Are nonconscious processes sufficient to produce false memories?

Consciousness and Cognition

Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2004, Pages 158-168

  Gallo, David A ^a   Seamon, John G ^b  

^a HARVARD UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BED; CONSCIOUSNESS; EGO DEVELOPMENT; EVALUATION; HUMAN; MEMORY; RECOGNITION; REST; REVIEW; TASK PERFORMANCE; WAKEFULNESS; WORD RECOGNITION;

EID: 1342269839     PISSN: 10538100     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2003.09.001     Document Type: Note

References (31)

1. Balota D.A. Automatic semantic activation and episodic memory encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 22:1983;88-104.
2. Benjamin A.S. On the dual effects of repetition on false recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 27:2001;941-947.
3. Bernstein I.H., Welch K.R. Awareness, false recognition, and the Jacoby-Whitehouse effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 120:1991;324-328.
4. Bredart S. When false memories do not occur: Not thinking of the lure or remembering that it was not heard? Memory. 8:2000;123-128.
5. Buchanan, L., Brown, N., & Westbury, C. (1999). Generating false memories: Conscious or nonconscious spread of activation during study? Paper presented at the Psychonomic Society meeting, Los Angeles, C.A
6. Dodd, M. D., & MacLeod, C.M. (in press). False recognition without intentional learning. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review
7. Gallo D.A., Roberts M.J., Seamon J.G. Remembering words not presented in lists: Can we avoid creating false memories? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 4:1997;271-276.
8. Gallo D.A., Roediger H.L. III Variability among word lists in eliciting memory illusions: Evidence for associative activation and monitoring. Journal of Memory and Language. 47:2002;469-497.
9. Gallo D.A., Roediger H.L. III, McDermott K.B. Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 8:2001;579-586.
10. Goodwin K.A., Meissner C.A., Ericsson K.A. Toward a model of false recall: Experimental manipulation of encoding context and the collection of verbal reports. Memory and Cognition. 29:2001;806-819.
11. Jacoby L.L., Whitehouse K. An illusion of memory: False recognition influenced by unconscious perception. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 118:1989;126-135.
12. Kimball D.R., Bjork R.A. Influences of intentional and unintentional forgetting on false memories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 131:2002;116-130.
13. Marcel A.J. Conscious and unconscious perception: Experiments on visual masking and word recognition. Cognitive Psychology. 15:1983;197-237.
14. Marsh, E. J., McDermott, K. B., & Roediger, H. L., III, (in press). Does test-induced priming play a role in the creation of false memories? Memory
15. McDermott K.B., Watson J.M. The rise and fall of false recall: The impact of presentation duration. Journal of Memory and Language. 45:2001;160-176.
16. Multhaup K.S., Conner C.A. The effect of considering nonlist sources on the Deese-Roediger-McDermott memory illusion. Journal of Memory and Language. 47:2002;214-228.
17. Nelson, D. L., McEvoy, C. L., & Schreiber, T. A. (1999). The University of South Florida word association, rhyme, and word fragment norms, University of South Florida, Tampa (unpublished)
18. Perez-Mata M.N., Read J.D., Diges M. Effects of divided attention and word concreteness on correct recall and false memory reports. Memory. 10:2002;161-177.
19. Roediger, H. L., III, Balota, D. A., & Robinson, K. J. (2001a). Automatic mechanisms in the creation of false memories. Washington University, St. Louis (unpublished)
20. Roediger H.L. III, Balota D.A., Watson J.M. Spreading activation and the arousal of false memories. Roediger H.L., Nairne J.S., Neath I., Suprenant A.M. The nature of remembering: Essays in honor of Robert G Crowder. 2001;95-115 American Psychological Association Press, Washington DC.
21. Roediger, H. L., III, & Gallo, D. A. (in press). Associative memory illusions Chapter to appear. In: R. Pohl (Ed.), Cognitive illusions: Fallacies and biases in Judgment, Thinking, and Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press
22. Roediger H.L. III, McDermott K.B. Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 21:1995;803-814.
23. Seamon J.G., Goodkind M.S., Dumey A.D., Dick E., Aufseeser M.A., Strickland S.E., Woulfin J.R., Fung N.S. If I didn't write it, why would I remember it? Effects of encoding, attention, and practice on accurate and false memory. Memory and Cognition. 31:2003;445-457.
24. Seamon J.G., Lee I.A., Toner S.K., Wheeler R.H., Goodkind M.S., Birch A.D. Thinking of critical words during study is unnecessary for false memory in the Deese, Roediger, and McDermott procedure. Psychological Science. 13:2002;526-531.
25. Seamon J.G., Luo C.R., Gallo D.A. Creating false memories of words with or without recognition of list items: Evidence for nonconscious processes. Psychological Science. 9:1998;20-26.
26. Seamon J.G., Luo C.R., Schwartz M.A., Jones K.J., Lee D.M., Jones S.J. Repetition can have similar or different effects on accurate and false recognition. Journal of Memory and Language. 46:2002;323-340.
27. Seamon J.G., Luo C.R., Shulman E.P., Toner S.K., Caglar S. False memories are hard to inhibit: Differential effects of directed forgetting on accurate and false recall in the DRM procedure. Memory. 10:2002;225-237.
28. Snodgrass J.G., Corwin J. Pragmatics of measuring recognition memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. 117:1988;34-50.
29. Stadler M.A., Roediger H.L. III, McDermott K.B. Norms for word lists that create false memories. Memory and Cognition. 27:1999;494-500.
30. Underwood B.J. False recognition produced by implicit verbal responses. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 70:1965;122-129.
31. Zeelenberg R., Plomp G., Raaijmakers J.G.W. Can false memories be created through nonconscious processes? Consciousness and Cognition. 12:2003;403-412.