Cutaneous carcinosarcoma: Adnexal vs. epidermal types define high- and low-risk tumors. Results of a meta-analysis

Journal of Cutaneous Pathology

Volumn 32, Issue 1, 2005, Pages 2-11

  Tran, Tien Anh ^a   Muller, Sigfrid ^b   Chaudahri, Prakash J ^c   Carlson, J Andrew ^d  

^a Florida Orlando Hospital   (United States)

^b Las Vegas Skin and Cancer Clinics   (United States)

^c QUEST DIAGNOSTICS NICHOLS INSTITUTE   (United States)

^d ALBANY MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

KERATIN; PROTEIN P53; VIMENTIN;

AGE DISTRIBUTION; AGED; BASAL CELL CARCINOMA; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER RISK; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOSARCOMA; CASE REPORT; CELL POPULATION; EPITHELIUM CELL; FEMALE; FIBROXANTHOMA; HEAD AND NECK CARCINOMA; HUMAN; HUMAN TISSUE; IMMUNOPHENOTYPING; MALE; PAPULE; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; RISK ASSESSMENT; SKIN BIOPSY; SKIN CARCINOMA; SKIN CARCINOSARCOMA; SPINDLE CELL; SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; SUN EXPOSURE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TUMOR VOLUME;

AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; CARCINOMA, SQUAMOUS CELL; CARCINOSARCOMA; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; EPITHELIAL CELLS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; NEOPLASMS, ADNEXAL AND SKIN APPENDAGE; PUBMED; SKIN NEOPLASMS; SURVIVAL RATE; TUMOR MARKERS, BIOLOGICAL;

EID: 12944263523     PISSN: 03036987     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00260.x     Document Type: Review

References (109)

1. Wick MR, Fitzgibbon J, Swanson PE. Cutaneous sarcomas and sarcomatoid neoplasms of the skin. Semin Diagn Pathol 1993; 10: 148.
2. Bellino R, Arisio R, D'Addato F, et al. Metaplastic breast carcinoma: pathology and clinical outcome. Anticancer Res 2003; 23: 669.
3. Gunhan-Bilgen I, Memis A, Ustun EE, Zekioglu O, Ozdemir N. Metaplastic carcinoma of the breast: clinical, mammographic, and sonographic findings with histopathologic correlation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002; 178: 1421.
4. Harris MA, Delap LM, Sengupta PS, et al. Carcinosarcoma of the ovary. Br J Cancer 2003; 88: 654.
5. McCluggage WG. Uterine carcinosarcomas (malignant mixed Mullerian tumors) are metaplastic carcinomas. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2002; 12: 687.
6. Fukawa T, Numata K, Yamanaka M, et al. Prostatic carcinosarcoma: a case report and review of literature. Int J Urol 2003; 10: 108.
7. Gronau S, Menz CK, Melzner I, Hautmann R, Moller P, Barth TF. Immunohistomorphologic and molecular cytogenetic analysis of a carcinosarcoma of the urinary bladder. Virchows Arch 2002; 440: 436.
8. Perret L, Chaubert P, Hessler D, Guillou L. Primary heterologous carcinosarcoma (metaplastic carcinoma) of the urinary bladder: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural analysis of eight cases and a review of the literature. Cancer 1998; 82: 1535.
9. Watanabe M, Shimizu K, Kato H, et al. Carcinosarcoma of the uterus: immunohistochemical and genetic analysis of clonality of one case. Gynecol Oncol 2001; 82: 563.
10. Grayson W, Taylor LF, Cooper K. Carcinosarcoma of the uterine cervix: a report of eight cases with immunohistochemical analysis and evaluation of human papillomavirus status. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 338.
11. Rossi G, Cavazza A, Sturm N, et al. Pulmonary carcinomas with pleomorphic, sarcomatoid, or sarcomatous elements: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 75 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27: 311.
12. Arnedillo Munoz A, Perez Requena J, Fernandez-Berni JJ, Leon Jimenez A. Pulmonary carcinosarcoma with skin metastasis. An Med Interna 2002; 19: 586.
13. Dacic S, Finkelstein SD, Sasatomi E, Swalsky PA, Yousem SA. Molecular pathogenesis of pulmonary carcinosarcoma as determined by microdissection-based allelotyping. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 510.
14. Ansari-Lari MA, Hoque MO, Califano J, Westra WH. Immunohistochemical p53 expression patterns in sarcomatoid carcinomas of the upper respiratory tract. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 1024.
15. Bhalla RK, Jones TM, Taylor W, Roland NJ. Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed tumor) of the submandibular gland: a case report and review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002; 60: 1067.
16. Morey-Mas M, Caubet-Biayna J, Gomez-Bellvert C, Iriarte-Ortabe JI. Carcinosarcoma of the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Stomatol Belg 1997; 94: 69.
17. Pang PC, To EW, Tsang WM, Liu TL. Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed tumor) of the parotid gland: a case report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001; 59: 583.
18. Di Vizio D, Insabato L, Conzo G, Zafonte BT, Ferrara G, Pettinato G. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the colon: a case report with literature review. Tumori 2001; 87: 431.
19. Ajiki T, Nakamura T, Fujino Y, et al. Carcinosarcoma of the gallbladder with chondroid differentiation. J Gastroenterol 2002; 37: 966.
20. Nishie W, Iitoyo M, Koshiyama T, Kusama T. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the liver with skin and pleural metastases. Br J Dermatol 2003; 148: 1069.
21. Darvishian F, Sullivan J, Teichberg S, Basham K. Carcinosarcoma of the pancreas: a case report and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2002; 126: 1114.
22. Madan AK, Long AE, Weldon CB, Jane BM. Esophageal carcinosarcoma. J Gastrointest Surg 2001; 5: 414.
23. Takeyoshi I, Yoshida M, Ohwada S, Yamada T, Yanagisawa A, Morishita Y. Skin metastasis from the spindle cell component in rectal carcinosarcoma. Hepatogastroenterology 2000; 47: 1611.
24. Okudela K, Nakamura N, Sano J, Ito T, Kitamura H. Thymic carcinosarcoma consisting of squamous cell carcinomatous and embryonal rhabdomyosarcomatous components. Report of a case and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 2001; 197: 205.
25. Thompson L, Chang B, Barsky SH. Monoclonal origins of malignant mixed tumors (carcinosarcomas). Evidence for a divergent histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol 1996; 20: 277.
26. Gomez-Espejo C, Herrera-Sabal A, Rios-Martin JJ, Camacho-Martinez F. Basal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features (sarcomatoid carcinoma): report of a case and review of the literature. J Dermatol 2003; 30: 543.
27. Kashiwabara K, Sano T, Oyama T, et al. A case of esophageal sarcomatoid carcinoma with molecular evidence of a monoclonal origin. Pathol Res Pract 2001; 197: 41.
28. Gotte K, Riedel F, Coy JF, Spahn V, Hormann K. Salivary gland carcinosarcoma: immunohistochemical, molecular genetic and electron microscopic findings. Oral Oncol 2000; 36: 360.
29. Melissari M, Giordano G, Gabrielli M. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study of a case of carcinosarcoma (biphasic sarcomatoid carcinoma) of the lung with rhabdomyoblastic differentiation. Pathologica 1997; 89: 412.
30. Carlson JA, Combates NJ, Stenn KS, Prouty SM. Anaplastic neoplasms arising from basal cell carcinoma xenotransplants into SCID-beige mice. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29: 268.
31. Alvarez-Quinones M, Garijo MF, Fernandez F, Val-Bernal JF. Malignant aneuploid spindle-cell transformation in a proliferating trichilemmal tumour. Acta Derm Venereol 1993; 73: 444.
32. Antonini C, Zucconelli R, Forgiarini O, et al. Carcinosarcoma of penis. Case report and review of the literature. Adv Clin Path 1997; 1: 281.
33. Biernat W, Kordek R, Liberski PP, Wozniak L. Carcinosarcoma of the skin. Case report and literature review. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18: 614.
34. Brown TJ, Tschen JA. Primary carcinosarcoma of the skin: report of a case and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 1999; 25: 498.
35. Carter C, Lesna M, Rundle J. Carcinosarcoma of the penis. J Pathol 1995; 175: 132A.
36. Dabska M. Malignant transformation of eccrine spiradenoma. Pol Med J 1972; 11: 388.
37. Dawson EK. Carcino-sarcoma of the skin. J R Coll Surg Edinb 1972; 17: 243.
38. Garcia-Toro E, Garcia-Higuera I, Remon-Garijo L, Claver-Criado M. Carcinosarcoma cutaneo con metastais ganglionares. Rev Esp Patol 2000; 33: 327.
39. Hanly MG, Allsbrook WC, Pantazis CG, Lane R, Porubsky ES, Mann ES. Pilomatrical carcinosarcoma of the cheek with subsequent pulmonary metastases. A case report. Am J Dermatopathol 1994; 16: 196.
40. Harrist TJ, Hassell LA, Bronstein BR, Mihm MC Jr. Follow-up of a previously reported carcinosarcoma of the skin. J Cutan Pathol 1983; 10: 359.
41. Huerre M, Bonnet D, McCarthy SW, de Saint Maur PP. Carcinosarcoma arising in eccrine spiradenoma. A morphologic and immunohistochemical study. Ann Pathol 1994; 14: 168.
42. Iakovides J, Delides GS. Carcinosarcomas of the skin - report of two cases. Arch Geschwulstforsch 1988; 58: 461.
43. Inaloz HS, Ayyalaraju RS, Holt PJ, Laidler P. A case of sarcomatoid carcinoma of the skin. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17: 59.
44. Ishikawa M, Nakanishi Y, Yamazaki N, Yamamoto A. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma: a case report and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 2001; 27: 67.
45. Itoh T, Yamamoto N, Tokunaga M. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma with smooth muscle cell differentiation: histological and immunohistochemical study. Pathol Int 1996; 46: 887.
46. Izaki S, Hirai A, Yoshizawa Y, et al. Carcinosarcoma of the skin: immunohistochemical and electron microscopic observations. J Cutan Pathol 1993; 20: 272.
47. Leen EJ, Saunders MP, Vollum DI, Keen CE. Carcinosarcoma of skin. Histopathology 1995; 26: 367.
48. Martin De Lassalle E, Augusto D, et al. Carcinosarcoma of the scalp. Ann Pathol 2002; 22: 305.
49. McCluggage WG, Fon LJ, O'Rourke D, et al. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma with carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50: 871.
50. McKee PH, Fletcher CD, Stavrinos P, Pambakian H. Carcinosarcoma arising in eccrine spiradenoma. A clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of two cases. Am J Dermatopathol 1990; 12: 335.
51. Meriggi F, Tagliabo R, Morone G, et al. The potential malignancy of eccrine spiradenoma. Ital J Surg Sci 1989; 19: 265.
52. Mori O, Hachisuka H, Sasai Y. Proliferating trichilemmal cyst with spindle cell carcinoma. Am J Dermatopathol 1990; 12: 479.
53. Parham DM, Morton K, Robertson AJ, Philip WD. The changing phenotypic appearance of a malignant vulval neoplasm containing both carcinomatous and sarcomatous elements. Histopathology 1991; 19: 263.
54. Patel NK, McKee PH, Smith NP, Fletcher CD. Primary metaplastic carcinoma (carcinosarcoma) of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of four cases and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol 1997; 19: 363.
55. Plumb SJ, Stone MS. Proliferating trichilemmal tumor with a malignant spindle cell component. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29: 506.
56. Quay SC, Harrist TJ, Mihm MC Jr. Carcinosarcoma of the skin. Case report and review. J Cutan Pathol 1981; 8: 241.
57. Rios-Martin JJ, Parra-Martin JA, Gomez-Pascual A, Hevia-Vazquez A, Gonzalez-Campora R. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the skin: report of a case. J Dermatol 1998; 25: 314.
58. Saboorian MH, Kenny M, Ashfaq R, Albores-Saavedra J. Carcinosarcoma arising in eccrine spiradenoma of the breast. Report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1996; 120: 501.
59. Takasaki S, Itami S, Fujiwara S, Takayasu S, Yokoyama S. Carcinosarcoma: report of a case. J West Jpn Dermatol Soc 1989; 51: 261.
60. Tschen JA, Goldberg LH, McGavran MH. Carcinosarcoma of the skin. J Cutan Pathol 1988; 15: 31.
61. Warner TF. Proliferating pilar cyst with spindle cell component. J Cutan Pathol 1979; 6: 310.
62. Bhattacharjee P, Leffell D, McNiff J. A case of carcinosarcoma arising in the setting of basal cell nevus syndrome. J Cutan Pathol 2003.
63. Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Manzarbeitia F, Mestre MJ, Requena L. p53 expression in two cases of spiradenocarcinomas. Am J Dermatopathol 2000; 22: 104.
64. Morrow CP, d'Ablaing G, Brady LW, Blessing JA, Hreshchyshyn MM. A clinical and pathologic study of 30 cases of malignant mixed mullerian epithelial and mesenchymal ovarian tumors: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. Gynecol Oncol 1984; 18: 278.
65. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. I. Matrix-producing carcinoma. Hum Pathol 1989; 20: 628.
66. Wargotz ES, Norris HJ. Metaplastic carcinomas of the breast. III. Carcinosarcoma. Cancer 1989; 64: 1490.
67. Silverberg SG, Major FJ, Blessing JA, et al. Carcinosarcoma (malignant mixed mesodermal tumor) of the uterus. A Gynecologic Oncology Group pathologic study of 203 cases. Int J Gynecol Pathol 1990; 9: 1.
68. George E, Manivel JC, Dehner LP, Wick MR. Malignant mixed mullerian tumors: an immunohistochemical study of 47 cases, with histogenetic considerations and clinical correlation. Hum Pathol 1991; 22: 215.
69. Ro JY, Chen JL, Lee JS, Sahin AA, Ordonez NG, Ayala AG. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the lung. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies of 14 cases. Cancer 1992; 69: 376.
70. Koss MN, Hochholzer L, Frommelt RA. Carcinosarcomas of the lung: a clinicopathologic study of 66 patients. Am J Surg Pathol 1999; 23: 1514.
71. Thompson LD, Wieneke JA, Miettinen M, Heffner DK. Spindle cell (sarcomatoid) carcinomas of the larynx: a clinicopathologic study of 187 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26: 153.
72. Klijanienko J, Vielh P, Duvillard P, Luboinski B. True carcinosarcoma of the larynx. J Laryngol Otol 1992; 106: 58.
73. Berlin JM, Warner MR, Bailin PL. Metastatic basal cell carcinoma presenting as unilateral axillary lymphadenopathy: report of a case and review of the literature. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 1082.
74. Telfer NR, Colver GB, Bowers PW. Guidelines for the management of basal cell carcinoma. British Association of Dermatologists. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141: 415.
75. Cherpelis BS, Marcusen C, Lang PG. Prognostic factors for metastasis in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin. Dermatol Surg 2002; 28: 268.
76. Fernandez-Acenero MJ, Manzarbeitia F, Mestre de Juan MJ, Requena L. Malignant spiradenoma: report of two cases and literature review. J Am Acad Dermatol 2001; 44: 395.
77. Mones JB, Ackerman AB. Proliferating tricholemmal cystic carcinoma. (Revision of chapter XXV of the volume titled Neoplasms with follicular differentiation, 2nd edn. by Ackerman, Reddy, and Soyer, Ardor Scribendi, Ltd, 2001). Dermatopathol Pract Concept 2003: 9: e1-34 (Retrieved from http://www.derm101.com).
78. Robson A, Greene J, Ansari N, et al. Eccrine porocarcinoma (malignant eccrine poroma): a clinicopathologic study of 69 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25: 710.
79. Ackerman AB, DeViragh PA, Chongchitnant N. Matrical carcinoma. In: Neoplasms with follicular differentiation. Philadelphia, PA: Lea & Febiger, 1993: 661.
80. Rowe DE, Carroll RJ, Day CL Jr. Prognostic factors for local recurrence, metastasis, and survival rates in squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, ear, and lip. Implications for treatment modality selection. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992; 26: 976.
81. Weinstock MA, Bogaars HA, Ashley M, Litle V, Bilodeau E, Kimmel S. Nonmelanoma skin cancer mortality. A population-based study. Arch Dermatol 1991; 127: 1194.
82. Ren ZP, Ponten F, Nister M, Ponten J. Two distinct p53 immunohistochemical patterns in human squamous-cell skin cancer, precursors and normal epidermis. Int J Cancer 1996; 69: 174.
83. Bolshakov S, Walker CM, Strom SS, et al. p53 mutations in human aggressive and nonaggressive basal and squamous cell carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9: 228.
84. Albert MR, Weinstock MA. Keratinocyte carcinoma. CA Cancer J Clin 2003; 53: 292.
85. Fretzin DF, Helwig EB. Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin. A clinicopathologic study of 140 cases. Cancer 1973; 31: 1541.
86. Rhodes CA, Cummins C, Shafi MI. The management of squamous cell vulval cancer, a population based retrospective study of 411 cases. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 200.
87. Lopes A, Hidalgo GS, Kowalski LP, Torloni H, Rossi BM, Fonseca FP. Prognostic factors in carcinoma of the penis: multivariate analysis of 145 patients treated with amputation and lymphadenectomy. J Urol 1996; 156: 1637.
88. Wikonkal NM, Brash DE. Ultraviolet radiation induced signature mutations in photocarcinogenesis. J Invest Dermatol Symp Proc 1999; 4: 6.
89. Takata M, Hashimoto K, Mehregan P, Lee MW, Yamamoto A, Mohri S. Genetic changes in sweat gland carcinomas. J Cutan Pathol 2000; 27: 30.
90. Biernat W, Peraud A, Wozniak L, Ohgaki H. p53 mutations in sweat gland carcinomas. Int J Cancer 1998; 76: 317.
91. Boutilier R, Desormeau L, Cragg F, Roberts P, Walsh N. Merkel cell carcinoma: squamous and atypical fibroxanthoma-like differentiation in successive local tumor recurrences. Am J Dermatopathol 2001; 23: 46.
92. Fernandez-Figueras MT, Puig L, et al. Merkel cell (primary neuroendocrine) carcinoma of the skin with nodal metastasis showing rhabdomyosarcomatous differentiation. J Cutan Pathol 2002; 29: 619.
93. Cooper L, Debono R, Alsanjari N, Al-Nafussi A. Merkel cell tumour with leiomyosarcomatous differentiation. Histopathology 2000; 36: 540.
94. Zelger BG, Soyer HP, Zelger B. Giant cell atypical fibroxanthoma: does it really exist? Am J Dermatopathol 1999; 21: 108.
95. Fletcher CD, Gustafson P, Rydholm A, Willen H, Akerman M. Clinicopathologic re-evaluation of 100 malignant fibrous histiocytomas: prognostic relevance of subclassification. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 3045.
96. Fletcher CD. Pleomorphic malignant fibrous histiocytoma. fact or fiction? A critical reappraisal based on 159 tumors diagnosed as pleomorphic sarcoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1992; 16: 213.
97. Dei Tos AP, Maestro R, Doglioni C, et al. Ultraviolet-induced p53 mutations in atypical fibroxanthoma. Am J Pathol 1994; 145: 11.
98. Youssef N, Vabres P, Buisson T, Brousse N, Fraitag S. Two unusual tumors in a patient with xeroderma pigmentosum: atypical fibroxanthoma and basosquamous carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 1999; 26: 430.
99. Dilek FH, Akpolat N, Metin A, Ugras S. Atypical fibroxanthoma of the skin and the lower lip in xeroderma pigmentosum. Br J Dermatol 2000; 143: 618.
100. Lew W, Lim HS, Kim YC. Cutaneous metastatic malignant fibrous histiocytoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 48: S39.
101. Arce FP, Pinto J, Portero I, Echevarria S, Val-Bernal JF. Cutaneous metastases as initial manifestation of dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma of bone. An autopsy case with review of the literature. J Cutan Pathol 2000; 27: 262.
102. Collier de AH, Busam K, Salob S. Cutaneous metastasis of osteosarcoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49: 757.
103. Celikoz B, Demiriz M, Selmanpakoglu N. A shorter lag period of mesenchymal malignancy on Marjolin's ulcer. Burns 1997; 23: 72.
104. Sato N, Sato K, Matoba N, Inoue T. Malignant mesenchymoma arising in an incisional scar of the abdominal wall. Eur J Surg Oncol 1998; 24: 449.
105. Mentzel T, Requena L, Kaddu S, Soares de Aleida LM, Sangueza OP, Kutzner H. Cutaneous myoepithelial neoplasms: clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of 20 cases suggesting a continuous spectrum ranging from benign mixed tumor of the skin to cutaneous myoepithelioma and myoepithelial carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2003; 30: 294.
106. Sigel JE, Skacel M, Bergfeld WF, House NS, Rabkin MS, Goldblum JR. The utility of cytokeratin 5/6 in the recognition of cutaneous spindle cell squamous cell carcinoma. J Cutan Pathol 2001; 28: 520.
107. Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Morgan AM, Barrett TL, Lupton GP. Spindle cell neoplasms coexpressing cytokeratin and vimentin (metaplastic squamous cell carcinoma). J Cutan Pathol 1992; 19: 286.
108. Hanly AJ, Jorda M, Elgart GW. Cutaneous malignant melanoma associated with extensive pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. Report of a case and discussion of the origin of pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia. J Cutan Pathol 2000; 27: 153.
109. Stadler FJ, Scott GA, Brown MD. Malignant fibrous tumors. Semin Cutan Med Surg 1998; 17: 141.