Diabetic retinopathy and its relevance to paediatric age. An update

Pediatric Endocrinology Reviews

Volumn 1, Issue 4, 2004, Pages 404-411

  Porta, Massimo ^a   Allione, Attilio ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TURIN   (Italy)

Author keywords

CSME = Clinically Significant Macular Edema; DCCT = Diabetes Control and Complications Trial; DR = Diabetic Retinopathy; ETDRS = Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study; IRMA = Intra Retinal Microvascular Abnormalities

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; CANDESARTAN; GLUCOSE; GLYCOSYLATED HEMOGLOBIN; POLYOL; PROTEIN KINASE C BETA; RUBOXISTAURIN; TICLOPIDINE; VASCULOTROPIN;

BLINDNESS; BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC PAPILLOPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; LASER COAGULATION; MASS SCREENING; OPHTHALMOSCOPY; OUTCOMES RESEARCH; PATIENT MONITORING; PHOTOGRAPHY; PREPUBERTY; PREVENTIVE MEDICINE; PUBERTY; QUALITY OF LIFE; RARE DISEASE; RETINA; RETINA EXUDATE; RETINA FLUORESCEIN ANGIOGRAPHY; RETINA MACULA EDEMA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

AGE FACTORS; CHILD; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 1; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; RISK FACTORS; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 13444259853     PISSN: 15654753     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (92)

1. Davis MD, Norton EWD, Myers FL. The Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy. In: Goldberg MF, Fine SL eds. Symposium on the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Washington DC. PHS Pub No 1890. Chapter 2, 1969
2. Porta M, Bandello F. Diabetic retinopathy. A clinical update. Diabetologia 2002;45:1617-1634
3. Schmetterer L, Wolzt M. 1999 Ocular blood flow and associated functional deviations in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1999;42:387-405
4. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Grading diabetic retinopathy from stereoscopic colour fundus photographs - an extension of the modified Airlie House classification. ETDRS Report No 10. Ophthalmology 1991;98:786-806
5. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Fundus photographic risk factors for progression of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Report No 12. Ophthalmology 1991;98:823-833
6. Lattanzio R, Brancato R, Bandello F, Azzolini C, Malegani A, Maestranzi G. Florid Diabetic Retinopathy (FDR): a long term follow-up study. Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2001;239:182-187
7. Appen RE, Chandra SR, Klein R, Myers FL. Diabetic papillopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 1980;90:203-209
8. Brancato R, Menchini U, Bandello F. Diabetic papillopathy: fluorangiographic aspects. Metab Pediatr Syst Ophthalmol 1986;9:57-61
9. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Southern Wisconsin. American Journal of Epidemiology 1984;119:54-61
10. Stephenson J, Fuller JH and the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study Group. Microvascular and acute complications in IDDM patients: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia 1994;37:278-85
11. Henricsson M, Nyström L, Blohmé G, Östman J, Kullberg C, Svensson M, Schölin A, Arnqvist HJ, Björk E, Bolinder J, Eriksson JW, Sundkvist G. The Incidence of Retinopathy 10 Years after Diagnosis in Young Adult People With Diabetes: Results from the nationwide population-based Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS). Diabetes Care 2003;26:349-354
12. Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPS) Group. Lancet 1998;352:837-853
13. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) Research Group. New Engl J Med 1993;329:977-986
14. Chaturvedi N, Sjoelie AK, Porta M, Aldington SJ, Fuller JH, Songini M, Kohner EM. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study. Markers of insulin resistance are strong risk factors for the incidence of retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2001;24:284-289
15. Porta M, Sjolie A-K, Chaturvedi N, Stevens L, Rottiers R, Veglio M, Fuller JH. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Risk factors for progression to proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the EURODIAB prospective complications study. Diabetologia 2001;44:2203-2209
16. Cruickshanks KJ, Ritter LL, Klein R, Moss SE. The association of microalbuminuria with diabetic retinopathy. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1993;100:862-867
17. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Ocular factors in the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1994;101:77-83
18. Klein R, Meuer SM, Moss SE, Klein BEK. Retinal microaneurysm counts and 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Archives of Ophthalmology 1995;113:1386-1391
19. Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL, Remaley NA, Murphy RP, Chantry K, Hoogwerf BJ, Miller D. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetc Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114:1079-1084
20. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Ten-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1061-1070
21. Aiello LP, Cahill MT, Wong JS. Systemic considerations in the management of diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:760-776
22. Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317:703-713
23. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. The association of alcohol consumption with the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1962-1968
24. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Association of cigarette smoking with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1991;14:119-126
25. Stratton I, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Turner RC, Holman RR, Manley SE, Matthews DR. UKPDS 50 Risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001;44:156-163
26. Zhang LY, Krzentowski G, Albert A, Lefevbre PJ. Risk of developing retinopathy in Diabetes Control and Complications Trial type 1 diabetic patients with good or poor metabolic control. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1275-1279
27. Herman WH, Teutsch SM, Sepe SJ, Sinnock P, Klein R. An approach to the prevention of blindness in diabetes. Diabetes Care 1983;6:608-13
28. Fong DS, Aiello L, Gardner TW, King GL, Blankenship G, Cavallerano JD, Ferris FL, Klein R. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 2003;26(Suppl.1):S99- S102
29. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. The 14-year incidence of visual loss in a diabetic population. Ophthalmology 1998;105:998-1003
30. Sjolie A-K, Green A. Blindness in insulin-treated diabetic patients with age at onset <30 years. J Chron Dis 1987;40:215-20
31. Porta M, Tomalino MG, Santoro F, Ghigo L, Cairo M, Aimone M, Pietragalla GB, Passera P, Montanaro M, Molinatti GM. Diabetic retinopathy as a cause of blindness in the province of Turin, North-West Italy, in 1967-1991. Diabetic Medicine 1995;12:355-361
32. Trautner C, Haastert B, Giani G, Berger M. Incidence of blindness in southern Germany between 1990 and 1998. Diabetologia 2001;44:147-150
33. Laron Z. Interplay between heredity and environment in the recent explosion of type 1 childhood diabetes mellitus. Am J Med Genet 2002;115:4-7
34. Soltesz G. Diabetes in the young: a paediatric and epidemiological perspective. Diabetologia 2003;46:447-454
35. Silink M. Childhood diabetes: a global perspective. Horm Res 2002;57(Suppl.1):1-5
36. Gale EA. The rise of childhood type 1 diabetes in the 20th century. Diabetes 2002;51:3353-3361
37. Charkaluk ML, Czernichow P, Levy-Marchal C. Incidence data of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes in France during 1988-1997: the case for a shift toward younger age at onset. Pediatr Res 2002;52:859-862
38. Lifetime benefits and costs of intensive therapy in the diabetes control and complications trial. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. JAMA 1996;276:1409-1415
39. Kostraba JN, Dorman JS, Orchard TJ, Becker DJ, Yuskashi O, Ellis D, Doft BH, Lobes LA, LaPorte RE, Drash AL. Contribution of diabetes duration before puberty to the development of microvascular complications in IDDM subjects. Diabetes Care 1989;12:686-693
40. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. Retinopathy in young-onset diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1985;8:311-315
41. Kullberg CE, Abrahamsson M, Arnqvist HJ, Finnstrom K, Ludvisson J. Prevalence of retinopathy differs with age at onset of diabetes in a population of patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetic Medicine 2002;19:924-931
42. Palmberg P, Smith M, Waltman S, Krupin T, Singer P, Burgess D, Wendtlant T, Achtenberg J, Cryer P, Santiago J, White H, Kilo C, Daughaday W. The natural history of retinopathy in insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes. Ophthalmology 1981;88:613-618
43. Frank RN, Hoffman WH, Podgor MJ. Retinopathy in juvemile-onset diabetes of short duration. Ophthalmology 1981;87:1-9
44. Kalter-Leibovici O, Leibovici L, Loya N, Kremer l, Axel-Siegel R, Karp M, Laron Z. The development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in type I diabetic patients: a cohort study. Diabetic Medicine 1997;14:858-866
45. Donaghue KC, King J, Fung ATW, Chan A, Hing S, Howard NJ, Fairchild J, Silink M. The effect of prepubertal diabetes duration on diabetes microvascular complications in early and late adolescence. Diabetes Care 1997;20:77-80
46. Lobefalo L, Verrotti A, Della Loggia C, Morgese C, Mastropasqua L, Chiarelli F, Gallenga PE: Diabetic retinopathy in childhood and adolescence. Effect of puberty. Diabet Nutr Metabol 1997;10:193-197
47. Malone JI, Pavan PR, Morrison AD, Cuthbertson DD. Prevalence and significance of retinopathy in subjects with type 1 diabetes and less than 5 years' duration screened for the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2001;24:522-526
48. Kernell A, Dedorsson I, Johansson B, Wickström CP, Ludwigsson J, Tuvemo T, Neiderud J, Sjostrom K, Malmgren K, Kanulf P, Mellvig L, Gjotterberg M, Sule J, Persson LA, Larsson LA, Aman J, Dahlquist G. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with IDDM. A population-based multicentre study. Diabetologia 1997;40:307-310
49. Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Rand LI, Christlieb AR, Busick EJ, Kahn CR. Risk of proliferate diabetic retinopathy in juvenile-onset type I diabetes: a 40-yr follow-up study. Diabetes Care 1986;9:443-52
50. Palmberg P, Smith M, Waltman S, Krupin T, Singer P, Burgess D, Wendtlant T, Achtenberg J, Cryer P, Santiago J, White H, Kilo C, Daughaday W. The natural history of retinopathy in insulin-dependent juvenile-onset diabetes. Ophthalmology 1981;88:613-18
51. Kohner EM, Porta M. Diabetic Retinopathy. In: Alberti KGMM, Krall LP (eds) The Diabetes Annual, 5th edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1990; pp. 273-300
52. Klein R, Klein BEK, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy. XV. The long-term incidence of macular edema. Ophthalmology 1995;102:7-16
53. Kernell A, Dedorsson I, Johansson B, Wickstrom CP, Ludvigsson J, Tuvemo T, Neiderud J. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with IDDM. Diabetologia 1997;40:307-310
54. Murphy RP, Wanda M, Plonick L, Enger C, Vitale S, Patz A. The relationship of puberty to diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:215-218
55. Retinopathy Working Party. A protocol for screening for diabetic retinopathy in Europe. Diabetic Medicine 1991;8:263-267
56. International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes Vascular Complications. In: ISPAD Consensus Guidelines for the Management of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Children and Adolescents. Medical Forum Int. AR Zeist, 2000 pp. 95-101
57. Stefansson E, Bek T, Porta M, Larsen N, Kristinsson JK, Agardh E. Screening and prevention of diabetic blindness. Acta Ophtahlmol Scand 2000;78:374-385
58. Backlund LB, Algvere PV, Rosenqvist U. New blindness in diabetes reduced, by more than one-third in Stockholm County. Diabetic Medicine 1994;14:732-740
59. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BEK. Association of cigarette smoking with diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care 1991;14:119-126
60. Mayon-White VA, Benjamin L, Jenkins LM, Knight AH. Why do diabetic patients go blind today? Diabetic Medicine 1994;11(Suppl.1):S22
61. Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Bassi LJ, Chiang YP and Canner JK. Detecting and treating retinopathy in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology 1991;98:1565-1574
62. Javitt JC and Aiello LP. Cost-effectiveness of detecting and treating diabetic retinopathy. Annals of Internal Medicine 1996;124:164-169
63. Laupacis A, Feeny D, Detsky AS, Tugwell PX. How attractive does a new technology have to be to warrant adoption and utilization? Tentative guidelines for using clinical and economic evaluations. Canadian Medical Association Journal 1992;146:473-481
64. Peters AL, Davidson MB and Ziel FH. Cost-effective screening for diabetic retinopathy using a nonmydriatic retinal camera in a prepaid health-care setting. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1193-1195
65. Gardner GG, Keating D, Williamson TH and Elliott AT. Automatic detection of diabetic retinopathy using an artificial neural network: a screening tool. British Journal of Ophthalmology 1996;80:940-944
66. Kohner EM, Porta M Screening for diabetic retinopathy in Europe: a field guide-book. World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, 1993 pp. 1-51
67. Gibbins RL, Owens DR, Allen JC, Eastman L. Practical application of the European Field Guide in screening retinopathy by using ophthalmoscopy and 35 mm retinal slides. Diabetologia 1998;41:59-64
68. Harris MI, Klein R, Welborn TA, Knuiman MW. Onset of NIDDM occurs at least 4-7 yr before clinical diagnosis. Diabetes Care 1992;15:815-19
69. th Golgi lecture: from hyperglycaemia to the dysregulation of vascular remodelling in diabetes. Diabetologia 2001;44:674-692
70. Pirart J Diabète et complications dégéneratives. Présentation d'une étude prospective portant sur 4400 cas observés entre 1947 et 1973. Diabète et Metabolisme 1, 1977; 97-107, 173-182, 245-256
71. Krolewski AS, Warram JH, Rand LI, Kahn CR. Epidemiologic approach to the etiology of type I diabetes mellitus and its complications. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1390-1398
72. Stephenson JM, Fuller JH, Viberti GC, Sjolie A-K, Navalesi R. Blood pressure, retinopathy and urinary albumin excretion in IDDM: the EURODIAB IDDM Complications Study. Diabetologia 1995;38:599-603
73. Grenfell A, Watkins PJ. Clinical diabetic nephropathy. Natural history and complications. Clin Endocrinol Metab 1986;15:783-805
74. Parving H-H, Hommel E, Mathiesen E, Skott P, Edsberg B, Bahnsen M, Lauritzen M, Hougaard P, Lauritzen E. Prevalence of microalbuminuria, arterial hypertension, retinopathy and neuropathy in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. BMJ 1988;296:156-160
75. Feldman JN, Hirsch SR, Beyer MB. Prevalence of diabetic nephropathy at time of treatment for diabetic retinopthy. In: Friedman EA, L'Esperance FA (eds), Diabetic renal-retinal syndrome. Vol. 2. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1982;9-20
76. Parving H-H, Gall M-A, Skott P, Jorgensen HE, Lokkegaard H, Jorgensen F, Nielsen B, Larsen S. Prevalence and causes of albuminuria in non-insulin dependent diabetic NIDDM patients. Kidney Int 1992;37:243
77. Schmitz A, Vaeth M. Microalbuminuria: a major risk factor in non-insulin dependent diabetes. A 10-year follow-up study of 503 patients. Diabetic Med 1988;5:126-134
78. Joint Working Party on Diabetic Renal Failure. Treatment and mortality of diabetic renal failure patients identified in the 1985 UK survey. BMJ 1989;299:1135-1136
79. van Leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC, Nijpels C, Heine RJ, Bouter LM, Stehouwer CD, Polak BC Blood pressure, lipids and obesity are associated with retinopathy: the Hoorn study. Diabetes Care. 2002;25:1320-5
80. The DAMAD Study Group. Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic retinopathy. A multicentre randomized controlled clinical trial. Diabetes 1989;38:491-498
81. The TIMAD Study Group. Ticlopidine treatment reduces the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108:1577-83
82. Early Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. Effects of aspirin treatment of diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS Report No. 8. Ophthalmology 1991;98:757-765
83. The DIRECT Programme Study Group. The Diabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme, rationale and study design. Journal of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. 2002;3:255-261
84. Mallet B, Vialettes B, Haroche S, Escoffier P, Gastaut P, Taubert J-P, Vague P. Stabilization of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy by long-term treatment with SMS 201-995. Diabète et Metabolisme 1992;18:438-444
85. Grant MB, Cooper-DeHoff R, Mames RN, Caballero S, Fitzgerald C, Estes KS, Hazariwala KM. The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe non proliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy. A randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 2000;23:504-509
86. Nagpala P, Malik AB, Voung PT, Lum H. Protein Kinase C b-1 overexpression augments phorbol ester-induced increase endothelial permeability J Cell Physiol 1996;166:249-255
87. Xia P, Aiello LP, Ishii H, Jiang ZY, Park DJ, Robinson GS, Takagi H, Newsome WP, Jirousek Mr, King GL: Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor's effect on the activation of protein Kinase C, its isoforms and endothelial cell growth. J clin Invest 1996;98:2018-2026
88. Ishii H, Jirousek MR, Koya, Takagi C, Xia P, Clermont A, Bursell SE, Kern TS, Ballas LM, Haeth Wf, Stramm LE, Feener EP, King GL Amelioration of vascular dysfunctions in daibetic rats by an oral PKC beta inhibitor Science 1996;272:728-731
89. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report No. 9. Ophthalmology 1991;98:766-785
90. Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision. Clinical application of results of a randomized trial. DRVS Report No 4. Ophthalmology 1988;95:1321-1324
91. Harbour JW, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW, Rubsamen PE. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with a thickened and taut posterior hyaloid membrane. Am J Ophthalmol 1996;121:405-413
92. Danne T, Kordonouri O, Enders I, Hovener G, Weber B. Factors modifying the effect of hyperglycaemia on the development of retinopathy in adolescents with diabetes. Results of the Berlin Retinopathy Study. Horm Res 1998;50(Suppl.1):28-32