Impact of snow conditions in spring dynamical seasonal predictions

Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Volumn 108, Issue 16, 2003, Pages

  Schlosser, C Adam ^a   Mocko, David M ^a,b  

^a NASA GODDARD SPACE FLIGHT CENTER   (United States)

^b SAIC FREDERICK INC   (United States)

Author keywords

Climate prediction; Impact; Snow

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE MODELING; CLIMATE VARIATION; FORECASTING METHOD; GENERAL CIRCULATION MODEL; SNOW COVER; SPRING (SEASON);

EID: 1342311216     PISSN: 01480227     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003113     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Bamzai, A. S., and J. Shukla, Relation between Eurasian snow cover, snow depth, and the Indian summer monsoon: An observational study, J. Clim., 12(10), 3117-3132, 1999.
2. Chou, M.-D., and M. J. Suarez, An efficient thermal infrared radiation parameterization for use in general circulation models, NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, vol. 3, 102 pp., Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt Md., 1994.
3. Chou, M.-D., M. J. Suarez, C.-H. Ho, M.-H. Yan, and K.-T. Lee, Parameterizations for cloud overlapping and shortwave single scattering properties for use in general circulation and cloud ensemble models, J. Clim., 11(2), 202-214, 1998.
4. Chou, M.-D., K.-T. Lee, S.-C. Tsay, and Q. Fu, Parameterization of cloud longwave scattering for use in atmospheric models, J. Clim., 12(1), 159-169, 1999.
5. Cohen, J., and D. Rind, The effect of snow cover on the climate, J. Clim., 4(7), 689-706, 1991.
6. Conaty, A. L., J. C. Jusem, L. Takacs, D. Keyser, and R. Atlas, The structure and evolution of extratropical cyclones, fronts, jet streams, and the tropopause in the GEOS general circulation model, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82(9), 1853-1867, 2001.
7. Dirmeyer, P. A., and L. Tan, A multi-decadal global land-surface data set of state variables and fluxes, COLA Tech. Rep. 102, 25 pp., Cent. for Ocean Land Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 2001.
8. Dirmeyer, P. A., and F. J. Zeng, An update to the distribution and treatment of vegetation and soil properties in SSiB, COLA Tech. Rep. 78, 25 pp., Cent. for Ocean Land Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 1999.
9. Dirmeyer, P. A., A. J. Dolman, and N. Sato, The pilot phase of the Global Soil Wetness Project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 80(5), 851 -878, 1999.
10. Doesken, N. J., and A. Judson, The Snow Booklet: A Guide to the Science, Climatology, and Measurement of Snow in the United States, 87 pp., Dep. of Atoms. Sci., Colo. State Univ., Ft. Collins, Colo., 1997.
11. Foster, D. J., Jr., and R. D. Davey, Global snow depth climatology, USAFETAC/TN-88/006, Environ. Tech. Appl. Cent. OL-A, U.S. Air Force, Asheville, N.C., 1988.
12. Foster, J., M. Owe, and A. Rango, Snow cover and temperature relationships in North American and Eurasia, J. Appl. Meteorol., 22(3), 460-469, 1983.
13. Foster, J., G. Liston, R. Koster, R. Essery, H. Behr, L. Dumenil, D. Verseghy, S. Thompson, D. Pollard, and J. Cohen, Snow cover and snow mass intercomparisons of general circulation models and remotely sensed datasets, J. Clim., 9(2), 409-426, 1996.
14. Groisman, P. Ya., T. R. Karl, and R. W. Knight, Observed impact of snow cover on the heat balance and the rise of continental spring temperatures, Science, 263(5144), 198-200, 1994.
15. Hall, S. J., AFGWC snow analysis model, AFGWC/TN-86/001, Global Weather Cent., U.S. Air Force, Offutt Air Force Base, Nebr., 1986. (Available as ADA176202 from Def. Tech. Inf. Cent., Fort Belvoir, Va.)
16. Helfand, M. H., and J. C. Lebraga, Design of a non-singular level 2.5 second-order closure model for prediction of atmospheric turbulence, J. Atmos. Sci., 45(2), 113-132, 1988.
17. Kalnay, E., et al., NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77(3), 437-471, 1996.
18. Kinter, J. L., III, D. Dewitt, P. A. Dirmeyer, M. J. Fennessy, B. P. Kirtman, L. Marx, E. K. Schneider, J. Shukla, and D. M. Straus, The COLA atmosphere-biosphere general circulation model volume I: Formulation, COLA Tech. Rep. 51, 43 pp., Cent. for Ocean Land Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 1997.
19. Mocko, D. M., and Y. C. Sud, Refinements to SSiB with an emphasis on snow-physics: Evaluation and validation using GSWP and Valdai data, Earth Interactions, 5(5-001), 31 pp., 2001.
20. Mocko, D. M., Y. C. Sud, and G. K. Walker, New snow-physics to complement SSiB. Part II: Effects on soil moisture initialization and simulated surface fluxes, precipitation and hydrology of GEOS II GCM, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 77(1B), 335-348, 1999.
21. Namias, J., Some empirical evidence for the influence of snow cover on temperature and precipitation, Mon. Weather Rev., 113(9), 1542-1553, 1985.
22. Posey, J. W., and P. F. Clapp, Global distribution of normal surface albedo, Geofis. Int., 4, 33-48, 1954.
23. Ropelewski, C. F., J. E. Janowiak, and M. S. Halpert, The analysis and display of real time surface climate data, Mon. Weather Rev., 113(6), 1101-1106, 1985.
24. Schlosser, C. A., and P. A. Dirmeyer, Climate variability and potential predictability over continental regions in response to SST variations, COLA Tech. Rep. 91, 42 pp., Cent. for Ocean Land Atmos. Stud., Calverton, Md., 2000.
25. Schlosser, C. A., A. G. Slater, A. Robock, A. J. Pitman, K. Ya. Vinnikov, A. Henderson-Sellers, N. A. Speranskaya, K. Mitchell, and the PILPS 2(d) Contributors, Simulations of a boreal grassland hydrology at Valdai, Russia: PILPS Phase 2(d), Mon. Weather Rev., 128(2), 301-321, 2000.
26. Schneider, E. K., Understanding differences between the equatorial Pacific as simulated by two coupled GCMs, J. Clim., 15(5), 449-469, 2002.
27. Sela, J. G., Spectral modeling at the National Meteorological Center, Mon. Weather Rev., 108(9), 1279-1292, 1980.
28. Shukla, J., et al., Dynamical seasonal prediction, Bull Am. Meteorol. Soc., 81(11), 2593-2606, 2000.
29. Slater, A. J., C. A. Schlosser, C. E. Desborough, A. J. Pitman, A. Henderson-Sellers, A. Robock, K. Ya. Vinnikov, K. Mitchell, and the PILPS 2(d) Contributors, The representation of snow in land-surface schemes: Results from PILPS 2(d), J. Hydrometeorol., 2(1), 7-25, 2001.
30. Sud, Y. C., and D. M. Mocko, New snow-physics to complement SSiB. Part I: Design and evaluation with ISLSCP Initiative I datasets, J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn., 77(1B), 335-348, 1999.
31. Sud, Y. C., and G. K. Walker, Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part I: Design and evaluation with GATE Phase III data, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(18), 3196-3220, 1999a.
32. Sud, Y. C., and G. K. Walker, Microphysics of Clouds with the Relaxed Arakawa-Schubert Scheme (McRAS). Part II: Implementation and performance in GEOS 2 GCM, J. Atmos. Sci., 56(18), 3121-3240, 1999b.
33. Sud, Y. C., D. M. Mocko, K.-M. Lau, and R. Atlas, On simulating the Midwestern U.S. drought of 1988 with a GCM, J. Clim, in press, 2003.
34. Takacs, L. L., A. Molod, and T. Weng, Documentation of the Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) General Circulation Model Ver. 1, NASA Tech. Memo. 104606, vol. 1, 100 pp., Goddard Space Flight Cent., Greenbelt, Md., 1994.
35. Urban, B., Coherent observation operators for surface data assimilation with application to snow depth, J. Appl. Meteorol., 35(2), 258-270, 1996.
36. Vernekar, A. D., J. Zhou, and J. Shukla, The effect of Eurasian snow cover on the Indian monsoon, J. Clim., 8(2), 248-266, 1995.
37. Walsh, J. E., and B. Ross, Sensitivity of 30-day dynamical forecasts to continental snow cover, J. Clim., 1(7), 739-756, 1988.
38. Warren, S. G., Impurities in snow: Effects on albedo and snowmelt, Ann. Glaciol., 5, 177-179, 1984.
39. Xue, Y., P. J. Sellers, J. L. Kinter III, and J. Shukla, A Simplified Biosphere model for global climate studies, J. Clim., 4(3), 345-364, 1991.
40. Yang, F., A. Kumar, W. Wang, H.-M. H. Juang, and M. Kanamitsu, Snow-albedo feedback and seasonal climate variability over North America, J. Clim., 14(22), 4245-4248, 2001.
41. Zhou, J., Y. C. Sud, and K.-M. Lau, Impact of orographically induced gravity-wave drag in the GLA GCM, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122(532), 903-927, 1996