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Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mediate retinal axon divergence at the optic chiasm
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Williams S.E., Mann F., Erskine L., Sakurai T., Wei S., Rossi D.J., Gale N.W., Holt C.E., Mason C.A., Henkemeyer M. Ephrin-B2 and EphB1 mediate retinal axon divergence at the optic chiasm. Neuron. 39:2003;919-935.
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Plump A.S., Erskine L., Sabatier C., Brose K., Epstein C.J., Goodman C.S., Mason C.A., Tessier-Lavigne M. Slit1 and Slit2 cooperate to prevent premature midline crossing of retinal axons in the mouse visual system. Neuron. 33:2002;219-232.
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Hindges R., McLaughlin T., Genoud N., Henkemeyer M., O'Leary D.D. EphB forward signaling controls directional branch extension and arborization required for dorsal-ventral retinotopic mapping. Neuron. 35:2002;475-487.
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Mann F., Ray S., Harris W., Holt C. Topographic mapping in dorsoventral axis of the Xenopus retinotectal system depends on signaling through ephrin-B ligands. Neuron. 35:2002;461-473.
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A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding
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This study shows that SDF-1 modulates the repellent activity of slit-2 on retinal axons, Sema3A on dorsal root ganglion cells and Sema3C on sympathetic neurons in chicks. This is a modulatory effect, because SDF-1 has no detectable attractant or repellent activity on retinal ganglion cell growth cones itself. This is in contrast to cultured rat cerebellar axons, which turn away from a gradient of SDF-1.
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Chalasani S.H., Sabelko K.A., Sunshine M.J., Littman D.R., Raper J.A. A chemokine, SDF-1, reduces the effectiveness of multiple axonal repellents and is required for normal axon pathfinding. J Neurosci. 23:2003;1360-1371 This study shows that SDF-1 modulates the repellent activity of slit-2 on retinal axons, Sema3A on dorsal root ganglion cells and Sema3C on sympathetic neurons in chicks. This is a modulatory effect, because SDF-1 has no detectable attractant or repellent activity on retinal ganglion cell growth cones itself. This is in contrast to cultured rat cerebellar axons, which turn away from a gradient of SDF-1.
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Zhu Y., Yu T., Zhang X.C., Nagasawa T., Wu J.Y., Rao Y. Role of the chemokine SDF-1 as the meningeal attractant for embryonic cerebellar neurons. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;719-720.
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Xiang Y., Li Y., Zhang Z., Cui K., Wang S., Yuan X.B., Wu C.P., Poo M.M., Duan S. Nerve growth cone guidance mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;843-848.
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Song J., Wu L., Chen Z., Kohanski R.A., Pick L. Axons guided by insulin receptor in Drosophila visual system. Science. 300:2003;502-505.
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Dickson B.J. Development. Wiring the brain with insulin. Science. 300:2003;440-441.
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Axonal protein synthesis provides a mechanism for localized regulation at an intermediate target
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The authors show that the EphA2 receptor expression is upregulated in the distal segments of a subset of commissural axons at the midline. This expression can be mimicked by the introduction of EphA2 3′UTR (untranslated region) RNA, attached to a reporter, into embryonic spinal cord, resulting in upregulated protein expression in distal segments of commissural axons that had reached or crossed the midline floor plate. Mutation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding sequence, present in the 3′UTR, abolishes this specific upregulation, demonstrating that an RNA-based mechanism is required for specific expression in the distal axon segments at the midline.
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Brittis P.A., Lu Q., Flanagan J.G. Axonal protein synthesis provides a mechanism for localized regulation at an intermediate target. Cell. 110:2002;223-235 The authors show that the EphA2 receptor expression is upregulated in the distal segments of a subset of commissural axons at the midline. This expression can be mimicked by the introduction of EphA2 3′UTR (untranslated region) RNA, attached to a reporter, into embryonic spinal cord, resulting in upregulated protein expression in distal segments of commissural axons that had reached or crossed the midline floor plate. Mutation of the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding sequence, present in the 3′UTR, abolishes this specific upregulation, demonstrating that an RNA-based mechanism is required for specific expression in the distal axon segments at the midline.
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Zheng J.Q., Kelly T.K., Chang B., Ryazantsev S., Rajasekaran A.K., Martin K.C., Twiss J.L. A functional role for intra-axonal protein synthesis during axonal regeneration from adult sensory neurons. J Neurosci. 21:2001;9291-9303.
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3H -leucine incorporation) and degradation of proteins in isolated growth cones on a surprisingly rapid timescale (5-10 min).
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3H -leucine incorporation) and degradation of proteins in isolated growth cones on a surprisingly rapid timescale (5-10 min).
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This study demonstrates that p42/44 and p38 MAPK pathways are key regulators of protein synthesis and proteasomal degradation, induced by netrin-1, Sema3A and LPA. It also shows that inhibition of the apoptotic enzyme, caspase-3, blocks netrin- and LPA-induced chemorepulsion and that it mediates the protein degradation that is required for netrin and LPA growth cone guidance in vitro.
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Campbell D.S., Holt C.E. Apoptotic pathway and MAPKs differentially regulate chemotropic responses of retinal growth cones. Neuron. 37:2003;939-952 This study demonstrates that p42/44 and p38 MAPK pathways are key regulators of protein synthesis and proteasomal degradation, induced by netrin-1, Sema3A and LPA. It also shows that inhibition of the apoptotic enzyme, caspase-3, blocks netrin- and LPA-induced chemorepulsion and that it mediates the protein degradation that is required for netrin and LPA growth cone guidance in vitro.
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Neuron
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Lee S.K., Hollenbeck P.J. Organization and translation of mRNA in sympathetic axons. J Cell Sci. 116:2003;4467-4478.
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Shirasaki R., Mirzayan C., Tessier-Lavigne M., Murakami F. Guidance of circumferentially growing axons by netrin-dependent and -independent floor plate chemotropism in the vertebrate brain. Neuron. 17:1996;1079-1088.
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Ming G.L., Wong S.T., Henley J., Yuan X.B., Song H.J., Spitzer N.C., Poo M.M. Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones. Nature. 417:2002;411-418.
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Ming, G.L.1
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Steward O., Schuman E.M. Compartmentalized synthesis and degradation of proteins in neurons. Neuron. 40:2003;347-359.
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0242721443
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This study analyses the two different forward and reverse signaling pathways that are triggered by ephrinB and EphB receptors in Xenopus, in vitro. Dorsal growth cones expressing ephrinB show a fast but transient collapse response when stimulated with unclustered EphB2-Fc, which is mediated by low cGMP levels and requires proteasomal function. Ventral growth cones, expressing EphB receptors, exhibit a slow collapse response, which is dependent on high levels of cGMP, independent of proteasomal function. Endocytosis seems to be functionally important because blocking of endocytosis also inhibits the collapse response. Endocytosis in this system could only be visualized in the reverse signaling.
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Mann F., Miranda E., Weinl C., Harmer E., Holt C. B-type Eph receptors and Ephrins induce growth cone collapse through distinct intracellular pathways. J Neurobiol. 57:2003;323-336 This study analyses the two different forward and reverse signaling pathways that are triggered by ephrinB and EphB receptors in Xenopus, in vitro. Dorsal growth cones expressing ephrinB show a fast but transient collapse response when stimulated with unclustered EphB2-Fc, which is mediated by low cGMP levels and requires proteasomal function. Ventral growth cones, expressing EphB receptors, exhibit a slow collapse response, which is dependent on high levels of cGMP, independent of proteasomal function. Endocytosis seems to be functionally important because blocking of endocytosis also inhibits the collapse response. Endocytosis in this system could only be visualized in the reverse signaling.
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J Neurobiol
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Mann, F.1
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Stein E., Tessier-Lavigne M. Hierarchical organization of guidance receptors: silencing of netrin attraction by slit through a Robo/DCC receptor complex. Science. 291:2001;1928-1938.
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Metalloproteases and guidance of retinal axons in the developing visual system
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Metalloproteases have been described to terminate receptor ligand signaling in vitro. This study illustrates the relevance for metalloproteases acting in axon guidance in the visual pathway in vivo. Using the exposed brain preparation in Xenopus embryos, the authors show that retinal ganglion cell axons make pathfinding errors in the diencephalon and fail to enter the tectum after the application of metalloprotease inhibitors.
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Webber C.A., Hocking J.C., Yong V.W., Stange C.L., McFarlane S. Metalloproteases and guidance of retinal axons in the developing visual system. J Neurosci. 22:2002;8091-8100 Metalloproteases have been described to terminate receptor ligand signaling in vitro. This study illustrates the relevance for metalloproteases acting in axon guidance in the visual pathway in vivo. Using the exposed brain preparation in Xenopus embryos, the authors show that retinal ganglion cell axons make pathfinding errors in the diencephalon and fail to enter the tectum after the application of metalloprotease inhibitors.
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Webber, C.A.1
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McFarlane S. Metalloproteases: carving out a role in axon guidance. Neuron. 37:2003;559-562.
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EphB-ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion
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After stimulation with either the soluble Fc-constructs or cells expressing ephrinB1 or EphB2, endocytosis occurs, as shown in cell lines and forebrain neurons. Full-length ephrin and EphB are endocytosed in a bidirectional manner in both forward and reverse signaling. This event is sufficient for cell detachment and necessary for collapse; truncation of the C-terminal results in an abnormal adhesion between normally retracting cells.
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Zimmer M., Palmer A., Kohler J., Klein R. EphB-ephrinB bi-directional endocytosis terminates adhesion allowing contact mediated repulsion. Nat Cell Biol. 5:2003;869-878 After stimulation with either the soluble Fc-constructs or cells expressing ephrinB1 or EphB2, endocytosis occurs, as shown in cell lines and forebrain neurons. Full-length ephrin and EphB are endocytosed in a bidirectional manner in both forward and reverse signaling. This event is sufficient for cell detachment and necessary for collapse; truncation of the C-terminal results in an abnormal adhesion between normally retracting cells.
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Nat Cell Biol
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Zimmer, M.1
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Marston D.J., Dickinson S., Nobes C.D. Rac-dependent trans-endocytosis of ephrinBs regulates Eph-ephrin contact repulsion. Nat Cell Biol. 5:2003;879-888.
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Fournier A.E., Nakamura F., Kawamoto S., Goshima Y., Kalb R.G., Strittmatter S.M. Semaphorin3A enhances endocytosis at sites of receptor-F-actin colocalization during growth cone collapse. J Cell Biol. 149:2000;411-422.
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J Cell Biol
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Fournier, A.E.1
Nakamura, F.2
Kawamoto, S.3
Goshima, Y.4
Kalb, R.G.5
Strittmatter, S.M.6
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43
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0037101649
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Rac1-mediated endocytosis during ephrin-A2- and semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse
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This study shows that two repulsive axon guidance cues, ephrin-A2 and semaphorin 3A, induce rapid endocytosis in retinal growth cones via the small GTPase, Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 function prevents growth cone collapse in vitro and, significantly, causes abnormal retinotectal targeting in vivo.
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Jurney W.M., Gallo G., Letourneau P.C., McLoon S.C. Rac1-mediated endocytosis during ephrin-A2- and semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse. J Neurosci. 22:2002;6019-6028 This study shows that two repulsive axon guidance cues, ephrin-A2 and semaphorin 3A, induce rapid endocytosis in retinal growth cones via the small GTPase, Rac1. Inhibition of Rac1 function prevents growth cone collapse in vitro and, significantly, causes abnormal retinotectal targeting in vivo.
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(2002)
J Neurosci
, vol.22
, pp. 6019-6028
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Jurney, W.M.1
Gallo, G.2
Letourneau, P.C.3
McLoon, S.C.4
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44
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0035503546
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Semaphorin 3A elicits stage-dependent collapse, turning, and branching in Xenopus retinal growth cones
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Campbell D.S., Regan A.G., Lopez J.S., Tannahill D., Harris W.A., Holt C.E. Semaphorin 3A elicits stage-dependent collapse, turning, and branching in Xenopus retinal growth cones. J Neurosci. 21:2001;8538-8547.
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J Neurosci
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Campbell, D.S.1
Regan, A.G.2
Lopez, J.S.3
Tannahill, D.4
Harris, W.A.5
Holt, C.E.6
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45
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0036785879
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Age-related changes underlie switch in netrin-1 responsiveness as growth cones advance along visual pathway
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Using a whole visual pathway preparation, combined with turning assays, this study shows that Xenopus retinal growth cones change their responsiveness to netrin gradually as they advance through the pathway. Axons without pathway experience but aged in culture show similar responses. Looking at the mechanisms in detail, the authors found that DCC and the A2b receptor mediate this netrin responsiveness, either independently or as co-receptors.
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Shewan D., Dwivedy A., Anderson R., Holt C.E. Age-related changes underlie switch in netrin-1 responsiveness as growth cones advance along visual pathway. Nat Neurosci. 5:2002;955-962 Using a whole visual pathway preparation, combined with turning assays, this study shows that Xenopus retinal growth cones change their responsiveness to netrin gradually as they advance through the pathway. Axons without pathway experience but aged in culture show similar responses. Looking at the mechanisms in detail, the authors found that DCC and the A2b receptor mediate this netrin responsiveness, either independently or as co-receptors.
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(2002)
Nat Neurosci
, vol.5
, pp. 955-962
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Shewan, D.1
Dwivedy, A.2
Anderson, R.3
Holt, C.E.4
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