Villas and monasteries in late Roman Gaul

Journal of Ecclesiastical History

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 1-21

  Percival, John ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 1342318757     PISSN: 00220469     EISSN: 14697637     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0022046900011957     Document Type: Review

References (55)

1. Sidonius Apollinaris, ep. iv. 24, ed. W. B. Anderson, London, 1936, 1965
2. the date of the letter is not known, though from the obviously pastoral tone it must be later than Sidonius' appointment as bishop in 469. On Sidonius generally see Jill Harries, Sidonius Apollinaris and the fall of Rome, Oxford 1994
3. Paulinus of Nola, epp. xxxi, xxxii, ed. G. de Hartel, CSEL xxx. The St Severus who appears in Gregory of Tours, De gloria confessorum 49, as the founder of two churches was once thought (for example by Migne, PL lxxi. 873 n. 137) to be Sulpicius
4. But his churches were in two separate villages and some 20 miles apart, and R. Van Dam is probably right to see him as a different, and later, Severus: Gregory of Tours: glory of the confessors, Liverpool 1988, 59 n. 57
5. Sulpicius Severus, Dialogus II (III), I, ed. C. Halm, CSEL i: it is not clear from the context whether this refers to Primuliacum or to his other estate at Elusa (for which see Paulinus of Nola, ep. i), but it is presumably an indication of the company to be expected at either
6. P. Fabre, Saint Paulin de Nole et l'amitié chrétienne, Paris 1949
7. Cf. also Nora K. Chadwick, Poetry and letters in early Christian Gaul, London 1955, 63-88
8. W. H. C. Frend, 'Paulinus of Nola and the last century of the western empire', Journal of Roman Studies lix (1969), 1-11 (= Town and country in the early Christian centuries, London 1980, ch. xiv)
9. Confessions ix. 4.7, ed. M. Skutella, Stuttgart 1969 (Cassiciacum); Epistulae, epp. lxxxiii. 6, ed. A. Goldbacher, CSEL xxxiv (Thagaste)
10. Possidius, Vita Augustini iii. 1-2, PL xxxii (Thagaste)
11. Peter Brown, Augustine of Hippo, London 1967, 132-7
12. Brown, Augustine, 115-16
13. For a preliminary discussion see John Percival, The Roman villa, London 1976, 196-8
14. See in particular Edward James, 'Archaeology and the Merovingian monastery', in H. B. Clarke and Mary Brennan (eds), Columbanus and Merovingian monasticism, Oxford 1981, 33-55
15. On this whole issue see W. H. C. Frend, 'The winning of the countryside', this JOURNAL xviii (1967), 1-14 (= Town and country, ch. ii)
16. For a guide to the bibliography on St Martin, and for a new and provocative treatment of him in his social and cultural context see R. Van Dam, Leadership and community in late antique Gaul, Berkeley 1985
17. On Martin's activities in the Touraine see C. E. Stancliffe, 'From town to country: the Christianisation of the Touraine, 370-600', in D. Baker (ed.), The Church in town and countryside (Studies in Church History xvi, 1979), 43-59
18. For Martin, as for many other issues raised in this paper, F. Prinz, Frühes Mönchtum im Frankenreich, München-Wien 1965, is also of fundamental importance
19. Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini 7
20. See the discussions by M. Vieillard-Troiekouroff, Les monuments religieux de la Gaule d'après les œuvres de Grégoire de Tours, Paris 1976, 130-1
21. James, 'Archaeology', 36; Prinz, Frühes Mönchtum, 21f
22. The key concept here, of course, is that of otium, which by this date had clearly acquired religious as well as secular connotations. For a useful discussion see Harries, Sidonius, 103-24
23. cf. P. Rousseau, 'In search of Sidonius the bishop', Historia xxv (1976), 356-77
24. The primary reports are those of J. Coquet, Revue Mabillon xliv (1954), 45-94, and
25. F. Eygun, Gallia xii (1954), 380-9
26. Notes on subsequent discoveries are in Gallia xxi (1963), 461-6; xxiii (1965), 371 ; xxv (1967), 260-2
27. See also J. Coquet, Bulletin de la société nationale des antiquaires de France (1966), 78-9
28. Gregory of Tours, Vita Martini iv. 30, Monumenta Germaniae Historiae, Scriptores rerum Merovingicarum, i. 2
29. Sulpicius Severus, Vita Martini 10.4
30. Gregory of Tours, Historiae Francorum x. 31.3
31. Vita Martini i. 2, 35; ii. 39; iii. 42. The site is discussed by Vieillard-Troiekouroff, Monuments, 155-7, by James, 'Archaeology', 36
32. and by Prinz, Frühes Mönchtum, 21-4
33. Y. Hirschfeld, The Judean desert monasteries in the Byzantine period, Yale 1992, 10
34. Gallia xxxviii (1980), 334
35. For example James, 'Archaeology', 36
36. On this development in general see Chadwick, Poetry and letters, 142f
37. Poetry and letters, 143
38. Ep. iii. 18
39. it is interesting that M.-B. Bruguière, Littérature et droit dans la Gaule du Ve siècle, Paris 1974, 256, takes this as evidence that Martin began a major tradition
40. Leadership, 135-7
41. On the particular difficulties of extracting factual information from Sidonius see I. N. Wood, 'Continuity or calamity?: the constraints of literary models', in J. Drinkwater and H. Elton, Fifth-century Gaul: a crisis of identity?, Cambridge 1992, 9-18
42. and J. Percival, 'Desperately seeking Sidonius: the nature of life in fifth-century Gaul', Latomus (1996), forthcoming
43. Habitations gauloises et villas latines dans la cité des Médiomatrices, Paris 1906, 185f
44. H. Reinhardt, Der St-Gallen Klosterplan, St-Gallen 1952
45. Gregory of Tours, Vita patrum 15.1
46. The bibliography on this work is now very extensive, but of central importance, both as an introduction to the methodology and as containing many of the most important sites, is C. Balmelle, Recueil général des mosaiques de la Gaule, IV : Province d'Aquitaine, ii : Pays gascons, Paris 1987. For a discussion of the Sorde l'Abbaye mosaics see pp. 32-54
47. Two types in particular are now thought to extend, in some forms, well into the fifth century: the terre sigillée manufactured in the Argonne region of north-eastern France: D. Bayard, 'L'ensemble du grand amphithéâtre de Metz et la sigillée d'Argonne du Ve siècle', Gallia xlvii (1990), 217-319
48. and the sigillée grise et orangée, sometimes referred to as 'Wisigothique' or 'paléochrétienne', which is widely distributed in southern and south-western Gaul: J. Rigoir, 'Les sigillées paléochrétiennes grises et orangées', Gallia xxvi (1968), 177-244. Late forms of both types have been found on several dozen villa sites
49. Reports in Gallia xxxii (1974), 480-1; xxxiv (1976), 487-g; xxxvi (1978), 415-18; xxxviii (1980), 491-2; xli (1983), 492-3; xliv (1986), 329
50. For a summary, and for a discussion of the mosaics, see Balmelle, Recueil, 151-201
51. For some interesting parallels in Britain see John Blair, 'Anglo-Saxon minsters: a topographical review', in J. Blair and R. Sharpe (eds), Pastoral care before the parish, Leicester 1992, 226-66, in particular his remarks on the reuse of Roman buildings, pp. 235-46. I am grateful to Professor H. R. Loyn for drawing my attention to this paper, and for much help and advice besides
52. 'A prelude to Columbanus : the monastic achievement in the Burgundian territories', in Clarke and Brennan, Columbanus, 3-32
53. For some examples see J. M. Wallace-Hadrill, The Frankish Church, Oxford 1983, 67-9
54. Vitae patrum Jurensium iii. 18, ed. F. Martine, SC cxlii. 412-15, discussed by James, 'Archaeology', 36
55. and by Vieillard-Troiekouroff, Monuments, 249-50