메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 217, Issue 3-4, 2005, Pages 265-287

Sedimentological and geochemical evidence for palaeo-environmental change in the Makgadikgadi subbasin, in relation to the MOZ rift depression, Botswana

Author keywords

Biogenic processes; Calcrete; Palaeo environmental change; Palaeo Makgadikgadi subbasin; Silcrete

Indexed keywords

CALCRETE; GEOCHEMISTRY; PALEOENVIRONMENT; PLEISTOCENE; SEDIMENTOLOGY; SILCRETE;

EID: 13244298615     PISSN: 00310182     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.11.024     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (78)

References (81)
  • 2
    • 0036247590 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: An example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain
    • A.M. Alonso-Zarza, Y. Sanchez-Moya, M.A. Bustillo, A. Sopena, and A. Delgado Silification and dolomitization of anhydrite nodules in argillaceous terrestrial deposits: an example of meteoric-dominated diagenesis from the Triassic of central Spain Sedimentology 49 2002 303 317
    • (2002) Sedimentology , vol.49 , pp. 303-317
    • Alonso-Zarza, A.M.1    Sanchez-Moya, Y.2    Bustillo, M.A.3    Sopena, A.4    Delgado, A.5
  • 3
    • 0024849910 scopus 로고
    • Silicification of calcrete in palaeodrainage basins in the Australian arid zone
    • A.U. Arakel, G. Jacobson, M. Salehi, and C.M. Hill Silicification of calcrete in palaeodrainage basins in the Australian arid zone Aust. J. Earth Sci. 36 1989 73 89
    • (1989) Aust. J. Earth Sci. , vol.36 , pp. 73-89
    • Arakel, A.U.1    Jacobson, G.2    Salehi, M.3    Hill, C.M.4
  • 4
    • 0010560520 scopus 로고
    • A reconnaisance survey of the cover sands in the Republic of Botswana
    • T.A. Baillieul A reconnaisance survey of the cover sands in the Republic of Botswana J. Sediment. Petrol. 45 1979 494 503
    • (1979) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.45 , pp. 494-503
    • Baillieul, T.A.1
  • 6
    • 0032055014 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dunes in southeastern Namibia: Evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the southwestern Kalahari based on thermoluminesence data
    • W.D. Blumel, B. Eitel, and A. Lang Dunes in southeastern Namibia: evidence for Holocene environmental changes in the southwestern Kalahari based on thermoluminesence data Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 138 1998 139 149
    • (1998) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.138 , pp. 139-149
    • Blumel, W.D.1    Eitel, B.2    Lang, A.3
  • 7
    • 1942442193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processes of silicate karstification associated with pan formation in the Darwin-Koolpinya area of northern Australia
    • H. Borger, M.J. McFarlane, and S. Ringrose Processes of silicate karstification associated with pan formation in the Darwin-Koolpinya area of northern Australia Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. 29 359 2004 371
    • (2004) Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. , vol.29 , Issue.359 , pp. 371
    • Borger, H.1    McFarlane, M.J.2    Ringrose, S.3
  • 8
    • 0009697691 scopus 로고
    • A new system for measuring optically stimulated luminescence from quaternary samples
    • L. Botter-Jensen, and G.T. Duller A new system for measuring optically stimulated luminescence from quaternary samples Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 20 1992 202 205
    • (1992) Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. , vol.20 , pp. 202-205
    • Botter-Jensen, L.1    Duller, G.T.2
  • 9
    • 0002712712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of Quaternary environmental change in eastern and southern Africa using cave speleotherm, tufa and rock shelter sediment data
    • A. Alsharan K.W. Glennie G.L. Wintle G.C. Kendall Balkema Rotterdam
    • G.A. Brook, J.B Cowart, and S.A. Brandt Comparison of Quaternary environmental change in eastern and southern Africa using cave speleotherm, tufa and rock shelter sediment data A. Alsharan K.W. Glennie G.L. Wintle G.C. Kendall Quaternary deserts and climate change 1998 Balkema Rotterdam 239 250
    • (1998) Quaternary Deserts and Climate Change , pp. 239-250
    • Brook, G.A.1    Cowart, J.B.2    Brandt, S.A.3
  • 10
    • 0021626680 scopus 로고
    • Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of southern Africa
    • R.G. Klein A.A. Balkema A.A. Balkema Rotterdam
    • K.W. Butzer Archeogeology and Quaternary environment in the interior of southern Africa R.G Klein A.A. Balkema Southern African prehistory and paleoenvironments 1984 A.A. Balkema Rotterdam 1 64 (Chap. 1)
    • (1984) Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments , pp. 1-64
    • Butzer, K.W.1
  • 11
    • 0023468743 scopus 로고
    • Investigations of U series disequilibria as a means to study the transport mechanism of uranium in sandstone samples during weathering
    • C. Carl Investigations of U series disequilibria as a means to study the transport mechanism of uranium in sandstone samples during weathering Uranium 3 1987 285 305
    • (1987) Uranium , vol.3 , pp. 285-305
    • Carl, C.1
  • 14
    • 0000617237 scopus 로고
    • The paleoclimatic significance of caves and adjacent landforms in the Kalahari of western Ngamiland, Botswana
    • H.J. Cooke The paleoclimatic significance of caves and adjacent landforms in the Kalahari of western Ngamiland, Botswana Geogr. J. 141 1975 430 444
    • (1975) Geogr. J. , vol.141 , pp. 430-444
    • Cooke, H.J.1
  • 15
    • 0003069910 scopus 로고
    • The origin of the Makgadikgadi Pans
    • H.J. Cooke The origin of the Makgadikgadi Pans Botsw. Notes Rec. 11 1979 37 42
    • (1979) Botsw. Notes Rec. , vol.11 , pp. 37-42
    • Cooke, H.J.1
  • 16
    • 0018917594 scopus 로고
    • Landform evolution in the context of climatic changes and neotectonics in the middle Kalahari of north-central Botswana
    • H.J. Cooke Landform evolution in the context of climatic changes and neotectonics in the middle Kalahari of north-central Botswana Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., NS 5 1980 80 99
    • (1980) Trans. Inst. Br. Geogr., NS , vol.5 , pp. 80-99
    • Cooke, H.J.1
  • 17
    • 0021334985 scopus 로고
    • The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi
    • H.J. Cooke, and H.Th. Verstappen The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi Z. Geomorphol. N.F.Bd28, Heft 1 1984 1 19
    • (1984) Z. Geomorphol. N.F.Bd28, Heft , vol.1 , pp. 1-19
    • Cooke, H.J.1    Verstappen, H.Th.2
  • 18
    • 0002735079 scopus 로고
    • Crustal movements as a factor in the evolution of South Africa
    • A.L. Du Toit Crustal movements as a factor in the evolution of South Africa S. Afr. J. Sci. 24 1933 88 101
    • (1933) S. Afr. J. Sci. , vol.24 , pp. 88-101
    • Du Toit, A.L.1
  • 21
    • 0018736533 scopus 로고
    • Brines and evaporites of the Lake Chad basin, Africa
    • H.P. Eugster, and G. Maglione Brines and evaporites of the Lake Chad basin, Africa Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1979 973 981
    • (1979) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.43 , pp. 973-981
    • Eugster, H.P.1    Maglione, G.2
  • 22
    • 0002106070 scopus 로고
    • The natural history of crystalline calcium carbonate: Effect of magnesium content and salinity
    • R.L. Folk The natural history of crystalline calcium carbonate: effect of magnesium content and salinity J. Sediment. Petrol. 44 1974 40 53
    • (1974) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.44 , pp. 40-53
    • Folk, R.L.1
  • 25
    • 0012633479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The topography of the Okavango Delta Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications
    • T. Gumbricht, T.S. McCarthy, and C.L. Merry The topography of the Okavango Delta Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications S. Afr. J. Geol. 104 2001 243 264
    • (2001) S. Afr. J. Geol. , vol.104 , pp. 243-264
    • Gumbricht, T.1    McCarthy, T.S.2    Merry, C.L.3
  • 27
    • 0010311802 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial involvement in the production of silcretes?
    • C.C. Harrison, and P.A. Shaw Bacterial involvement in the production of silcretes? Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (Monaco) 14 1995 291 295
    • (1995) Bull. Inst. Oceanogr. (Monaco) , vol.14 , pp. 291-295
    • Harrison, C.C.1    Shaw, P.A.2
  • 28
    • 0028828851 scopus 로고
    • Palaeoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana
    • K. Holmgren, W. Karlen, and P. Shaw Palaeoclimatic significance of the stable isotopic composition and petrology of a late Pleistocene stalagmite from Botswana Quat. Res. 43 1995 320 328
    • (1995) Quat. Res. , vol.43 , pp. 320-328
    • Holmgren, K.1    Karlen, W.2    Shaw, P.3
  • 30
    • 0019172862 scopus 로고
    • Rhzyoliths in terrestrial carbonates: Classification, recognition, genesis and significance
    • C.F. Klappa Rhzyoliths in terrestrial carbonates: classification, recognition, genesis and significance Sedimentology 27 1980 613 629
    • (1980) Sedimentology , vol.27 , pp. 613-629
    • Klappa, C.F.1
  • 31
    • 0002762997 scopus 로고
    • Origin and classification of chemical sediments in terms of pH and oxidation-reduction potentials
    • W.C. Krumbein, and R.M. Garrels Origin and classification of chemical sediments in terms of pH and oxidation-reduction potentials J. Geol. 60 1952 1 33
    • (1952) J. Geol. , vol.60 , pp. 1-33
    • Krumbein, W.C.1    Garrels, R.M.2
  • 32
    • 13444264400 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Groundwater geochemistry and associated hardpans in southwestern Australia
    • I.C. Roach CRC LEME Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia
    • S. Lee Groundwater geochemistry and associated hardpans in southwestern Australia I.C. Roach Advances in regolith 2003 CRC LEME Curtin University of Technology, Western Australia 254 258
    • (2003) Advances in Regolith , pp. 254-258
    • Lee, S.1
  • 33
  • 34
    • 0028851477 scopus 로고
    • Sedimentation on the distal reaches of the Okavango fan, Botswana, and its bearing on calcrete and silcrete (ganister) formation
    • T.S. McCarthy, and W.N. Ellery Sedimentation on the distal reaches of the Okavango fan, Botswana, and its bearing on calcrete and silcrete (ganister) formation J. Sediment. Res., Sect. A Sediment. Pet. Proc. 65 1 1995 77 90
    • (1995) J. Sediment. Res., Sect. a Sediment. Pet. Proc. , vol.65 , Issue.1 , pp. 77-90
    • McCarthy, T.S.1    Ellery, W.N.2
  • 35
    • 84879882359 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental expansion: Evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana
    • M.P. Modisi, E.A. Atekwana, A.B. Kampunzu, and T.H. Ngwisanyi Rift kinematics during the incipient stages of continental expansion: evidence from the nascent Okavango rift basin, northwest Botswana Geology 28 2000 939 942
    • (2000) Geology , vol.28 , pp. 939-942
    • Modisi, M.P.1    Atekwana, E.A.2    Kampunzu, A.B.3    Ngwisanyi, T.H.4
  • 36
    • 0030102202 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Micromorphology of calcite-silica deposits
    • H.C. Monger, and H. Adams Micromorphology of calcite-silica deposits Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60 1996 519 530
    • (1996) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.60 , pp. 519-530
    • Monger, H.C.1    Adams, H.2
  • 37
    • 0026359885 scopus 로고
    • Pressure solution: Possible mechanism for silicate grain dissolution in a petrocalcic horizon
    • H.C. Monger, and L.A. Daugherty Pressure solution: possible mechanism for silicate grain dissolution in a petrocalcic horizon Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 55 1991 1625 1629
    • (1991) Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. , vol.55 , pp. 1625-1629
    • Monger, H.C.1    Daugherty, L.A.2
  • 38
    • 0002562491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana
    • A.E. Moore, and P. Larkin Drainage evolution in south-central Africa since the breakup of Gondwana S. Afr. J. Geol. 104 2001 47 68
    • (2001) S. Afr. J. Geol. , vol.104 , pp. 47-68
    • Moore, A.E.1    Larkin, P.2
  • 39
    • 0000848244 scopus 로고
    • Formation and diagensis of inorganic Ca-Mg carbonates in a lacustrine environment
    • G. Muller, G. Irion, and U. Forstner Formation and diagensis of inorganic Ca-Mg carbonates in a lacustrine environment Naturwissenschaften 59 Jg 4 1972 158 164
    • (1972) Naturwissenschaften , vol.594 , pp. 158-164
    • Muller, G.1    Irion, G.2    Forstner, U.3
  • 41
    • 0032125337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Silica and carbonate relationships in silcrete-calcrete intergrade duricrusts from the Kalahari desert of Botswana and Namibia
    • D.J. Nash, and P.A. Shaw Silica and carbonate relationships in silcrete-calcrete intergrade duricrusts from the Kalahari desert of Botswana and Namibia J. Afr. Earth Sci. 27 1998 11 25
    • (1998) J. Afr. Earth Sci. , vol.27 , pp. 11-25
    • Nash, D.J.1    Shaw, P.A.2
  • 42
    • 0028164382 scopus 로고
    • Siliceous duricrusts as palaeoclimatic indicators: Evidence from the Kalahari desert of Botswana
    • D.J. Nash, D.S.G. Thomas, and P.A. Shaw Siliceous duricrusts as palaeoclimatic indicators: evidence from the Kalahari desert of Botswana Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 112 1994 279 295
    • (1994) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.112 , pp. 279-295
    • Nash, D.J.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2    Shaw, P.A.3
  • 43
    • 0028192965 scopus 로고
    • Duricrust development and valley evolution: Process-landform links in the Kalahari
    • D.J. Nash, P.A. Shaw, and D.S.G. Thomas Duricrust development and valley evolution: process-landform links in the Kalahari Earth Surf. Process. Landf. 19 1994 279 317
    • (1994) Earth Surf. Process. Landf. , vol.19 , pp. 279-317
    • Nash, D.J.1    Shaw, P.A.2    Thomas, D.S.G.3
  • 45
    • 0031410349 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Orbital forcing of climate over South Africa: A 200,000-year rainfall record from Pretoria Salt Pan
    • T.C. Partridge, P. Demenocal, S.A. Lorentz, M.J. Paiker, and J.C. Vogel Orbital forcing of climate over South Africa: a 200,000-year rainfall record from Pretoria Salt Pan Quat. Sci. Rev. 16 1997 1125 1133
    • (1997) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.16 , pp. 1125-1133
    • Partridge, T.C.1    Demenocal, P.2    Lorentz, S.A.3    Paiker, M.J.4    Vogel, J.C.5
  • 46
    • 0033379859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Synthetic reconstructions of southern African environments during the Last Glacial Maximum (21-28 kyr) and the Holocene Altithermal, (8-6 kyr)
    • T.C. Partridge, L. Scott, and J.E. Hamilton Synthetic reconstructions of southern African environments during the Last Glacial Maximum (21-28 kyr) and the Holocene Altithermal, (8-6 kyr) Quat. Int. 57/58 1999 207 214
    • (1999) Quat. Int. , vol.57-58 , pp. 207-214
    • Partridge, T.C.1    Scott, L.2    Hamilton, J.E.3
  • 47
    • 0033519676 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 years from the Vostock ice core Antarctica
    • J.R. Petit Climate and atmospheric history of the past 420 000 years from the Vostock ice core Antarctica Nature 399 1999 429 436
    • (1999) Nature , vol.399 , pp. 429-436
    • Petit, J.R.1
  • 48
    • 52749098392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential of OSL and TL for dating late-glacial and Holocene dune sands tested with independent age controls of the Laacher See tephra (12,880a) at the section Mainz-Gonsenheim
    • U. Radtke, A. Janotta, A. Hilgers, and A. Murray The potential of OSL and TL for dating late-glacial and Holocene dune sands tested with independent age controls of the Laacher See tephra (12,880a) at the section Mainz-Gonsenheim 9th International Conference on Luminescence and ESR dating (LED99), Rome 1999
    • (1999) 9th International Conference on Luminescence and ESR Dating (LED99), Rome
    • Radtke, U.1    Janotta, A.2    Hilgers, A.3    Murray, A.4
  • 49
    • 85030822475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Conservation Strategy Implementing Agency Gaborone, Botswana
    • Republic of Botswana Makgadikgadi Pans Development Plan 2000 National Conservation Strategy Implementing Agency Gaborone, Botswana (211 pp.)
    • (2000) Makgadikgadi Pans Development Plan
    • Of Botswana, R.1
  • 50
    • 0030176873 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The geomorphological context of calcrete depositions in the Dalmore Downs area, Northern Territory Australia
    • S. Ringrose The geomorphological context of calcrete depositions in the Dalmore Downs area, Northern Territory Australia J. Arid Environ. 33 1996 291 307
    • (1996) J. Arid Environ. , vol.33 , pp. 291-307
    • Ringrose, S.1
  • 51
    • 0033403510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nature of calcareous deposits in the western Makgadikgadi basin, Botswana
    • S. Ringrose, B. Downey, D. Genecke, F. Sefe, and B. Vink Nature of calcareous deposits in the western Makgadikgadi basin, Botswana J. Arid Environ. 43 1999 375 397
    • (1999) J. Arid Environ. , vol.43 , pp. 375-397
    • Ringrose, S.1    Downey, B.2    Genecke, D.3    Sefe, F.4    Vink, B.5
  • 52
    • 0001821993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An analysis of vegetation cover components in relation to climatic trends along the Botswana Kalahari Transect
    • S. Ringrose, D. Lesolle, T. Botshoma, B. Gopolang, C. Vanderpost, and W. Matheson An analysis of vegetation cover components in relation to climatic trends along the Botswana Kalahari Transect Botsw. Notes Rec. 31 1999 33 52
    • (1999) Botsw. Notes Rec. , vol.31 , pp. 33-52
    • Ringrose, S.1    Lesolle, D.2    Botshoma, T.3    Gopolang, B.4    Vanderpost, C.5    Matheson, W.6
  • 53
    • 0036609749 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Origin and palaeo-environments of calcareous sediments in the Moshaweng dry valley, southeast Botswana
    • S. Ringrose, A.B. Kampunzu, B. Vink, W. Matheson, and W. Downey Origin and palaeo-environments of calcareous sediments in the Moshaweng dry valley, southeast Botswana Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. 27 2002 591 611
    • (2002) Earth Surf. Proc. Landf. , vol.27 , pp. 591-611
    • Ringrose, S.1    Kampunzu, A.B.2    Vink, B.3    Matheson, W.4    Downey, W.5
  • 54
    • 0344596970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geomorphological evidence for MOZ palaeo-wetlands in northern Botswana; Implications for wetland change
    • December 2002, Maun, Botswana, Published by HOORC and the University of Florida, Centre for Wetlands.
    • Ringrose, S., Huntsman-Mapila, P., Kampunzu, A.R., Matheson, W., Downey, W.S., Vink, B., 2002b. Geomorphological evidence for MOZ palaeo-wetlands in northern Botswana; implications for wetland change. Presentation to Monitoring of Tropical and Sub-tropical Wetlands Conference, December 2002, Maun, Botswana, Published by HOORC and the University of Florida, Centre for Wetlands.
    • (2002) Presentation to Monitoring of Tropical and Sub-tropical Wetlands Conference
    • Ringrose, S.1    Huntsman-Mapila, P.2    Kampunzu, A.R.3    Matheson, W.4    Downey, W.S.5    Vink, B.6
  • 55
    • 0021575721 scopus 로고
    • Palaeoenvironments of the present day arid southwestern Africa 30 000-50 000BP: Results and problems
    • U. Rust, H. Schmidt, and K. Dietz Palaeoenvironments of the present day arid southwestern Africa 30 000-50 000BP: results and problems Palaeoecol. Afr. 16 1984 109 148
    • (1984) Palaeoecol. Afr. , vol.16 , pp. 109-148
    • Rust, U.1    Schmidt, H.2    Dietz, K.3
  • 57
    • 85030821033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • SAFARI2000 website.
    • SAFARI2000 website. 2000. http://www.safari.gecp.virginia.edu.
    • (2000)
  • 58
    • 0027456193 scopus 로고
    • Palynological evidence for late Quaternary warming episodes in Southern Africa
    • L. Scott Palynological evidence for late Quaternary warming episodes in Southern Africa Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 101 1993 229 235
    • (1993) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.101 , pp. 229-235
    • Scott, L.1
  • 59
    • 0022919904 scopus 로고
    • Geomorphic evidence for the late Quaternary palaeoclimates of the middle Kalahari of northern Botswana
    • P. Shaw, and H.J. Cooke Geomorphic evidence for the late Quaternary palaeoclimates of the middle Kalahari of northern Botswana Catena 13 1986 349 359
    • (1986) Catena , vol.13 , pp. 349-359
    • Shaw, P.1    Cooke, H.J.2
  • 60
    • 0024196984 scopus 로고
    • Lake Caprivi: A late Quaternary link between the Zambezi and middle Kalahari drainage systems
    • P.A. Shaw, and D.S.G. Thomas Lake Caprivi: a late Quaternary link between the Zambezi and middle Kalahari drainage systems Z. Geomorphol. 32 1988 329 337
    • (1988) Z. Geomorphol. , vol.32 , pp. 329-337
    • Shaw, P.A.1    Thomas, D.S.G.2
  • 61
    • 0025529001 scopus 로고
    • Microbalitic silcretes in highly alkaline environments: Some observations from Sua Pan, Botswana
    • P.A. Shaw, H.J. Cooke, and C.C. Perry Microbalitic silcretes in highly alkaline environments: some observations from Sua Pan, Botswana S. Afr. J. Geol. 93 5/6 1990 803 808
    • (1990) S. Afr. J. Geol. , vol.93 , Issue.5-6 , pp. 803-808
    • Shaw, P.A.1    Cooke, H.J.2    Perry, C.C.3
  • 62
    • 0030697078 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palaeoecology and age of a Quaternary high level lake in the Makgadikgadi basin of the middle Kalahari
    • P.A Shaw, S. Stokes, D.S.G. Thomas, F. Davies, and K. Holmgren Palaeoecology and age of a Quaternary high level lake in the Makgadikgadi basin of the middle Kalahari S. Afr. J. Sci. 93 1997 273 277
    • (1997) S. Afr. J. Sci. , vol.93 , pp. 273-277
    • Shaw, P.A.1    Stokes, S.2    Thomas, D.S.G.3    Davies, F.4    Holmgren, K.5
  • 63
    • 0000489426 scopus 로고
    • Silcretes and associated silica diagenesis in southern Africa and Australia
    • D. Smale Silcretes and associated silica diagenesis in southern Africa and Australia J. Sediment. Petrol. 43 1973 1077 1089
    • (1973) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.43 , pp. 1077-1089
    • Smale, D.1
  • 64
    • 0000667286 scopus 로고
    • Lithostratigraphy of the Karoo stratigraphy in Botswana
    • Botswana Geological Survey, Government of Botswana Lobatse, Botswana
    • R.A. Smith Lithostratigraphy of the Karoo stratigraphy in Botswana Botsw. Geol. Surv. Bull. 26 1984 Botswana Geological Survey, Government of Botswana Lobatse, Botswana (34 pp.)
    • (1984) Botsw. Geol. Surv. Bull. , vol.26
    • Smith, R.A.1
  • 65
    • 0002963222 scopus 로고
    • Distribution, nature and probable genesis of silcrete in arid and semi-arid southern Africa
    • D.H. Yalon Aridic soils and geomorphic processes
    • M.A. Summerfield Distribution, nature and probable genesis of silcrete in arid and semi-arid southern Africa D.H. Yalon Aridic soils and geomorphic processes Catena Supplement vol. 1 1982 37 65
    • (1982) Catena Supplement , vol.1 , pp. 37-65
    • Summerfield, M.A.1
  • 66
    • 0020680374 scopus 로고
    • Silcrete as a palaeoclimatic indicator: Evidence from southern Africa
    • M.A. Summerfield Silcrete as a palaeoclimatic indicator: evidence from southern Africa Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 41 1983 65 79
    • (1983) Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. , vol.41 , pp. 65-79
    • Summerfield, M.A.1
  • 67
  • 68
    • 0020974683 scopus 로고
    • Petrography and diagenesis of silcrete from the Kalahari basin and Cape coastal zone, southern Africa
    • M.A. Summerfield Petrography and diagenesis of silcrete from the Kalahari basin and Cape coastal zone, southern Africa J. Sediment. Petrol. 53 1983 895 909
    • (1983) J. Sediment. Petrol. , vol.53 , pp. 895-909
    • Summerfield, M.A.1
  • 70
    • 0027801430 scopus 로고
    • The evolution and characteristics of the Kalahari, southern Africa
    • D.S.G. Thomas, and P.A. Shaw The evolution and characteristics of the Kalahari, southern Africa J. Arid Environ. 25 1993 97 108
    • (1993) J. Arid Environ. , vol.25 , pp. 97-108
    • Thomas, D.S.G.1    Shaw, P.A.2
  • 71
    • 0036202581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa: New data, synthesis, issues and prospects
    • D.S.G. Thomas, and P.A. Shaw Late Quaternary environmental change in central southern Africa: new data, synthesis, issues and prospects Quat. Sci. Rev. 21 2002 783 797
    • (2002) Quat. Sci. Rev. , vol.21 , pp. 783-797
    • Thomas, D.S.G.1    Shaw, P.A.2
  • 73
    • 0024189638 scopus 로고
    • Ground water silicification and leaching in sands, example of the Fontainebleau Sand in the Paris Basin
    • M. Thiry, M.B. Ayrault, and J. Grisoni Ground water silicification and leaching in sands, example of the Fontainebleau Sand in the Paris Basin Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 100 1988 1283 1290
    • (1988) Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. , vol.100 , pp. 1283-1290
    • Thiry, M.1    Ayrault, M.B.2    Grisoni, J.3
  • 74
    • 0142004234 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 300 million year history of rift lakes in Central and east Africa: An updated broad review
    • E.O. Odada D.O. Olago Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht
    • J.J. Tiercelin, and K.E Lezzar A 300 million year history of rift lakes in Central and east Africa: an updated broad review E.O. Odada D.O. Olago The East African Great Lakes, limnology, palaeolimnology, and biodiversity 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers Dordrecht 3 60
    • (2002) The East African Great Lakes, Limnology, Palaeolimnology, and Biodiversity , pp. 3-60
    • Tiercelin, J.J.1    Lezzar, K.E.2
  • 75
    • 13444289265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The presence of magadiite and kenyaite in Sua pan, Central Botswana
    • B. Vink, S. Ringrose, and A.R. Kampunzu The presence of magadiite and kenyaite in Sua pan, Central Botswana Botsw. J. Earth Sci. 5 2001 32 34
    • (2001) Botsw. J. Earth Sci. , vol.5 , pp. 32-34
    • Vink, B.1    Ringrose, S.2    Kampunzu, A.R.3
  • 76
    • 0000637064 scopus 로고
    • Carbonate replacement of detrital crystalline silicate minerals as a source of authigenic minerals in sedimentary rocks
    • T.R. Walker Carbonate replacement of detrital crystalline silicate minerals as a source of authigenic minerals in sedimentary rocks Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. 71 1960 145 152
    • (1960) Bull. Geol. Soc. Am. , vol.71 , pp. 145-152
    • Walker, T.R.1
  • 77
    • 0006257426 scopus 로고
    • Major element geochemistry of silcrete from a portion of inland Australia
    • S.H. Watts Major element geochemistry of silcrete from a portion of inland Australia Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 41 1970 1164 1167
    • (1970) Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta , vol.41 , pp. 1164-1167
    • Watts, S.H.1
  • 78
    • 0019213610 scopus 로고
    • Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (southern Africa): Mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis
    • N.L. Watts Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (southern Africa): mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis Sedimentology 27 1980 661 686
    • (1980) Sedimentology , vol.27 , pp. 661-686
    • Watts, N.L.1
  • 81
    • 0009662215 scopus 로고
    • A note on overcounting in alpha-counters and its elimination
    • L. Zoller, and E. Pernicka A note on overcounting in alpha-counters and its elimination Ancient TL 7 1989 11 14
    • (1989) Ancient TL , vol.7 , pp. 11-14
    • Zoller, L.1    Pernicka, E.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.