메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 61-66

Retinal axon guidance: Novel mechanisms for steering

Author keywords

CAMP; CGMP; Cyclic adenosine monophosphate; Cyclic guanosine monophosphate; DCC; Deleted in colorectal cancer; LPA; Lysophosphatidic acid; MAPK; Mitogen activated protein kinase; ONH; Optic nerve head; Retinal ganglion cell; RGC; SDF 1

Indexed keywords

CELL SURFACE PROTEIN; CYCLIC AMP; CYCLIC GMP; MESSENGER RNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE P38; NERVE CELL ADHESION MOLECULE; NETRIN; PHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL 3 KINASE;

EID: 1342285543     PISSN: 09594388     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2004.01.002     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (50)

References (45)
  • 1
    • 0037032812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance
    • Dickson B.J. Molecular mechanisms of axon guidance. Science. 298:2002;1959-1964.
    • (2002) Science , vol.298 , pp. 1959-1964
    • Dickson, B.J.1
  • 2
    • 0029959555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular biology of axon guidance
    • Tessier-Lavigne M., Goodman C.S. The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science. 274:1996;1123-1133.
    • (1996) Science , vol.274 , pp. 1123-1133
    • Tessier-Lavigne, M.1    Goodman, C.S.2
  • 3
    • 0038070132 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Connecting the eye to the brain: The molecular basis of ganglion cell axon guidance
    • Oster S.F., Sretavan D.W. Connecting the eye to the brain: the molecular basis of ganglion cell axon guidance. Br J Ophthalmol. 87:2003;639-645.
    • (2003) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.87 , pp. 639-645
    • Oster, S.F.1    Sretavan, D.W.2
  • 6
    • 0033681555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ephrin-B regulates the ipsilateral routing of retinal axons at the optic chiasm
    • Nakagawa S., Brennan C., Johnson K.G., Shewan D., Harris W.A., Holt C.E. Ephrin-B regulates the ipsilateral routing of retinal axons at the optic chiasm. Neuron. 25:2000;599-610.
    • (2000) Neuron , vol.25 , pp. 599-610
    • Nakagawa, S.1    Brennan, C.2    Johnson, K.G.3    Shewan, D.4    Harris, W.A.5    Holt, C.E.6
  • 7
    • 0141741358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Generating X: Formation of the optic chiasm
    • Rasband K., Hardy M., Chien C.B. Generating X: formation of the optic chiasm. Neuron. 39:2003;885-888.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.39 , pp. 885-888
    • Rasband, K.1    Hardy, M.2    Chien, C.B.3
  • 8
    • 0037122879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathfinding and error correction by retinal axons: The role of astray/robo2
    • Hutson L.D., Chien C.B. Pathfinding and error correction by retinal axons: the role of astray/robo2. Neuron. 33:2002;205-217.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.33 , pp. 205-217
    • Hutson, L.D.1    Chien, C.B.2
  • 9
    • 0036333776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific heparan sulfate structures involved in retinal axon targeting
    • Irie A., Yates E.A., Turnbull J.E., Holt C.E. Specific heparan sulfate structures involved in retinal axon targeting. Development. 129:2002;61-70.
    • (2002) Development , vol.129 , pp. 61-70
    • Irie, A.1    Yates, E.A.2    Turnbull, J.E.3    Holt, C.E.4
  • 10
    • 0036471679 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wiring the zebrafish: Axon guidance and synaptogenesis
    • Hutson L.D., Chien C.B. Wiring the zebrafish: axon guidance and synaptogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 12:2002;87-92.
    • (2002) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.12 , pp. 87-92
    • Hutson, L.D.1    Chien, C.B.2
  • 12
    • 0036685537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EphB forward signaling controls directional branch extension and arborization required for dorsal-ventral retinotopic mapping
    • Hindges R., McLaughlin T., Genoud N., Henkemeyer M., O'Leary D.D. EphB forward signaling controls directional branch extension and arborization required for dorsal-ventral retinotopic mapping. Neuron. 35:2002;475-487.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.35 , pp. 475-487
    • Hindges, R.1    McLaughlin, T.2    Genoud, N.3    Henkemeyer, M.4    O'Leary, D.D.5
  • 13
    • 0036685610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through ephrin-B ligands
    • Mann F., Ray S., Harris W., Holt C. Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through ephrin-B ligands. Neuron. 35:2002;461-473.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.35 , pp. 461-473
    • Mann, F.1    Ray, S.2    Harris, W.3    Holt, C.4
  • 14
    • 0033152924 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Signal transduction underlying growth cone guidance by diffusible factors
    • Song H.J., Poo M.M. Signal transduction underlying growth cone guidance by diffusible factors. Curr Opin Neurobiol. 9:1999;355-363.
    • (1999) Curr Opin Neurobiol , vol.9 , pp. 355-363
    • Song, H.J.1    Poo, M.M.2
  • 16
    • 0033517355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth-cone attraction to netrin-1 is converted to repulsion by laminin-1
    • Hopker V.H., Shewan D., Tessier-Lavigne M., Poo M., Holt C. Growth-cone attraction to netrin-1 is converted to repulsion by laminin-1. Nature. 401:1999;69-73.
    • (1999) Nature , vol.401 , pp. 69-73
    • Hopker, V.H.1    Shewan, D.2    Tessier-Lavigne, M.3    Poo, M.4    Holt, C.5
  • 17
    • 0037442837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding
    • This study shows that SDF-1 modulates the repellent activity of slit-2 on retinal axons, Sema3A on dorsal root ganglion cells and Sema3C on sympathetic neurons in chicks. This is a modulatory effect, because SDF-1 has no detectable attractant or repellent activity on retinal ganglion cell growth cones itself. This is in contrast to cultured rat cerebellar axons, which turn away from a gradient of SDF-1.
    • Chalasani S.H., Sabelko K.A., Sunshine M.J., Littman D.R., Raper J.A. A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding. J Neurosci. 23:2003;1360-1371 This study shows that SDF-1 modulates the repellent activity of slit-2 on retinal axons, Sema3A on dorsal root ganglion cells and Sema3C on sympathetic neurons in chicks. This is a modulatory effect, because SDF-1 has no detectable attractant or repellent activity on retinal ganglion cell growth cones itself. This is in contrast to cultured rat cerebellar axons, which turn away from a gradient of SDF-1.
    • (2003) J Neurosci , vol.23 , pp. 1360-1371
    • Chalasani, S.H.1    Sabelko, K.A.2    Sunshine, M.J.3    Littman, D.R.4    Raper, J.A.5
  • 18
    • 0036326271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of the chemokine SDF-1 as the meningeal attractant for embryonic cerebellar neurons
    • Zhu Y., Yu T., Zhang X.C., Nagasawa T., Wu J.Y., Rao Y. Role of the chemokine SDF-1 as the meningeal attractant for embryonic cerebellar neurons. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;719-720.
    • (2002) Nat Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 719-720
    • Zhu, Y.1    Yu, T.2    Zhang, X.C.3    Nagasawa, T.4    Wu, J.Y.5    Rao, Y.6
  • 21
    • 0037453461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axons guided by insulin receptor in Drosophila visual system
    • Song J., Wu L., Chen Z., Kohanski R.A., Pick L. Axons guided by insulin receptor in Drosophila visual system. Science. 300:2003;502-505.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 502-505
    • Song, J.1    Wu, L.2    Chen, Z.3    Kohanski, R.A.4    Pick, L.5
  • 22
    • 0038024467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development. Wiring the brain with insulin
    • Dickson B.J. Development. Wiring the brain with insulin. Science. 300:2003;440-441.
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 440-441
    • Dickson, B.J.1
  • 23
    • 0037178780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Axonal protein synthesis provides a mechanism for localized regulation at an intermediate target
    • The authors show that the EphA2 receptor expression is upregulated in the distal segments of a subset of commissural axons at the midline. This expression can be mimicked by the introduction of EphA2 3′UTR (untranslated region) RNA, attached to a reporter, into embryonic spinal cord, resulting in upregulated protein expression in distal segments of commissural axons that had reached or crossed the midline floor plate. Mutation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding sequence, present in the 3′UTR, abolishes this specific upregulation, demonstrating that an RNA-based mechanism is required for specific expression in the distal axon segments at the midline.
    • Brittis P.A., Lu Q., Flanagan J.G. Axonal protein synthesis provides a mechanism for localized regulation at an intermediate target. Cell. 110:2002;223-235 The authors show that the EphA2 receptor expression is upregulated in the distal segments of a subset of commissural axons at the midline. This expression can be mimicked by the introduction of EphA2 3′UTR (untranslated region) RNA, attached to a reporter, into embryonic spinal cord, resulting in upregulated protein expression in distal segments of commissural axons that had reached or crossed the midline floor plate. Mutation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding sequence, present in the 3′UTR, abolishes this specific upregulation, demonstrating that an RNA-based mechanism is required for specific expression in the distal axon segments at the midline.
    • (2002) Cell , vol.110 , pp. 223-235
    • Brittis, P.A.1    Lu, Q.2    Flanagan, J.G.3
  • 24
    • 0035575854 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A functional role for intra-axonal protein synthesis during axonal regeneration from adult sensory neurons
    • Zheng J.Q., Kelly T.K., Chang B., Ryazantsev S., Rajasekaran A.K., Martin K.C., Twiss J.L. A functional role for intra-axonal protein synthesis during axonal regeneration from adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 21:2001;9291-9303.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 9291-9303
    • Zheng, J.Q.1    Kelly, T.K.2    Chang, B.3    Ryazantsev, S.4    Rajasekaran, A.K.5    Martin, K.C.6    Twiss, J.L.7
  • 25
    • 0035924590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemotropic responses of retinal growth cones mediated by rapid local protein synthesis and degradation
    • 3H -leucine incorporation) and degradation of proteins in isolated growth cones on a surprisingly rapid timescale (5-10 min).
    • 3H -leucine incorporation) and degradation of proteins in isolated growth cones on a surprisingly rapid timescale (5-10 min).
    • (2001) Neuron , vol.32 , pp. 1013-1026
    • Campbell, D.S.1    Holt, C.E.2
  • 26
    • 0034432846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein synthesis in axons and its possible functions
    • Campenot R.B., Eng H. Protein synthesis in axons and its possible functions. J Neurocytol. 29:2000;793-798.
    • (2000) J Neurocytol , vol.29 , pp. 793-798
    • Campenot, R.B.1    Eng, H.2
  • 27
    • 0037468853 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Apoptotic pathway and MAPKs differentially regulate chemotropic responses of retinal growth cones
    • This study demonstrates that p42/44 and p38 MAPK pathways are key regulators of protein synthesis and proteasomal degradation, induced by netrin-1, Sema3A and LPA. It also shows that inhibition of the apoptotic enzyme, caspase-3, blocks netrin- and LPA-induced chemorepulsion and that it mediates the protein degradation that is required for netrin and LPA growth cone guidance in vitro.
    • Campbell D.S., Holt C.E. Apoptotic pathway and MAPKs differentially regulate chemotropic responses of retinal growth cones. Neuron. 37:2003;939-952 This study demonstrates that p42/44 and p38 MAPK pathways are key regulators of protein synthesis and proteasomal degradation, induced by netrin-1, Sema3A and LPA. It also shows that inhibition of the apoptotic enzyme, caspase-3, blocks netrin- and LPA-induced chemorepulsion and that it mediates the protein degradation that is required for netrin and LPA growth cone guidance in vitro.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.37 , pp. 939-952
    • Campbell, D.S.1    Holt, C.E.2
  • 28
    • 0242550967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization and translation of mRNA in sympathetic axons
    • Lee S.K., Hollenbeck P.J. Organization and translation of mRNA in sympathetic axons. J Cell Sci. 116:2003;4467-4478.
    • (2003) J Cell Sci , vol.116 , pp. 4467-4478
    • Lee, S.K.1    Hollenbeck, P.J.2
  • 29
    • 0030467075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidance of circumferentially growing axons by netrin-dependent and -independent floor plate chemotropism in the vertebrate brain
    • Shirasaki R., Mirzayan C., Tessier-Lavigne M., Murakami F. Guidance of circumferentially growing axons by netrin-dependent and -independent floor plate chemotropism in the vertebrate brain. Neuron. 17:1996;1079-1088.
    • (1996) Neuron , vol.17 , pp. 1079-1088
    • Shirasaki, R.1    Mirzayan, C.2    Tessier-Lavigne, M.3    Murakami, F.4
  • 31
    • 0141918785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compartmentalized synthesis and degradation of proteins in neurons
    • Steward O., Schuman E.M. Compartmentalized synthesis and degradation of proteins in neurons. Neuron. 40:2003;347-359.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.40 , pp. 347-359
    • Steward, O.1    Schuman, E.M.2
  • 32
    • 0242721443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • B-type Eph receptors and Ephrins induce growth cone collapse through distinct intracellular pathways
    • This study analyses the two different forward and reverse signaling pathways that are triggered by ephrinB and EphB receptors in Xenopus, in vitro. Dorsal growth cones expressing ephrinB show a fast but transient collapse response when stimulated with unclustered EphB2-Fc, which is mediated by low cGMP levels and requires proteasomal function. Ventral growth cones, expressing EphB receptors, exhibit a slow collapse response, which is dependent on high levels of cGMP, independent of proteasomal function. Endocytosis seems to be functionally important because blocking of endocytosis also inhibits the collapse response. Endocytosis in this system could only be visualized in the reverse signaling.
    • Mann F., Miranda E., Weinl C., Harmer E., Holt C. B-type Eph receptors and Ephrins induce growth cone collapse through distinct intracellular pathways. J Neurobiol. 57:2003;323-336 This study analyses the two different forward and reverse signaling pathways that are triggered by ephrinB and EphB receptors in Xenopus, in vitro. Dorsal growth cones expressing ephrinB show a fast but transient collapse response when stimulated with unclustered EphB2-Fc, which is mediated by low cGMP levels and requires proteasomal function. Ventral growth cones, expressing EphB receptors, exhibit a slow collapse response, which is dependent on high levels of cGMP, independent of proteasomal function. Endocytosis seems to be functionally important because blocking of endocytosis also inhibits the collapse response. Endocytosis in this system could only be visualized in the reverse signaling.
    • (2003) J Neurobiol , vol.57 , pp. 323-336
    • Mann, F.1    Miranda, E.2    Weinl, C.3    Harmer, E.4    Holt, C.5
  • 33
    • 0032481114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor (eIF) 4G in response to induction of apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines
    • Clemens M.J., Bushell M., Morley S.J. Degradation of eukaryotic polypeptide chain initiation factor (eIF) 4G in response to induction of apoptosis in human lymphoma cell lines. Oncogene. 17:1998;2921-2931.
    • (1998) Oncogene , vol.17 , pp. 2921-2931
    • Clemens, M.J.1    Bushell, M.2    Morley, S.J.3
  • 34
    • 0031755021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G is targeted for proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 during inhibition of translation in apoptotic cells
    • Marissen W.E., Lloyd R.E. Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G is targeted for proteolytic cleavage by caspase 3 during inhibition of translation in apoptotic cells. Mol Cell Biol. 18:1998;7565-7574.
    • (1998) Mol Cell Biol , vol.18 , pp. 7565-7574
    • Marissen, W.E.1    Lloyd, R.E.2
  • 35
    • 0034714357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulated cleavage of a contact-mediated axon repellent
    • Hattori M., Osterfield M., Flanagan J.G. Regulated cleavage of a contact-mediated axon repellent. Science. 289:2000;1360-1365.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1360-1365
    • Hattori, M.1    Osterfield, M.2    Flanagan, J.G.3
  • 36
    • 0035831296 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: Silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a Robo/DCC receptor complex
    • Stein E., Tessier-Lavigne M. Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a Robo/DCC receptor complex. Science. 291:2001;1928-1938.
    • (2001) Science , vol.291 , pp. 1928-1938
    • Stein, E.1    Tessier-Lavigne, M.2
  • 37
    • 0037107138 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metalloproteases and guidance of retinal axons in the developing visual system
    • Metalloproteases have been described to terminate receptor ligand signaling in vitro. This study illustrates the relevance for metalloproteases acting in axon guidance in the visual pathway in vivo. Using the exposed brain preparation in Xenopus embryos, the authors show that retinal ganglion cell axons make pathfinding errors in the diencephalon and fail to enter the tectum after the application of metalloprotease inhibitors.
    • Webber C.A., Hocking J.C., Yong V.W., Stange C.L., McFarlane S. Metalloproteases and guidance of retinal axons in the developing visual system. J Neurosci. 22:2002;8091-8100 Metalloproteases have been described to terminate receptor ligand signaling in vitro. This study illustrates the relevance for metalloproteases acting in axon guidance in the visual pathway in vivo. Using the exposed brain preparation in Xenopus embryos, the authors show that retinal ganglion cell axons make pathfinding errors in the diencephalon and fail to enter the tectum after the application of metalloprotease inhibitors.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 8091-8100
    • Webber, C.A.1    Hocking, J.C.2    Yong, V.W.3    Stange, C.L.4    McFarlane, S.5
  • 38
    • 0034714189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Function of an axonal chemoattractant modulated by metalloprotease activity
    • Galko M.J., Tessier-Lavigne M. Function of an axonal chemoattractant modulated by metalloprotease activity. Science. 289:2000;1365-1367.
    • (2000) Science , vol.289 , pp. 1365-1367
    • Galko, M.J.1    Tessier-Lavigne, M.2
  • 39
    • 0037456564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metalloproteases: Carving out a role in axon guidance
    • McFarlane S. Metalloproteases: carving out a role in axon guidance. Neuron. 37:2003;559-562.
    • (2003) Neuron , vol.37 , pp. 559-562
    • McFarlane, S.1
  • 40
    • 0141839883 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EphB-ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion
    • After stimulation with either the soluble Fc-constructs or cells expressing ephrinB1 or EphB2, endocytosis occurs, as shown in cell lines and forebrain neurons. Full-length ephrin and EphB are endocytosed in a bidirectional manner in both forward and reverse signaling. This event is sufficient for cell detachment and necessary for collapse; truncation of the C-terminal results in an abnormal adhesion between normally retracting cells.
    • Zimmer M., Palmer A., Kohler J., Klein R. EphB-ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion. Nat Cell Biol. 5:2003;869-878 After stimulation with either the soluble Fc-constructs or cells expressing ephrinB1 or EphB2, endocytosis occurs, as shown in cell lines and forebrain neurons. Full-length ephrin and EphB are endocytosed in a bidirectional manner in both forward and reverse signaling. This event is sufficient for cell detachment and necessary for collapse; truncation of the C-terminal results in an abnormal adhesion between normally retracting cells.
    • (2003) Nat Cell Biol , vol.5 , pp. 869-878
    • Zimmer, M.1    Palmer, A.2    Kohler, J.3    Klein, R.4
  • 41
    • 0141839882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rac-dependent trans-endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates Eph-ephrin contact repulsion
    • Marston D.J., Dickinson S., Nobes C.D. Rac-dependent trans-endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates Eph-ephrin contact repulsion. Nat Cell Biol. 5:2003;879-888.
    • (2003) Nat Cell Biol , vol.5 , pp. 879-888
    • Marston, D.J.1    Dickinson, S.2    Nobes, C.D.3
  • 42
    • 0034678343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semaphorin3A enhances endocytosis at sites of receptor-F-actin colocalization during growth cone collapse
    • Fournier A.E., Nakamura F., Kawamoto S., Goshima Y., Kalb R.G., Strittmatter S.M. Semaphorin3A enhances endocytosis at sites of receptor-F-actin colocalization during growth cone collapse. J Cell Biol. 149:2000;411-422.
    • (2000) J Cell Biol , vol.149 , pp. 411-422
    • Fournier, A.E.1    Nakamura, F.2    Kawamoto, S.3    Goshima, Y.4    Kalb, R.G.5    Strittmatter, S.M.6
  • 43
    • 0037101649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rac1-mediated endocytosis during ephrin-A2- and semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse
    • This study shows that two repulsive axon guidance cues, ephrin-A2 and semaphorin 3A, induce rapid endocytosis in retinal growth cones via the small GTPase, Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 function prevents growth cone collapse in vitro and, significantly, causes abnormal retinotectal targeting in vivo.
    • Jurney W.M., Gallo G., Letourneau P.C., McLoon S.C. Rac1-mediated endocytosis during ephrin-A2- and semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse. J Neurosci. 22:2002;6019-6028 This study shows that two repulsive axon guidance cues, ephrin-A2 and semaphorin 3A, induce rapid endocytosis in retinal growth cones via the small GTPase, Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 function prevents growth cone collapse in vitro and, significantly, causes abnormal retinotectal targeting in vivo.
    • (2002) J Neurosci , vol.22 , pp. 6019-6028
    • Jurney, W.M.1    Gallo, G.2    Letourneau, P.C.3    McLoon, S.C.4
  • 44
    • 0035503546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Semaphorin 3A elicits stage-dependent collapse, turning, and branching in Xenopus retinal growth cones
    • Campbell D.S., Regan A.G., Lopez J.S., Tannahill D., Harris W.A., Holt C.E. Semaphorin 3A elicits stage-dependent collapse, turning, and branching in Xenopus retinal growth cones. J Neurosci. 21:2001;8538-8547.
    • (2001) J Neurosci , vol.21 , pp. 8538-8547
    • Campbell, D.S.1    Regan, A.G.2    Lopez, J.S.3    Tannahill, D.4    Harris, W.A.5    Holt, C.E.6
  • 45
    • 0036785879 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related changes underlie switch in netrin-1 responsiveness as growth cones advance along visual pathway
    • Using a whole visual pathway preparation, combined with turning assays, this study shows that Xenopus retinal growth cones change their responsiveness to netrin gradually as they advance through the pathway. Axons without pathway experience but aged in culture show similar responses. Looking at the mechanisms in detail, the authors found that DCC and the A2b receptor mediate this netrin responsiveness, either independently or as co-receptors.
    • Shewan D., Dwivedy A., Anderson R., Holt C.E. Age-related changes underlie switch in netrin-1 responsiveness as growth cones advance along visual pathway. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;955-962 Using a whole visual pathway preparation, combined with turning assays, this study shows that Xenopus retinal growth cones change their responsiveness to netrin gradually as they advance through the pathway. Axons without pathway experience but aged in culture show similar responses. Looking at the mechanisms in detail, the authors found that DCC and the A2b receptor mediate this netrin responsiveness, either independently or as co-receptors.
    • (2002) Nat Neurosci , vol.5 , pp. 955-962
    • Shewan, D.1    Dwivedy, A.2    Anderson, R.3    Holt, C.E.4


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.