Comparative ecophysiology of Tamarix ramosissima and native trees in western U.S. riparian zones

Journal of Arid Environments

Volumn 61, Issue 3, 2005, Pages 419-446

  Glenn, Edward P ^a   Nagler, Pamela L ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA   (United States)

Author keywords

Biological control; Evapotranspiration; Invasive plant management; Leaf area index; Populus; Prosopis; Regulated rivers; Riparian zone; Salix; Tamarix

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL INVASION; COMPETITIVE ABILITY; ECOPHYSIOLOGY; NATIVE SPECIES; RESTORATION ECOLOGY; RIPARIAN ZONE; WATER STRESS;

NORTH AMERICA; UNITED STATES; WESTERN HEMISPHERE; WORLD;

POPULUS; PROSOPIS; RIPARIA; SALIX; TAMARIX; TAMARIX RAMOSISSIMA;

EID: 13244292653     PISSN: 01401963     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2004.09.025     Document Type: Article

References (128)

1. N. Amlin, and S. Rood Innundation tolerances of riparian willows and cottonwoods Journal of the American Water Resources Association 37 2001 1709 1720
2. B. Anderson The case for saltcedar Restoration and Management Notes 16 1998 130 134
3. J. Anderson Factors controlling transpiration and photosynthesis in Tamarix chinensis Lour Ecology 63 1982 48 56
4. J. Bailey, J. Schweitzer, and T. Whitham Saltcedar negatively effects biodiversity of aquatic macroinvertebrates Wetlands 21 2001 442 447
5. C. Barrow The case for wholesale removal Restoration and Management Notes 16 1998 135 138
6. E. Bess, R. Parmenter, S. McCoy, and M. Molles Responses of a riparian forest-floor arthropod community to wildfire in the Middle Rio Grande Valley, New Mexico Environmental Entomology 31 2002 774 784
7. W. Blackburn, R. Knight, and J. Schuster Saltcedar influence on sedimentation in the Brazos River Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 37 1982 298 301
8. M. Briggs Riaprian Ecosystem Recovery in Arid Lands Strategies and References 1996 University of Arizona Press Tucson, AZ
9. J. Brotherson, and D. Field Tamarix impacts of a successful weed Rangelands 9 1987 110 112
10. J. Brotherson, and V. Winkel Habitat relationships of saltcedar (Tamarix ramosissima) in central Utah Great Basin Naturalist 46 1986 535 541
11. J. Brotherson, J. Carman, and L. Szyka Stem-diameter age relationships of Tamarix ramosissima in central Utah Journal of Range Management 37 1984 362 364
12. B. Brown Nesting chronology, density and habitat use of black-chinned hummingbirds along the Colorado River, Arizona Journal of Field Ornithology 63 1992 393 400
13. Bureau of Reclamation, 1992. Vegetation Management Study, Lower Colorado River. Lower Colorado Region Phase I Report, Boulder City, NV.
14. D. Busch Effects of fire on southwestern riparian plant community structure Southwestern Naturalist 40 1995 259 267
15. D. Busch, and S. Smith Effects of fire on water and salinity relations of riparian woody taxa Oecologia 94 1993 186 194
16. E. Busch, and S. Smith Mechanisms associated with the decline of woody species in riparian ecosystems of the southwestern U.S. Ecological Monographs 65 1995 347 370
17. D. Busch, N. Ingraham, and S. Smith Water-uptake in woody riparian phreatophytes of the southwestern United States - a stable isotope study Ecological Applications 2 1992 450 459
18. J. Canadell, R. Jackson, J. Ehleringer, H. Monney, O. Sala, and E. Schulze Maximum rooting depth of vegetation types at the global scale Oecologia 108 1996 583 595
19. J. Cleverly, S. Smith, A. Sala, and D. Devitt Invasive capacity of Tamarix ramosissima in a Mohave Desert floodplain the role of drought Oecologia 111 1997 12 18
20. J. Cleverly, C. Dahm, J. Thibault, D. Gilroy, and J. Coonrod Seasonal estimates of actual evapo-transpiration from Tamarix ramosissima stands using three-dimensional eddy covariance Journal of Arid Environments 52 2002 181 197
21. D. Cooper, D. Merritt, D. Andersen, and R. Chimner Factors controlling the establishment of Fremont cottonwood seedlings on the upper Green River, USA Regulated Rivers - Research and Management 15 1999 419 440
22. D. Cooper, D. Andersen, and R. Chimner Multiple pathways for woody plant establishment on floodplains at local to regional scales Journal of Ecology 91 2003 182 196
23. C. Dahm, J. Cleverly, J. Coonrod, J. Thibault, D. McDonnell, and D. Gilroy Evapotranspiration at the land/water interface in a semi-arid drainage basin Freshwater Biology 47 2002 831 843
24. D. Davenport, P. Martin, and R. Hagan Evapotranspiration from riparian vegetation water relations and irrecoverable losses for saltcedar Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 37 1982 233 236
25. D. Devitt, J. Piorkowski, S. Smith, J. Cleverly, and A. Sala Plant water relations of Tamarix ramosissima in response to the imposition and alleviation of soil moisture stress Journal of Arid Environments 36 1997 527 540
26. D. Devitt, A. Sala, K. Mace, and S. Smith The effect of applied water on the water use of saltcedar in a desert riparian environment Journal of Hydrology 192 1997 233 246
27. D. Devitt, A. Sala, S. Smith, J. Cleverly, L. Shaulis, and R. Hammett Bowen ratio estimates of evapotranspiration for Tamarix ramosissima stands on the Virgin River in southern Nevada Water Resources Research 34 1998 2407 2414
28. DeLoach, C., Pitcairn, M., Woods, D., 1996. Prospects for biological control of saltcedar in southern California. In: Proceedings of the Saltcedar Management Workshop, Rancho Amira, CA, pp. 4-8.
29. J. DiTomosa Impact, biology, and ecology of saltcedar (Tamarix spp.) in the souwestern United States Weed Technology 12 1998 326 336
30. M. Dixon, and W. Johnson Riparian vegetation along the middle Snake River, Idaho zonation, geographical trends, and historical changes Great Basin Naturalist 59 1999 18 34
31. Egan, T., Chaven, R., West, B., 1993. Afton Canyon saltcedar removal first year status report. In: Smith, L., Stephenson, J. (Eds.), Proceeedings of a Symposium of Vegetation Management, Hot Desert Rangeland Ecosystems, Phoenix, AZ, pp. 18.
32. L. Ellis Bird use of saltcedar and cottonwood vegetation in the Middle Rio Grande Valley of the New Mexico, USA Journal of Arid Environments 30 1995 339 349
33. L. Ellis, C. Crawford, and M. Molles Comparison of litter dynamics in native and exotic riparian vegetation along the Middle Rio Grande of central NM, USA Journal of Arid Environments 38 1998 283 296
34. Engel-Wilson, R., Ohmart, R., 1978. Floral and attendant faunal changes on the lower Rio Grande between Fort Quitman and Presidio, TX. Processings of the National Symposium on Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, pp. 139-147.
35. B. Everitt Chronology of the spread of tamarisk in the central Rio Grande Wetlands 18 1998 658 668
36. E. Fleishman, N. Mcdonal, R. MacNally, D. Murphy, J. Walters, and T. Floyd Effects of floristics, physiognomy and non-native vegetation on riparian bird communities in a Mojave Desert watershed Journal of Animal Ecology 72 2003 484 490
37. R. Fonda Postfire response of red alder, black cottonwood, and bigleaf maple to Whatcom Creek fire, Bellingham, WA Northwest Fire 75 2001 25 36
38. G. Frasier, and T. Johnsen Saltcedar (tamarisk) classification, distribution, ecology and control L. James O. Evans M. Ralphs R. Child Noxious Range Weeds 1991 Westview Press Boulder, CO 377 386
39. P. Friederici The alien saltcedar American Forests 101 1995 45 47
40. J. Garcia-Hernandez, O. Hinojosa-Huerta, V. Gerhart, Y. Carrillo-Guerrero, and E. Glenn Southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax traillii extimus) surveys in the Colorado River delta, Mexico Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 161 170
41. J. Gaskin, and B. Schaal Hybrid Tamarix widespread in U.S. invasion and undetected in native Asian range Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of American 99 2002 11256 11259
42. Gay, L., 1985. Evapotranspiration from saltcedar along the lower Colorado River. In: Conference Proceedings, Riparian Ecosystems and their Management: Reconciling Conflicting Uses, Tucson, AZ. U.S. Forest Service, Fort Collins, CO, pp. 171-174.
43. L. Gay, and R. Hartman ET measurements over riparian saltcedar on the Colorado River Hydrology and Water Resources in Arizona and the Southwest 12 1982 9 15
44. L. Gay, and L. Fritschen An energy budget analysis of water use by saltcedar Water Resources Research 15 1979 1589 1592
45. D. Gladwin, and J. Roelle Survival of plains cottonwood (Populus deltoides susp.) (monilifera) and saltcedar Tamarix ramosissima seedlings in response to flooding Wetlands 18 1998 669 674
46. E. Glenn, R. Lee, C. Felger, and S. Zengel Effects of water management on the wetlands of the Colorado River delta, Mexico Conservation Biology 10 1996 1175 1186
47. E. Glenn, R. Tanner, S. Mendez, T. Kehret, D. Moore, J. Garcia, and C. Valdes Growth rates, salt tolerance and water use characteristics of native and invasive riparian plants from the delta of the Colorado River delta, Mexico Journal of Arid Environments 40 1998 281 294
48. L. Gom, and S. Rood Fire induces clonal sprouting of riparian cottonwoods Canadian Journal of Botany - Revue Canadienne de Botanique 77 1999 1604 1616
49. W. Graf Fluvial adjustments to the spread of tamarisk in the Colorado Plateua region Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 89 1978 1491 1501
50. P. Grams, and J. Schmidt Streamflow regulation and multi-level flood plain formation channel narrowing on the aggrading Green River in the eastern Unita Mountains, Colorado and Utah Geomorphology 44 2002 337 360
51. J. Grime Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory American Naturalist 111 1977 1169 1194
52. J. Harrison, and P. Matson Patterns and controls of nitrous oxide emissions from waters draining a subtropical agricultural valley Global Biogeochemical Cycles 17 2003 1081 10.1019/2002GB001991.
53. O. Hinojosa-Huerta, E. Zamora-Hernandez, H. Iturribaria-Rojas, Y. Carrillo-Guerrero, M. De La Garza, J. Garcia-Hernandez, G. Sanchez-Bon, and J. Rivera-Diaz Avian Conservation and Research in the Colorado River Delta, Mexico 2002 Pronatura Sonora Final Bahia de Bqacochibampo, Guaymas, Sonora, Mexico
54. J. Horton, and C. Campbell Management of Phreatophyte and Riparian Vegetation for Multiple Use Values 1974 U.S. Forest Service Research Paper RM-117 Fort Collins, CO
55. J. Horton, and J. Clark Water table decline alters growth and survival of Salix gooddingii and Tamarix chinensis seedlings Forest Ecology and Management 140 2001 239 247
56. J. Horton, S. Hart, and T. Kolb Physiological condition and water source use of Sonoran Desert riparian trees at the Bill Williams River, AZ, USA Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 39 2003 69 82
57. J. Horton, T. Kolb, and S. Hart Responses of riparian trees to interannual variation in ground water depth in a semi-arid river basin Plant Cell and Environment 24 2001 293 304
58. W. Howe, and F. Knopf On the imminent decline of Rio Grande cottonwoods in central New Mexico The Southwestern Naturalist 36 1991 218 224
59. Hughes, W., 1970. Economic Feasibility of Increasing Pecos Basin Water Supplies through Reduction of Evaporation and Evapotranspiration. Water Resources Research Institute Report No. 9.
60. L. Hughes The devils own" - tamarisk Rangelands 15 1993 151 155
61. W. Hunter, R. Ohmart, and B. Anderson Use of exotic saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) by birds in arid riparian systems Condor 90 1988 113 123
62. S. Johnson Can saltcedar be controlled? Fremontia 15 1987 19 20
63. C. Levine, and J. Stromberg Effects of flooding on native and exotic plant seedlings implications for restoring south-western riparian forests by manipulating water and sediment flows Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 111 131
64. P. Lewis, C. DeLoach, and A. Knutson Biology of Diorhaba elongaga deserticola (Coleoptera:Chrysomelidae) an Asian leaf beetle for biological control of saltcedars (Tamaris spp.) in the Western United States Biological Control 27 2003 101 116
65. R. Marler, J. Stromberg, and D. Patten Growth response of Populus fremontii, Salix gooddingii, and Tamarix ramosissima seedlings under different nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 147 159
66. H. Maryam, S. Ismail, F. Ala, and R. Ahmad Studies on growth and salt regulation in some halophytes as influenced by edaphic and climatic conditions Pakistan Journal of Botany 27 1995 151 163
67. R. Masters, and R. Shelley Principles and practices for managing rangeland invasive plants Journal of Range Management 54 2001 502 517
68. J. Mahoney, and S. Rood Streamflow, requirements for cottonwood seedling recruitment - an interactive model Wetlands 18 1998 634 645
69. K. McDaniel, and J. Taylor Saltcedar recovery after herbicide-burn and mechanical clearing practices Journal of Range Management 56 2003 439 445
70. M. Molles, C. Crawford, L. Ellis, H. Valett, and C. Dahm Managed flooding for riparian ecosystem restoration Bioscience 48 1998 749 756
71. P. Nagler, J. Cleverly, D. Lampkin, E. Glenn, A. Huete, and Z. Wan Predicting riparian evapotranspiration from MODIS vegetation indices and meteorological data Remote Sensing of Environment 94 2005 17 30
72. P. Nagler, H. Hinojosa-Huerta, E. Glenn, J.E. Garcia-Hernandez, R. Romo, C. Curtis, A. Huete, and S. Nelson Regeneration of native trees in the presence of invasive saltcedar in the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico Conservation Biology 19 2005
73. P. Nagler, E. Glenn, and A. Huete Assessment of vegetation indices for riparian vegetation in the Colorado River delta, Mexico Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 91 110
74. P. Nagler, E. Glenn, and T.L. Thompson Comparison of transpiration of cottonwood, willow and saltcedar trees measured by sap flow and canopy temperature methods Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 116 2003 73 89
75. P. Nagler, E. Glenn, T.L. Thompson, and A. Huete Leaf area index, normalized difference vegetation index and canopy characteristics of riparian plants on the Lower Colorado River Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 125 2004 1 17
76. W. Neill Tamarisk Fremontia 12 1985 22 23
77. R. Ohmart, B. Anderson, and W. Hunter Ecology of the Lower Colorado River from Davis Dam to the Mexico-United States Boundary a Community Profile 1988 National Technical Information Service Alexandria, VA, USA
78. C. Pearce, and D. Smith Saltcedar distribution, abundance, and dispersal mechanisms, northern Montana, USA Wetlands 23 2003 215 228
79. W. Pockman, and J. Sperry Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the distribution of Sonoran Desert vegetation American Journal of Botany 87 2000 1287 1299
80. N. Poff, J. Allan, M. Bain, J. Karr, K. Prestegaard, B. Richter, R. Sparks, and J. Stromberg The natural flow regime Bioscience 47 1997 769 784
81. P. Quimby, C. DeLoach, and S. Wineriter Biological control of weeds research by the United States Department of Agriculture - agriculture research selected case studies Pest Management Science 59 2003 671 680
82. J. Rice, B. Anderson, and R. Ohmart Seasonal habitat selection by birds in the Lower Colorado River Valley Ecology 61 1980 1402 1411
83. T. Robinson Introduction, Spread, and Aerial Extent of Saltcedar (Tamarix) in the Western States 1965 U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 491-A Washington, DC
84. J. Roelle., D. Gladwin, and B. Cade Establishment, growth, and early survival of woody riparian species at a Colorado gravel pit Western North American Naturalist 61 2001 182 194
85. S. Rood, J. Mahoney, D. Reid, and L. Zilm Instream flows and the decline of riparian cottonwoods along the St. Mary River, Alterta Canadian Journal of Botany - Revue Canadienne de Botanique 73 1995 1250 1260
86. S. Rood, J. Braatne, and F. Hughes Ecophysiology of riparian cottonwoods stream flow dependency, water relations and restoration Tree Physiology 23 2003 1113 1124
87. S. Rood, C. Gourley, E. Ammon, L. Heki, J. Klotz, M. Morrison, D. Mosley, G. Scoppettone, S. Swanson, and P. Wagner Flows for floodplain forests a successful riparian restoration Bioscience 53 2003 647 656
88. A. Sala, S. Smith, and D. Devitt Water use by Tamarix ramosissima and associated phreatophytes in a Mojave Desert Floodplain Ecological Applications 6 1996 888 898
89. B. Schaal, J. Gaskin, and A. Caicedo Phylogeography, haplotype trees, and invasive plant species Journal of Heredity 94 2003 197 204
90. S. Schaeffer, D. Williams, and D. Goodrich Transpiration of cottonwood/willow forest estimated from sap flux Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 105 2000 257 270
91. R. Scott, W. Shuttleworth, D. Goodrich, and T. Maddock The water use of two dominant vegetation communities in a semiarid riparian ecosystem Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 105 2000 241 256
92. R. Scott, E. Edwards, W. Shuttleworth, T. Huxman, C. Watts, and D. Goodrich Interannual and seasonal variation in fluxes of water and carbon dioxide from a riparian woodland ecosystem Agricultural and Forest Meterology 122 2004 65 84
93. P. Shafroth, J. Friedman, and L. Ischinger Effects of salinity on establishment of Populus fremontii (cottonwood) and Tamarix ramosissima (saltcedar) in the southwestern United States Great Basin Naturalist 55 1995 58 65
94. P. Shafroth, G. Auble, J. Stromberg, and D. Patten Establishment of woody riparian vegetation in relation to annual patterns of streamflow, Bill Williams River, Arizona Wetlands 18 1998 577 590
95. S. Shafroth, J. Stromberg, and D. Patten Woody riparian vegetation response to different alluvial water table regimes Western North American Naturalist 60 2000 66 76
96. P. Shafroth, J. Stromberg, and D. Patten Riparian vegetation response to altered disturbance and stress regimes Ecological Applications 12 2002 107 123
97. A. Sher, and D. Marshall Seedling competition between native Populus deltoides (Salicaceae) and exotic Tamarix ramosissima (Tamaricaceae) across water regimes and substrate types American Journal of Botany 90 2003 413 422
98. A. Sher, D. Marshall, and S. Gilbert Competition between native Populus deltoides and invasive Tamarix ramosissima and the implications for reestablishing flooding disturbance Conservation Biology 14 2000 1744 1754
99. A. Sher, D. Marshall, and J. Taylor Establishment patterns of native Populus and Salix in the presence of invasive nonnative Tamarix Ecological Applications 12 2002 760 772
100. T. Shrader Selective management of preatophytes for improved utilization of natural floodplain resources Proceeedings of the Society for Civil Engineering 2 1977 16 44
101. M. Singh, M. Jain, and R. Pant Clonal variability in photosynthetic and growth characteristics of Populus deltoides under saline irrigation Photosynthetica 36 1999 605 609
102. S. Smith, A. Wellington, R. Nachlinger, and C. Fox Functional responses of riparian vegetation to streamflow diversion in the eastern Sierra Nevada, CA Ecological Applications 1 1991 89 97
103. S. Smith, D. Devitt, A. Sala, J. Cleverly, and D. Busch Water relations of riparian plants from warm desert regions Wetlands 18 1998 687 696
104. W. Snyder, and G. Miller Changes in riparian vegetation along the Colorado River and Rio Grande Great Basin Naturalist 52 1992 357 363
105. M. Sprenger, L. Smith, and J. Taylor Testing control of salcedar using spring flooding Wetlands 31 2001 437 441
106. L. Stevens, T. Ayers, J. Bennett, K. Christensen, M. Kearsley, V. Meretsky, A. Phillips, R. Parnell, J. Spence, M. Sogge, A. Springer, and D. Wegner Planned flooding and Colorado River riparian trade-offs downstream from Glen Canyon Dam, Arizona Ecological Applications 11 2001 701 710
107. Stohlgren, T., 2004. Tamarix Cooperative Mapping Initiative (T-Map). Fort Collins Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO (available on-line at http://squall.nrel.colostate.edu/cwis438/tmap/index.html).
108. J. Stromberg Fremont cottonwood-Goodding willow riparian forests a review of their ecology, threats, and recovery potential Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Sciences 26 1993 97 111
109. J. Stromberg Growth and survivorship of Fremont cottonwood, Gooddings willow, and salt cedar seedlings after large floods in central Arizona Great Basin Naturalist 57 1997 198 208
110. J. Stromberg Dynamics of Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) and saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) populations along the San Pedro River, Arizona Journal of Arid Environments 40 1998 133 155
111. J. Stromberg Functional equivalency of saltcedar (Tamarix chinensis) and Fremont cottonwood (Populus fremontii) along a free-flowing river Wetlands 18 1998 675 686
112. J. Stromberg Restoration of riparian vegetation in the southwestern United States importance of flow regimes and fluvial dynamism Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 17 34
113. J. Stromberg, and M. Chew Foreign visitors in riparian corridors of the American Southwest is xenophobia justified? B. Tellman Invasive Exotic Species in the Sonoran Region 2002 University of Arizona Press Tucson, AZ 195 219
114. J. Stromberg, J. Fry, and D. Patten Marsh development after large floods in an alluvial, arid-land river Wetlands 17 1997 292 300
115. J. Stromberg, B. Richter, D. Patten, and L. Wolden Response of a Sonoran riparian forest to a 10-year return flood Great Basin Naturalist 53 1993 118 130
116. N. Tallent-Halsell, and L. Walder Resonses of Salix gooddingii and Tamarix ramosissima to flooding Wetlands 22 2002 776 785
117. J. Taylor, and K. McDaniel Restoration of saltcedar (Tamarix sp.)-infested floodplains on the Bosque del Apache National Wildlife Refuge Weed Technology 12 1998 345 352
118. J. Taylor, D. Wester, and L. Smith Soil disturbance, flood management, and riparian woddy plant establishment in the Rio Grande floodplain Wetlands 19 1999 372 382
119. O. Tomar, P. Minhas, V. Sharma, Y. Singh, and R. Gupta Performance of 31 tree species and soil conditions in a plantation established with saline irrigation Forest Ecology and Management 177 2003 333 346
120. T. Van Hylckama WaterUuse by Saltcedar as Measured by the Water Budget method 1974 USGS Professional Paper 491-E Washington, DC
121. M. Vandersandae, E. Glenn, and J. Walford Comparison of tolerances of riparian plants from the lower Colorado River to salinity, drought and inundation Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 147 160
122. P. West, and G. Nabhan Invasive plants their occurance and possible impact on the central Gulf Coast of Sonora and the Midriff Islands in the Sea of Cortez B. Tellman Invasive Exotic Species in the Sonoran Region 2002 University of Arizona Press Tucson, AZ 91 111
123. E. Weeks, G. Weaver, G. Campbell, and B. Tanner Water Use by Saltcedar and by Replacement Vegetation in the Pecos River Floodplain between Acme and Artesia, NM 1987 USGS Professional Paper 491-G Washington, DC
124. J. Young, and C. Clements Seed germination of willow species from a desert riparian ecosystem Journal of Range Management 56 2003 496 500
125. J. Young, and C. Clements Seed germination of seeds of Fremont cottonwood Journal of Range Management 56 2003 660 664
126. F. Zamora-Arroyo, P. Nagler, M. Briggs, D. Radtke, H. Rodriquez, J. Garcia, C. Valdes, A. Huete, and E. Glenn Regeneration of native trees in response to flood releases from the United States into the delta of the Colorado River, Mexico Journal of Arid Environments 49 2001 49 64
127. E. Zavaleta The economic value of controlling an invasive shrub Ambio 29 2000 462 467
128. Zouhar, K., 2003. Tamarix spp. In: Fire Effects Information System (Online). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Available: http://www.fs.fed.us/ database/feis (2004, June 28).