids," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 308-313 (1958).
10. J. Williams and J. Lamb, "On the measurement of ultrasonic velocity in solids," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 30, 308-313 (1958).
11. W. C. Elmore and M. A. Heald, The Physics of Waves (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1969), pp. 101-102.
12. P. H. Rodgers and A. L. Van Buren, "An exact expression for the Lommel diffraction correction integral," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 724-728 (1974). See also G. C. Benson and O. Kiyohara, "Tabulation of some integral functions describing diffraction effects in the ultrasonic field of a circular piston source," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 184-185 (1974).
13. P. H. Rodgers and A. L. Van Buren, "An exact expression for the Lommel diffraction correction integral," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 724-728 (1974). See also G. C. Benson and O. Kiyohara, "Tabulation of some integral functions describing diffraction effects in the ultrasonic field of a circular piston source," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 55, 184-185 (1974).
14. Initial frequency adjustment is normally made by observing the phase comparison signal from the pulsed phase-locked loop apparatus and adjusting the frequency until the signal's slope is zero. (This procedure places the operating frequency near transducer antiresonance.)
15. The group delay in the phase signal filter causes a time shift in the phase signal. Hence, the choice of the portion of the tone burst to control the phase locking is offset in time from the received tone burst. Generally the tone-burst shape can be identified in the phase signal. We chose a lock point near the end of the phase signal that corresponded to the first received tone burst.
16. This value is affected by circuit-related vagaries such as imbalance in the phase detector, sample and hold droop, bias current shifts in the integrator circuit, oscillator offsets, etc. The value of κ can be determined by a high-speed oscilloscope capable of phase measurements between the received signal from the cell and the voltage-controlled oscillator. Ideally, the points for wave retrieval (oscillator and echo wave) are at the phase detector in the circuit. See Ref. 1.
17. -6/°C). We assume that because of the mounting geometry the transducer surface is held fixed to the front mounting plane. Therefore, we only considered the expansion coefficient of the pyrex spacers. See M. Bauccio, ASM Engineering Materials Reference Book, 2nd ed. (ASM International, Materials Park, OH (1994), pp. 322, 384, for thermal expansion data for Pyrex.
18. H. J. McSkimin, "Velocity of sound in distilled water for temperature range 20 degrees-75 degrees C," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 37, 325-328 (1965).
19. The effect of dispersive systems on velocity and velocity measurements is covered well in G. B. Whitham, Linear and Nonlinear Waves (Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1974), Chaps. 11 and 12.